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Zafar K, Khan MZ, Amin I, Mukhtar Z, Zafar M, Mansoor S. Employing template-directed CRISPR-based editing of the OsALS gene to create herbicide tolerance in Basmati rice. AoB Plants 2023; 15:plac059. [PMID: 36873055 PMCID: PMC9977225 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the primary food crops which contributes major portion of daily calorie intake. It is used as model crop for various genome editing studies. Basmati rice was also explored for establishing non-homologous end joining-based genome editing. But it was not clear whether homology-directed repair (HDR)-based genome editing can be done in Basmati rice. The current study was designed to establish HDR-based genome editing in Basmati rice to develop herbicide tolerance. There is severe weed spread when rice is grown via direct planted rice method in various countries to save labour and water resources. Therefore, the use of herbicides is necessary to control weeds. These herbicides can also affect cultivated rice which creates the need to develop herbicide-tolerant rice. In current study, we introduced a point mutation in Acetolactate Synthase gene to convert tryptophan to leucine at position 548. For this purpose, different constructs for HDR were tested with different RNA scaffold and orientation of repair templates. Out of four different architectures, the one having repair template identical to the target DNA strand precisely edited the target site. We successfully established template-directed CRISPR-Cas9 system in Super Basmati rice by detecting desired substitutions at the target site in Acetolactate Synthase locus. Moreover, this editing of Acetolactate Synthase gene resulted in the production of herbicide tolerance in Super Basmati rice. This study suggests that such type of HDR system can be used to precisely edit other genes for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jhang Road, Faisalabad 37000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jhang Road, Faisalabad 37000, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Mukhtar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jhang Road, Faisalabad 37000, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Zafar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jhang Road, Faisalabad 37000, Pakistan
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Noureen A, Zuhaib Khan M, Amin I, Zainab T, Ahmad N, Haider S, Mansoor S. Broad-spectrum resistance against multiple PVY-strains by CRSIPR/Cas13 system in Solanum tuberosum crop. GM Crops Food 2022; 13:97-111. [PMID: 35652435 PMCID: PMC9176253 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2022.2080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is a deadly environmental constraint that damages productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum) around the globe. One of the major challenges is to develop resistance against PVY. Emerging clustered regularly short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas systems have the potential to develop resistance against PVY. In the current research, CRISPR-Cas13 has been exploited to target multiple strains of PVYN, PVYO, and PVYNTN. Multiple genes PI, HC-Pro, P3, Cl1, Cl2, and VPg genes of PVY were targeted by CRISPR/Cas13a. Multiplex gRNA cassettes were developed on the conserved regions of the PVY-genes. Three independent CRISPR/Cas13 transgenic potato lines were developed by applying an optimized concentration of trans-ribo zeatin and indole acetic acid at callus development, rooting, and shooting growth stages. The level of resistance in transgenic plants was confirmed through double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative PCR. Our results have shown that efficiency of PVY inhibition was positively correlated with the Cas13a/sgRNA expression. Finding provides the specific functionality of Cas13 with specific gRNA cassette and engineering the potential resistance in potato crop against multiple strains of PVY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azka Noureen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), A Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan.,University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), A Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), A Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Zainab
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.,National Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (NCIB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nasim Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), A Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibtain Haider
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), A Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), A Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Noureen A, Khan MZ, Amin I, Zainab T, Mansoor S. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeting of Susceptibility Factor eIF4E-Enhanced Resistance Against Potato Virus Y. Front Genet 2022; 13:922019. [PMID: 35910230 PMCID: PMC9326172 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.922019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important staple food around the world, and potato virus Y (PVY) is a major constraint for potato production. The VPg protein of PVY interacts with the translation initiation factor eIF4E of the host that works as a susceptibility factor during infection. The interaction between eIF4E and VPg was disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9. The homozygous conserved region of eIF4E of the potato variety “Kruda” was mutated by CRISPR/Cas9. Tracking of insertion, deletion, and conversion events was performed by Sanger sequencing with ∼15% editing efficiency. Truncated and mutated eIF4E proteins were unable to interact with VPg, and the virus was not able to exploit the host machinery for replication and systemic spreading. Mutated eIF4E lines showed enhanced resistance to PVYO strain. DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR were used for validation of the observed resistance. PVY resistance in tetraploid lines via CRISPR/Cas9 provides a route to develop novel resistant potato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azka Noureen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Zainab
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- National Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (NCIB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Tayyaba Zainab, ; Shahid Mansoor,
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Tayyaba Zainab, ; Shahid Mansoor,
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Nasar J, Shao Z, Arshad A, Jones FG, Liu S, Li C, Khan MZ, Khan T, Banda JSK, Zhou X, Gao Q. The effect of maize-alfalfa intercropping on the physiological characteristics, nitrogen uptake and yield of maize. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2020; 22:1140-1149. [PMID: 32609937 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Northeastern China, the intensive cropping system and increased use of chemical fertilizer has caused severe problems in terms of sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, to improve agricultural sustainability and crop productivity the farming system needs to be modified in the region. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of maize-alfalfa intercropping on the physiological characteristics, nitrogen (N) uptake and yield of the maize crops in northeast China in 2017-2018. The study findings showed that intercropping under N fertilization progressively improved the physio-agronomic indices of the maize crop as compared to mono-cropping. The grain yield, 100 seed weight and biomass dry matter of maize crop improved in intercropping when it was practiced with N fertilizer. Furthermore, intercropping with N fertilization increased the chlorophyll content of the maize crop at bell-mouthed, silking, filing and mature stages by 19%, 44%, 12%, and 9% in 2017 and by 23%, 43%, 15%, and 11% in 2018, respectively, as compared with the monocropping system. Unlike monocropping, intercropping with N fertilization increased the photosynthesis rate (14% and 15%), stomatal conductance (74% and 98%) and transpiration rate (74% and 75%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. However, intercropping reduced intercellular CO2 (Ci ). Moreover, intercropping with N fertilization increased the maize N content of grain and leaves as well as total N uptake by 49%, 31% and 93% in 2017 and 53%, 34% and 132%, respectively, in 2018 as compared to monocropping. In conclusion, our results suggest that maize-alfalfa intercropping with optimal N fertilization provides a practical method for improving growth, yield and N accumulation in the maize crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nasar
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in the Commodity Grain Bases in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Z Shao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in the Commodity Grain Bases in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - A Arshad
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - F G Jones
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in the Commodity Grain Bases in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - S Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in the Commodity Grain Bases in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - C Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in the Commodity Grain Bases in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - M Z Khan
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - T Khan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - J S K Banda
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, P/B 7, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - X Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in the Commodity Grain Bases in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Q Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in the Commodity Grain Bases in Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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Zafar K, Sedeek KEM, Rao GS, Khan MZ, Amin I, Kamel R, Mukhtar Z, Zafar M, Mansoor S, Mahfouz MM. Genome Editing Technologies for Rice Improvement: Progress, Prospects, and Safety Concerns. Front Genome Ed 2020; 2:5. [PMID: 34713214 PMCID: PMC8525367 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is an important staple food crop worldwide; to meet the growing nutritional requirements of the increasing population in the face of climate change, qualitative and quantitative traits of rice need to be improved. Stress-tolerant crop varieties must be developed with stable or higher yields under stress conditions. Genome editing and speed breeding have improved the accuracy and pace of rice breeding. New breeding technologies including genome editing have been established in rice, expanding the potential for crop improvement. Recently, other genome editing techniques such as CRISPR-directed evolution, CRISPR-Cas12a, and base editors have also been used for efficient genome editing in rice. Since rice is an excellent model system for functional studies due to its small genome and close syntenic relationships with other cereal crops, new genome-editing technologies continue to be developed for use in rice. In this review, we focus on genome-editing tools for rice improvement to address current challenges and provide examples of genome editing in rice. We also shed light on expanding the scope of genome editing and systems for delivering homology-directed repair templates. Finally, we discuss safety concerns and methods for obtaining transgene-free crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Zafar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E. M. Sedeek
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gundra Sivakrishna Rao
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Radwa Kamel
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid Mukhtar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Zafar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Magdy M. Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Rehan I, Rehan K, Khan MZ, Sultana S, Muhammad R, Khan HU. Detection of nutritional and toxic elements in Pakistani pepper powders using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Anal Methods 2020; 12:2590-2598. [PMID: 32930285 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we applied laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to determine the elemental distribution of nutritional and trace heavy metals in pepper powders available in Pakistan using the standard calibration curve of laser induced breakdown spectroscopic (CC-LIBS) technique. The samples were found to contain elements such as K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Al, Pb, Cu, and Cr. In addition, we also identified the atmospheric H-alpha line of hydrogen in the spectra, which was used to estimate the electron number density. To achieve a highly sensitive LIBS system to determine the trace amounts of nutritional and toxic metals in the pepper powders and to achieve the best limit of detection, the LIBS system was optimized by studying the dependency of the LIBS signal intensity on laser irradiance, variation in spacing between the focusing lens and target, as well as on the gate width. To justify the results of the LIBS study, we also determined the concentration of similar (duplicate) peppers by digesting the samples in appropriate solvents using a standard method such as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The minimum detection limit was obtained for trace heavy metals from the calibration curves. The results of LIBS displayed noteworthy conformity with those acquired from the ICP-OES analysis. The results of both the techniques clearly revealed that K was the most abundant element in all the peppers, followed by Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Al, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr. The relative accuracy of our LIBS system for different species as compared with the ICP technique was in the range of 0.08-0.3 at 2.5% error confidence. Conclusively, the present work demonstrated the suitability of the LIBS technique due to its rapid, non-destructive, and eco-friendly approach for food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rehan
- Department of Physics, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - K Rehan
- Department of Applied Physics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - M Z Khan
- Department of Applied Physics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - S Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - R Muhammad
- Department of Applied Physics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - H U Khan
- Department of Physics, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
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Zafar K, Khan MZ, Amin I, Mukhtar Z, Yasmin S, Arif M, Ejaz K, Mansoor S. Precise CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing in Super Basmati Rice for Resistance Against Bacterial Blight by Targeting the Major Susceptibility Gene. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:575. [PMID: 32595655 PMCID: PMC7304078 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Basmati rice is famous around the world for its flavor, aroma, and long grain. Its demand is increasing worldwide, especially in Asia. However, its production is threatened by various problems faced in the fields, resulting in major crop losses. One of the major problems is bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Xoo hijacks the host machinery by activating the susceptibility genes (OsSWEET family genes), using its endogenous transcription activator like effectors (TALEs). TALEs have effector binding elements (EBEs) in the promoter region of the OsSWEET genes. Out of six well-known TALEs found to have EBEs in Clade III SWEET genes, four are present in OsSWEET14 gene's promoter region. Thus, targeting the promoter of OsSWEET14 is very important for creating broad-spectrum resistance. To engineer resistance against bacterial blight, we established CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in Super Basmati rice by targeting 4 EBEs present in the promoter of OsSWEET14. We were able to obtain four different Super Basmati lines (SB-E1, SB-E2, SB-E3, and SB-E4) having edited EBEs of three TALEs (AvrXa7, PthXo3, and TalF). The edited lines were then evaluated in triplicate for resistance against bacterial blight by choosing one of the locally isolated virulent Xoo strains with AvrXa7 and infecting Super Basmati. The lines with deletions in EBE of AvrXa7 showed resistance against the Xoo strain. Thus, it was confirmed that edited EBEs provide resistance against their respective TALEs present in Xoo strains. In this study up to 9% editing efficiency was obtained. Our findings showed that CRISPR-Cas9 can be harnessed to generate resistance against bacterial blight in indigenous varieties, against locally prevalent Xoo strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Zafar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Mukhtar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Yasmin
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khansa Ejaz
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Shahid Mansoor,
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Kamal H, Minhas FUAA, Tripathi D, Abbasi WA, Hamza M, Mustafa R, Khan MZ, Mansoor S, Pappu HR, Amin I. βC1, pathogenicity determinant encoded by Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite, interacts with calmodulin-like protein 11 (Gh-CML11) in Gossypium hirsutum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225876. [PMID: 31794580 PMCID: PMC6890265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses interfere with host plant machinery to evade host defense mechanism by interacting with plant proteins. In the old world, this group of viruses are usually associated with betasatellite that induces severe disease symptoms by encoding a protein, βC1, which is a pathogenicity determinant. Here, we show that βC1 encoded by Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) requires Gossypium hirsutum calmodulin-like protein 11 (Gh-CML11) to infect cotton. First, we used the in silico approach to predict the interaction of CLCuMB-βC1 with Gh-CML11. A number of sequence- and structure-based in-silico interaction prediction techniques suggested a strong putative binding of CLCuMB-βC1 with Gh-CML11 in a Ca+2-dependent manner. In-silico interaction prediction was then confirmed by three different experimental approaches: The Gh-CML11 interaction was confirmed using CLCuMB-βC1 in a yeast two hybrid system and pull down assay. These results were further validated using bimolecular fluorescence complementation system showing the interaction in cytoplasmic veins of Nicotiana benthamiana. Bioinformatics and molecular studies suggested that CLCuMB-βC1 induces the overexpression of Gh-CML11 protein and ultimately provides calcium as a nutrient source for virus movement and transmission. This is the first comprehensive study on the interaction between CLCuMB-βC1 and Gh-CML11 proteins which provided insights into our understating of the role of βC1 in cotton leaf curl disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Kamal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Wajid Arshad Abbasi
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamza
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roma Mustafa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Anwer AH, Khan MD, Khan N, Nizami AS, Rehan M, Khan MZ. Development of novel MnO 2 coated carbon felt cathode for microbial electroreduction of CO 2 to biofuels. J Environ Manage 2019; 249:109376. [PMID: 31437708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of superior and cost-effective cathodic materials is vital in manufacturing sustainable microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) for biofuels production. In the present study, a novel manganese dioxide (MnO2) coated felt cathode (Mn/CF) has been developed for MECs using electrodeposition method via potentiostat. MnO2 is considered to encourage exogenous electron exchange and, in this way, improves the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). MnO2, as a cathodic catalyst, enhances the rate of biofuel production, electron transfer, and significantly reduces the cost of MECs. A maximum stabilized current density of 3.70 ± 0.5 mA/m2 was obtained in case of MnO2-coated Mn/CF based MEC, which was more than double the non-coated carbon felt (CF) cathode (1.70 ± 0.5 mA/m2). The dual chamber Mn/CF-MEC achieved the highest production rate of acetic acid (37.9 mmol/L) that was significantly higher (43.0%) in comparison to the non-coated CF-MEC. The cyclic voltammograms further verified the substantial enhancement in the electron transfer between the MnO2 coated cathode and microbes. The obtained results demonstrate that MnO2 interacted electrochemically with microbial cells and enhanced the extracellular electron transfer, therefore validating its potential role in biofuel production. The MnO2 coated CF further offered higher electrode surface area and better electron transfer efficiency, suggesting its applicability in the large-scale MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Anwer
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - M D Khan
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India; School of Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - N Khan
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - A S Nizami
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Rehan
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Z Khan
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Rehan I, Khan MZ, Rehan K, Sultana S, Rehman MU, Muhammad R, Ikram M, Anwar H. Quantitative analysis of Fuller's earth using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma/optical emission spectroscopy. Appl Opt 2019; 58:4227-4233. [PMID: 31251224 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fuller's earth, most commonly known as Multani Matti (clay) in Urdu, among its various utilizations is traditionally used in skin care cosmetics, particularly for removing blackheads and to treat oily skin. It is also used for improving skin complexion. In this paper, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was effectively employed for the quantitative investigation of various clay samples for their special uses. To get the LIBS spectra with an optimal signal-to-noise as well as for a more robust and accurate analytical investigation, different experimental parameters (laser energy, gate delay time, and the distance between target and focusing lens) were optimized before the experiments on actual samples. The analysis of emission spectra revealed the presence of many different elements, including Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Li, S, Si, and Zn. The electron number density and plasma temperatures were determined using the Stark broadened line profile and Boltzmann plot method, respectively. To determine the relative concentration of observed elements, we used an integrated intensity ratio method, integrated intensity of every line from all elements, and calibration free (CF)-LIBS. The prevailing condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium during the experimental executions was verified with multiple criteria. The spectral lines used in CF-LIBS were characterized for the influence from the self-absorption phenomenon, but the same was found insignificant. The findings of our LIBS system were found to agree excellently with the outcomes of the inductively coupled plasma/optical emission spectroscopy, thereby yielding a high statistical correlation factor and hence enlighten the significance of LIBS as a safe and reliable tool for elemental analysis of clay samples.
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Khan MZ, Zaidi SSEA, Amin I, Mansoor S. A CRISPR Way for Fast-Forward Crop Domestication. Trends Plant Sci 2019; 24:293-296. [PMID: 30738789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Precision crop breeding, using genome editing tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems to improve useful traits in crop plants, holds great potential for the future of agriculture. Using CRISPR-Cas9, recent studies have engineered domestication traits in wild-relative species of tomato crop for higher nutritive value and better adaptation to diverse stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Syed Shan-E-Ali Zaidi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium; These authors contributed equally to this work. https://twitter.com/Zaidi
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Kamal H, Minhas FUAA, Farooq M, Tripathi D, Hamza M, Mustafa R, Khan MZ, Mansoor S, Pappu HR, Amin I. In silico Prediction and Validations of Domains Involved in Gossypium hirsutum SnRK1 Protein Interaction With Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Betasatellite Encoded βC1. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:656. [PMID: 31191577 PMCID: PMC6546731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by viruses of genus Begomovirus is a major constraint to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production in many cotton-growing regions of the world. Symptoms of the disease are caused by Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) that encodes a pathogenicity determinant protein, βC1. Here, we report the identification of interacting regions in βC1 protein by using computational approaches including sequence recognition, and binding site and interface prediction methods. We show the domain-level interactions based on the structural analysis of G. hirsutum SnRK1 protein and its domains with CLCuMB-βC1. To verify and validate the in silico predictions, three different experimental approaches, yeast two hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull down assay were used. Our results showed that ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) and autoinhibitory sequence (AIS) domains of G. hirsutum-encoded SnRK1 are involved in CLCuMB-βC1 interaction. This is the first comprehensive investigation that combined in silico interaction prediction followed by experimental validation of interaction between CLCuMB-βC1 and a host protein. We demonstrated that data from computational biology could provide binding site information between CLCuD-associated viruses/satellites and new hosts that lack known binding site information for protein-protein interaction studies. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Kamal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | - Muhammad Farooq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Muhammad Hamza
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roma Mustafa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Imran Amin,
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13
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Hamza M, Tahir MN, Mustafa R, Kamal H, Khan MZ, Mansoor S, Briddon RW, Amin I. Identification of a dicot infecting mastrevirus along with alpha- and betasatellite associated with leaf curl disease of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in Pakistan. Virus Res 2018; 256:174-182. [PMID: 30149045 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinach is a common vegetable crop and very little data is available about its virus infection. Symptomatic leaves of spinach were collected during field survey. Circular DNA molecules were amplified from symptomatic samples using rolling circle amplification (RCA). After restriction analysis, presumed bands of virus and satellites were cloned, sequenced and analyzed. Analysis of sequenced RCA product revealed the presence of chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV; Mastrevirus). Further analyses of the cloned virus showed that strain "C" of CpCDV was present in symptomatic samples of spinach collected from field associated with vein darkening, curling and enations on leaves. Amplification of alpha- and betasatellites with universal primers was performed. CpCDV showed association with cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) and cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellites (CLCuMA). Infectivity analysis of CpCDV and CpCDV/CLCuMB were done in N. benthamiana using particle bombardment method and the results showed that CpCDV was able to transreplicates CLCuMB in this host. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a dicot infecting mastrevirus (CpCDV) along with CLCuMB and CLCuMA associated with leaf curl disease of spinach in Pakistan. The significance of the results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hamza
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nouman Tahir
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Roma Mustafa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hira Kamal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rob W Briddon
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Rehan I, Khan MZ, Rehan K, Abrar SU, Farooq Z, Sultana S, Saqib NU, Anwar H. Optimized laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the determination of high toxic lead in edible colors. Appl Opt 2018; 57:6033-6039. [PMID: 30118031 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An optimized laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system was utilized as a robust tool for the detection of high toxic lead (Pb) in often used edible colors available in local markets. Edible colors are extensively used in different food stuffs and sweet dish items. To attain a highly sensitive LIBS system for the determination of trace amounts of toxic Pb in edible colors and to achieve the best detection limit, various parametric dependence studies were performed. The quantitative determinations were accomplished under the condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium in terms of optically thin plasma. Besides toxic Pb, other elements like Ca, Mg, Fe, and Na were also detected in edible colors. To estimate the concentration of toxic lead in edible colors, calibration curves were plotted by preparing standard samples of different lead concentrations in an edible colors matrix. Results of the LIBS technique were compared with the outcomes of the same samples studied using a standard analytical technique of inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy to confirm the contemporary LIBS setup. The color samples were found above the safe permissible level due to the mass of toxic lead. Limit of detection of the LIBS setup was found at 0.86+/-0.03 ppm for toxic lead present in edible color samples.
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15
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Khan MZ, Amin I, Hameed A, Mansoor S. CRISPR-Cas13a: Prospects for Plant Virus Resistance. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:1207-1210. [PMID: 29903474 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas13a is an efficient RNA targeting and editing tool characterized recently in prokaryotes. This system can be recruited to engineer resistance against plant RNA viruses and regulate gene expression. We discuss some important achievements in using the CRISPR-Cas13a system to confer resistance against plant RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Amir Hameed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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16
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Aman R, Ali Z, Butt H, Mahas A, Aljedaani F, Khan MZ, Ding S, Mahfouz M. RNA virus interference via CRISPR/Cas13a system in plants. Genome Biol 2018; 19:1. [PMID: 29301551 PMCID: PMC5755456 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas systems confer immunity against invading nucleic acids and phages in bacteria and archaea. CRISPR/Cas13a (known previously as C2c2) is a class 2 type VI-A ribonuclease capable of targeting and cleaving single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules of the phage genome. Here, we employ CRISPR/Cas13a to engineer interference with an RNA virus, Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV), in plants. RESULTS CRISPR/Cas13a produces interference against green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing TuMV in transient assays and stable overexpression lines of Nicotiana benthamiana. CRISPR RNA (crRNAs) targeting the HC-Pro and GFP sequences exhibit better interference than those targeting other regions such as coat protein (CP) sequence. Cas13a can also process pre-crRNAs into functional crRNAs. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that CRISPR/Cas13a can be used for engineering interference against RNA viruses, providing a potential novel mechanism for RNA-guided immunity against RNA viruses and for other RNA manipulations in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Aman
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Butt
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mahas
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Aljedaani
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shouwei Ding
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Magdy Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Nizami AS, Rehan M, Waqas M, Naqvi M, Ouda OKM, Shahzad K, Miandad R, Khan MZ, Syamsiro M, Ismail IMI, Pant D. Waste biorefineries: Enabling circular economies in developing countries. Bioresour Technol 2017; 241:1101-1117. [PMID: 28579178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the potential of waste biorefineries in developing countries as a solution to current waste disposal problems and as facilities to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added products. The waste in developing countries represents a significant source of biomass, recycled materials, chemicals, energy, and revenue if wisely managed and used as a potential feedstock in various biorefinery technologies such as fermentation, anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, incineration, and gasification. However, the selection or integration of biorefinery technologies in any developing country should be based on its waste characterization. Waste biorefineries if developed in developing countries could provide energy generation, land savings, new businesses and consequent job creation, savings of landfills costs, GHG emissions reduction, and savings of natural resources of land, soil, and groundwater. The challenges in route to successful implementation of biorefinery concept in the developing countries are also presented using life cycle assessment (LCA) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Nizami
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Rehan
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Waqas
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Naqvi
- Future Energy Center, Department of Energy, Building and Environment, Mälardalen University, Sweden
| | - O K M Ouda
- Department of Civil Engineering, Prince Mohamed Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Shahzad
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Miandad
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Z Khan
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - M Syamsiro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Janabadra University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - I M I Ismail
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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18
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Saqib S, Khan MZ, Hussain Shah Gardyzi SI, Qazi J. Prevalence and epidemiology of blood borne pathogens in health care workers of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. J PAK MED ASSOC 2016; 66:170-173. [PMID: 26819162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To attempt to trace the molecular epidemiology of blood-borne diseases in the hospital community of Pakistan. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted at three major hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad from January to May, 2014.The prevalence of three blood-borne pathogens hepatitis B and C as well as human immunodeficiency virus was investigated in hospital workers of different occupations. Initial screening was performed with immuno-chromatographic technique followed by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay. Positive samples were subjected to real time polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific viral sequences for amplification with universal as well as genotype-specific primers. RESULTS Out of total 500 subjects, there were 42(8.4%) doctors, 101(20.2%) nurses, 92(18.4%) technicians, 67(13.4%) ward boys, 41(8.2%) sweepers, 36(7.2%) security guards and 122(24.4%) administrative workers. None was positive for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus after initial screening with immuno-chromatographic technique. In case of hepatitis viruses, 9(0.18%) samples were positive for anti-hepatitis C virus and 3(0.6%) for hepatitis B surface antigen. Three (2.97%) nurses and 3(3.29%) lab technicians were at the highest risk of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Human immunodeficiency virus was not present among the healthcare workers, while the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses was far less compared to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Saqib
- Biotechnology Department, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Javaria Qazi
- Biotechnology Department, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Naseer R, Sultana B, Khan MZ, Naseer D, Nigam P. Utilization of waste fruit-peels to inhibit aflatoxins synthesis by Aspergillus flavus: a biotreatment of rice for safer storage. Bioresour Technol 2014; 172:423-428. [PMID: 25270080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal activity in lemon and pomegranate peels was considerable against Aspergillus flavus, higher in pomegranate (DIZ 37mm; MIC 135μg/mL). Powdered peels (5, 10, 20% w/w) were mixed in inoculated rice. The inhibitory effect on fungal-growth and production of aflatoxins by A. flavus was investigated at storage conditions - temperature (25, 30°C) and moisture (18%, 21%) for 9months. The maximum total aflatoxins accumulated at 30°C, 21% moisture and at 25°C, 18% moisture were 265.09 and 163.45ng/g, respectively in control. Addition of pomegranate-peels inhibited aflatoxins production to 100% during four month-storage of rice at 25°C and 18% moisture, while lemon-peels showed similar inhibitory effect for 3months at same conditions. However a linear correlation was observed in aflatoxins level with temperature and moisture. Studies showed that both fruit-wastes are potent preventer of aflatoxin production in rice, useful for a safer and longer storage of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Naseer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Sultana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Z Khan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - D Naseer
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Poonam Nigam
- Faculty of Life & Health Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Muhammad G, Khan MZ, Athar M, Saqib M. Dracunculusinfection in a dog during the 'post-eradication' period: the need for a longer period of surveillance. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2013; 99:105-7. [PMID: 15701262 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x19847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Muhammad
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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Abidin Z, Khan MZ, Khatoon A, Saleemi MK, Khan A, Javed I. Ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) on haematological and serum biochemical parameters in White Leghorn cockerels given ochratoxin A contaminated feed. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:471-7. [PMID: 23829581 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.796509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. L-carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biologically synthesised from the amino acids methionine and lysine while vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is an important antioxidant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and vitamin E upon haematological and serum biochemical parameters in ochratoxin A intoxicated birds. 2. Day-old White Leghorn cockerels were acclimatised for 2 d, divided in 12 groups with 20 birds in each group. From d 3 of age, they were given different combinations of ochratoxin A (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), L-carnitine (1 g/kg) and vitamin E (200 mg/kg) in feed. Haematological (erythrocyte count, leucocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit percentage) and serum biochemical parameters (serum urea, creatinine, albumin, total proteins and alanine aminotransferase) were evaluated. 3. Results confirmed that L-carnitine and vitamin E given alone or combined with 1.0 mg/kg ochratoxin A ameliorated toxin induced alterations in haematological and serum biochemical parameters. This amelioration, however, did not occur when ochratoxin of 2.0 mg/kg was given. 4. L-carnitine and vitamin E in combination have the ability to ameliorate ochratoxin altered haematological and serum biochemical parameters. However, the optimum ratio of L-carnitine + vitamin E, to be used to assure such mitigation of ochratoxin A altered changes in haematological and serum biochemical parameters in cockerels, has yet to be determined. The combination used in this study was indeed sufficient to ameliorate the alterations induced by ochratoxin A up to 1.0 mg/kg feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Abidin
- Veterinary Research Institute, Zarrar Shaheed Road, Lahore Cantt-13, Pakistan.
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Rahman SU, Ilahi I, Khan S, Khan AA, Khan MZ. Parkinson’s disease; Its Occurrence and Identification of Risk Factors in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5296/jbls.v4i1.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present survey aimed to study the age, gender, residency and occupation wise occurrence of Parkinson’s disease in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The Parkinson’s patients, who were visiting Neurology Department, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, were interviewed and the information were recorded in questionnaires. The age limit of patients was 30 to 80 years. The data obtained was analyzed for gender, age, occupation and residency wise occurrence of Parkinson’s disease. The survey showed that Parkinson’s disease is more common in male than in female. The elderly age group (61-70 years) and farmers were more affected. The disease was more common in rural areas than in urban. The current investigation analyzes the pattern of Parkinson’s disease and gives information about the related factors in the province.
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23
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Hunter S, Khan MZ, Shieh BHH, Doerr B, Ali S, Law FCP. Assessing estrogenic chemicals in anchovy and mussel samples from Karachi, Pakistan with the yeast estrogen screen bioassay. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 89:990-994. [PMID: 22983728 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are introduced into the aquatic environment through industrial and municipal effluents along with urban and agricultural runoffs. Exposure of aquatic organisms to EDCs may lead to hormonal disruption and adverse health effects. The goals of our study were: to collect anchovy and mussel samples from the coastal region of Karachi, to use the yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay in estimating xeno-estrogen content in these samples, and to investigate if the bioassay could be used to quantify known amounts of 17β-estradiol (E2) injected into cod and salmon fillets. Results of the studies showed that mussel estrogenic activity in Karachi decreased in the order of Buleji point 1 (8.91 ± 4.77, mean ± SD) > Paradise point 1 (1.72 ± 0.81) > Paradise point 2 (0.61 ± 0.84) ng E2 equivalents/g wet wt (p < 0.05). By comparison, anchovy estrogenic activity at Korangi/Phitti Creek was much higher than at Manora. Together, these results confirmed previous reports that both Buleji point 1 and Korangi/Phitti Creek were the most contaminated areas of Karachi. The YES bioassay was only a semi-quantitative method in determining the contents of xeno-estrogens in aquatic organisms; it consistently overestimated the amounts of E2 injected into cod and salmon fillets due to additive and/or non-additive interactions between E2 and endogenous estrogens. Nevertheless, the YES bioassay was able to identify the contaminated sites in the coastal region of Karachi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hunter
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a most widely recognized strong saprophyte with a great diversity of host plants. It is a first ever case of extensive human mycosis caused by Rhizoctonia solani in a 65-year-old diabetic and hypertensive farmer, with a history of head injury caused by fall of mud wall. Necrotic material collected revealed septate fungal hyphae with bacterial co-infection. Fungal culture on SDA at 25°C showed cotton wooly growth progressing to greyish-white to shiny metallic black colonies and identified on basis of septate mycelial growth without conidia, right angle branching, presence of compact hyphal forms and anastomosis between branching hyphae on LPCB mount.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Kaore
- Department of Microbiology, Peoples College of Medical Sciences, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Yunus AW, Blajet-Kosicka A, Kosicki R, Khan MZ, Rehman H, Böhm J. Deoxynivalenol as a contaminant of broiler feed: intestinal development, absorptive functionality, and metabolism of the mycotoxin. Poult Sci 2012; 91:852-61. [PMID: 22399724 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) has been recently documented to deteriorate intestinal morphology in chickens at dietary doses that are regarded as safe for this species. The present trial was conducted to explore the significance of these morphological changes in relation to intestinal absorptive functionality and DON metabolism. Ross broilers at 7 d of age were fed either a basal diet (0.265 ± 0.048 mg of DON/kg; 0.013 ± 0.001 mg of zearalenone/kg), a low DON diet (1.68 mg of DON/kg; 0.145 ± 0.007 mg of zearalenone/kg), or a high DON diet (12.209 ± 1.149 mg of DON/kg; 1.094 ± 0.244 mg of zearalenone/kg). The DON diets (to variable degrees) progressively decreased the relative density (weight:length) of the small intestine with increasing exposure length, which could be correlated with a decrease in villus height in the small intestine. Short circuit current of the jejunal epithelium, reflecting transport function of the epithelium per unit area, was reduced (P = 0.001) in the birds fed the high DON diet. The increasing dietary level of DON linearly (P = 0.035) increased the length of the jejunum in wk 4 of exposure, resulting in conservation of macronutrient retention. Upon challenging the birds with a fixed amount of DON after wk 5 of exposure, higher (P ≤ 0.033) amounts of DON and the detoxification metabolite (de-epoxy-DON) were found at 5 h postchallenge in the guts of birds raised on the DON diets. The increasing level of previous exposure to DON linearly (P = 0.040) decreased the plasma level of DON in the birds at 1 h postchallenge. The amounts of zearalenone and its analogs in the gut and plasma also followed a trend similar to that for DON. These data suggest that intestines in chickens may adapt to a chronic DON challenge by morphological and functional modifications. The birds having previous exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins showed moderate detoxification coupled with reduced transfer of the mycotoxins to systemic circulation. Some metabolites of zearalenone found in this study were previously unknown for chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Yunus
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Lone FA, Islam R, Khan MZ, Sofi KA. Effect of Different Egg Yolk-Based Extenders on the Quality of Ovine Cauda Epididymal Spermatozoa during Storage at 4°C. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:257-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rehman SU, Khan MZ, Hussain R, Jamshed A. Pulsed radiofrequency modulation for lingual neuralgia. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 50:e4-5. [PMID: 21741138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed radiofrequency modulation (PRM) is a minimally invasive procedure that has been used successfully to treat neuropathic pain. Its use to treat lingual neuralgia has not to our knowledge been described previously, and we report a case.
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Affiliation(s)
- S U Rehman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Johar Town, Lahore, Pakistan. saad
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28
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Motiwala A, Fatimi SH, Akhtar N, Perveen S, Khan MZ, Atiq M. Patients with congenital atrial septal defects: effect of age at repair and defect size on pulmonary artery pressures prior to repair. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 59:281-6. [PMID: 21412709 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a major complication of atrial septal defect (ASD) and can be responsible for significant functional limitations and early mortality. Various factors have been shown to predispose ASD patients to the development of PAH. Our study aimed to determine the association between the size of the ASD, the age of the patient and the increase in pulmonary artery pressures. METHODS Data from 74 ASD patients was retrospectively reviewed, including the patients' presenting symptoms, vital parameters, comorbidities, as well as their preoperative diagnostic workup. Echocardiography findings were used to determine the type and size of the ASD, and pulmonary artery pressures were evaluated using tricuspid regurgitation velocity as assessed by echocardiography or based on cardiac catheterization data. All patients underwent ASD repair either surgically or via percutaneous repair. Univariate and multivariate linear regression was performed to analyze the effect of age and defect size on pulmonary artery pressures. Model adequacy check was also done for the final model. Postoperative morbidity/mortality was additionally evaluated. RESULTS The study sample comprised 44.6% males and 55.4% females. The most prominent presenting features were shortness of breath (70.3%), chest pain (43.2%), and palpitations (33.8%), and arterial hypertension was the commonest morbidity. Using multiple linear regression analysis, age and size of ASD were found to be independently associated with pulmonary artery pressure. We found that for every 1 mm increase in the size of the ASD, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) increased by 0.32 mmHg ( P ≤ 0.05). Similarly, with every increase of one year in age, pulmonary artery pressure increased by 0.24 mmHg (P ≤ 0.02). No significant postoperative complications were reported following both types of repair. CONCLUSIONS Our study concludes that ASD patients are at greater risk of developing PAH with increasing age and increasing ASD size. This can potentially help to determine which ASD patients are at greater risk and require urgent repair of their defects. The study also shows that early repair is best to prevent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Motiwala
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Abstract
Radiometric analysis of samples of commonly sold fish species in Pakistan were carried out for the measurement of concentrations of naturally occurring and artificial radionuclides. For this purpose, a high resolution Ge detector was employed. Mean concentrations of (226)Ra, (228)Ra, and (40)K in fish samples were 1.3 +/- 0.3, 1.0 +/- 0.2, and 90 +/- 15 Bq kg, respectively, whereas concentration of (137)Cs was not detected. The annual effective dose due to ingestion of these radionuclides through fish diet was evaluated to be 2.3 microSv y(-1). This value of effective dose is found much below the average radiation dose of 0.29 mSv y(-1) received per capita worldwide through ingestion of natural radionuclides during the consumption of food assessed by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. It is concluded that fish supplies in the markets from the domestic fish farms are free from radiological risks. These results may contribute to the national and regional data regarding radioactivity levels in domestic fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N A Tahir
- Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries Department, Government of the Punjab, Poonch House, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Khan A, Ullah M, Khan MZ. Pathological effects of sodium hypochlorite administration through drinking water in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 27:773-80. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327108097435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fifty male Japanese quails of 40 days of age were divided into five equal groups viz. A, B, C, D, and E. Drinking water supplemented with sodium hypochlorite at dose level of 0, 25, 50, 200, and 400 mg chlorine/L, respectively was offered for 6 weeks. At the end of week 6 when no clinical signs of toxicity of sodium hypochlorite appeared, the birds in groups B and C were shifted to 100 mg chlorine/L drinking water, and this level was increased fourfold (400, 1600, 6400 mg chlorine/L drinking water) every week, till i.e., 10th week (70 day). Afterwards all the birds were killed. Depression and anorexia were prominent clinical signs observed. Reduction in feed intake, body weight, and hematological parameters appeared in a dose-dependant manner. Decreased serum total proteins and weights of liver, heart, and kidneys were recorded in birds receiving high levels of sodium hypochlorite. Intoxicated birds were emaciated. Decreased weight and volume of the testes were observed in birds receiving high levels of sodium hypochlorite. However, birds receiving 400 mg chlorine (group E) had smaller but functional testes. Birds receiving higher level of chlorine (groups B and C) had decreased weight and volume of testes, atrophied seminiferous tubules, and arrested spermatogenesis. It was concluded that sodium hypochlorite at high levels, that is, 6400 mg/L in drinking water is toxic to the quails; therefore, it should be used with caution in poultry farming as drinking water disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Ullah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - MZ Khan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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31
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Malladi SM, Bhilwade HN, Khan MZ, Chaubey RC. Gamma ray induced genetic changes in different organs of chick embryo using peripheral blood micronucleus test and comet assay. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2007; 630:20-7. [PMID: 17383931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is known to produce a variety of cellular and sub cellular damage in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Present studies were undertaken to assess gamma ray induced DNA damage in different organs of the chick embryo using alkaline comet assay and peripheral blood micronucleus test. Further the suitability of chick embryo, as an alternative model for genotoxicity evaluation of environmental agents was assessed. Fertilized eggs of Rhode island red strain were exposed to 0.5, 1 and 2Gy of gamma rays delivered at a dose rate of 0.316Gy/min using a (60)Co teletherapy machine. Peripheral blood smears were prepared from 8- to 11-day-old chick embryos for micronucleus test. Alkaline comet assay was performed on 11-day-old chick embryos in different organs such as the heart, liver, lung, blood, bone marrow, brain and kidney. Analysis of the data revealed a significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes and total micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of gamma irradiated chick embryos at all the doses tested as compared to the respective controls. The polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes ratio which is an indicator of proliferation rate of hematopoetic tissue, decreased in the irradiated groups as compared to the controls. Data obtained from comet assay, clearly demonstrated a significant increase in DNA strand breaks in all the organs of irradiated chick embryos as compared to the respective controls. However, maximum damage was observed in the heart tissue on all the doses tested, followed by kidney, brain, lung, blood and liver. The lowest damage was observed in the bone marrow tissue. Both micronucleus test and comet assay were found to be suitable biomarkers for the evaluation of genotoxicity of gamma radiation in the chick embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Malladi
- Department of Zoology, Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Khan A, Hussain SM, Khan MZ. Effects of Formalin Feeding or Administering into the Crops of White Leghorn Cockerels on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1513-9. [PMID: 16977835 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.9.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formalin administered (15 and 20 mL) into the crops of White Leghorn cockerels resulted in behavioral alterations, included depression, dullness, staggering, somnolence, anorexia, and decreased frequency of crowing. A significant decrease was observed in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and leukocyte counts in birds fed higher levels of formalin. Decreasing and increasing trends in concentrations of serum proteins and enzymes, respectively, were observed with increases in formalin doses. Significantly lower blood glucose and testosterone levels and significantly (P < 0.05) higher blood urea and creatinine concentrations were observed in birds fed higher formalin levels. No gross or microscopic lesions were observed in the birds fed different levels of formalin mixed in feed. These changes suggested that the formalin mixed in feed might have evaporated, and, hence, the amount ingested might have been too low to induce pathological changes. It was concluded from the present study that formalin mixed up to 5 mL/kg of feed, corresponding to 10 mL/bird of 3% formalin in drinking water by crop tube had no adverse effects on the health of White Leghorn cockerels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
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Khan A, Bachaya HA, Khan MZ, Mahmood F. Pathological effects of formalin (37% formaldehyde) feeding in female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Hum Exp Toxicol 2005; 24:415-22. [PMID: 16138733 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht543oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pathological effects of formalin on female quails. Seventy-five 1-day-old female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonina) were divided into five equal groups (A-E) and fed formalin daily at dose levels of 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 0 mL/ kg feed, respectively. All birds were slaughtered at the end of the experiment -- the eighth week. No clinical signs were observed in quails fed 2.5 mL formalin/kg feed. Depression, dullness and anorexia were prominent in quails fed 20 mL formalin/kg feed. Feed intake, body weight, egg production and egg weight together with absolute and relative weight of organs, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were decreased at higher doses, i.e., 10 and 20 mL formalin/kg feed. Total serum proteins and globulin significantly increased (P <0.05) in all formalin fed quails compared to control birds. No gross lesions were observed in the 2.5 mL formalin/kg fed group. At higher doses (10 and 20 mL formalin/kg feed) hemorrhages on the thigh muscles, decreased weight and reduction in area and folds of different segments of oviduct were recorded. Reduced size of liver, heart and kidneys was recorded in quails fed 20mL formalin/kg feed compared to controls and other birds. The histopathological changes in oviduct consisted of degeneration of mucosal glands characterized by vacuolation of nuclei of cells. It was concluded from the study that formalin feeding to female quails at 2.5 mL/kg feed is without harmful effects, however, higher doses are not without health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Solkar MH, Khan MZ, Parker MC. Pseudomyxoma peritonei confined to the retroperitoneum occurring 35 years after appendicectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2004; 19:399-400. [PMID: 15083325 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-004-0603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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35
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Khan MZ, Haleem A, Al Hassani H, Kfoury H. Cytopathological grading, as a predictor of histopathological grade, in ductal carcinoma (NOS) of breast, on air-dried Diff-Quik smears. Diagn Cytopathol 2004; 29:185-93. [PMID: 14506669 DOI: 10.1002/dc.10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely practiced technique in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma, and it is the only diagnostic procedure performed before definitive treatment, at most institutions. While the histological grading of breast carcinoma has become routine in many centers worldwide, the cytopathological grading of breast carcinoma is not commonly used. Grading of breast carcinoma, while the tumor is still in vivo, would be the most ideal and desirable situation, as it would be helpful in the selection of patients for appropriate therapy. The objective of this study, therefore, was to devise a simple system for grading breast carcinoma, based on the cytological features alone. We reviewed 125 cases of breast carcinoma retrospectively, which were initially diagnosed by FNAC, with subsequent histopathological confirmation. These included 105 ductal, 6 lobular, 2 tubular, 1 papillary, and 1 medullary carcinoma. There was 1 ductal carcinoma in situ. Nine cases were rendered insufficient for grading. Thus 105 cases of ductal carcinoma (NOS) were evaluated for final cytological grading. Air-dried Diff-Quik-stained smears were reviewed at least twice independently by four histopathologists and were then compared with the original histological grades. Six cytological features used for grading were found to be statistically significant: cellular pleomorphism, nuclear size, nuclear margin, nucleoli, naked tumor nuclei, and mitoses. A scoring system based on these six essential parameters was used, to classify ductal carcinoma into three cytological grades, which showed close correlation with the established histological grades. In addition, two less consistent, but still important, features were the presence or absence of necrosis and stromal invasion. Another six parameters, including smear cellularity, degree of cell dispersion or clustering, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, presence of tubular structures, cytoplasmic appearance of the tumor cells, and smear background, were not statistically significant. However, these additional parameters were found helpful in assigning the correct grade, in cases with borderline scores. The concordance rate with histology was 100% for grade 1, 98% for grade 2, and 93% for grade 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Khan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Histopathology, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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36
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Muhammad G, Abdul J, Khan MZ, Saqib M. Use of neostigmine in massive ivermectin toxicity in cats. Vet Hum Toxicol 2004; 46:28-9. [PMID: 14748414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Over-the-counter availability of drugs in developing countries poses the risk of their abuse and overdosing in animals by the owners. This report describes ivermectin toxicosis and its treatment with neostigmine methylsulfate in 2 kittens and an adult cat that had been massively overdosed by their owners. Of two 4-w-old 300 g kittens, one was injected with 1.5 ml ivermectin (15 mg; corresponding to 250 times the recommended dose) by the owner and became comatose, started salivation and died after 2 1/2 h. The other kitten was treated with about 0.75 ml ivermectin (7.5 mg; corresponding to 125 times the recommended dose) by the same owner and developed ataxia and salivation after 2 h, went into coma the next morning and was presented for treatment with mydriasis, coma, slight fever (102.4 F), tachypnea (48/min) and severe tachycardia. This kitten was treated twice at a half hourly interval with neostigmine methylsulfate (25 microg) and 5% dextrose (20 ml) iv showed a transient improvement but died 12 h later. A 2-y-old, 4.5 kg male cat was treated s.c. with 1.5 ml ivermectin (15 mg; corresponding to 16.6 times the recommended dose) by its owner and developed slight salivation, lacrimation. mydriasis, protrusion of third eye-lid, tachypnea (42 breaths/min), tachycardia (128 beats/min) and ataxia. The patient was treated with neostigmine methylsulfate (150 microg) and 5% dextrose (100 ml) i.v., and 200 ml of Heartmann's solution i.v. Treatment was repeated after 6 h Follow up treatment over next 2 d was with daily i.v. administration of neostigmine and dextrose. The patient completely recovered 5 d after initiation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Muhammad
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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37
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Good T, Khan MZ, Lynch JW. Biochemical and physiological validation of a corticosteroid radioimmunoassay for plasma and fecal samples in oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus). Physiol Behav 2003; 80:405-11. [PMID: 14637242 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of fecal steroids provides an increasingly important noninvasive technique for assessing reproduction, environmental stress, and aggression in populations of captive and free-living animals. In this paper, we validated the corticosterone (CORT) 125I-radioimmunoassay (ICN Pharmaceuticals) for plasma and fecal samples in a small rodent species, the oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus). The biochemical validations indicated that the assays accurately measured CORT concentrations in the plasma and corticosteroid concentrations in the feces. Physiological validation demonstrated that: (1) blood samples collected within 3 min of disturbing an animal's cage represented "baseline" CORT concentrations, and (2) fecal corticosteroid concentrations collected over a 24-h period closely tracked plasma CORT concentrations approximately 4 h earlier. These results demonstrate that the plasma CORT and fecal corticosteroid assays are sensitive enough to detect biologically meaningful alterations in corticosteroid concentrations in oldfield mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Good
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 8544-1003, USA.
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Khan MZ, Ali Z, Muhammad G, Khan A, Mahmood F. Pathological Effects of Formalin (37% Formaldehyde) Mixed in Feed or Administered into the Crops of White Leghorn Cockerels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 50:354-8. [PMID: 14633228 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the adverse effects of formalin administered by two different methods. Formalin mixed with the feed (2.5, 5.0 and 10 ml/kg) was given to 10-week-old White Leghorn cockerels for a period of 8 weeks. Simultaneously in other groups, a 3% solution of formalin was administered into the crops (5, 10, 15 and 20 ml/bird/day). Total amount of formalin utilized during the experiment in the feed of individual bird of groups given 2.5, 5 and 10 ml/kg was 6.25, 3.9 and 1.6% higher than those administered 5, 10 and 20 ml of 3% formalin into crop, respectively. Body mass and feed intake in all feed-mixed groups and those given 5 and 10 ml formalin (3%) into the crop were not significantly different from control. Administration of 15 and 20 ml formalin (3%) into crop resulted in depression, delayed onset of crowing, significantly decreased feed intake, lower body mass, decreased mass and volume of testes, ulceration in crops, sloughing of mucosa and petechial haemorrhages in proventriculus. All the groups given formalin had significantly smaller diameters of seminiferous tubules. Kidneys of the birds administered formalin into crop exhibited pyknotic nuclei of epithelial cells in proximal tubules. Non-significant differences in different parameters and lesser degree of pathological changes in birds given formalin-mixed feed than their corresponding crop-administered groups suggested that formalin present in the feed had partially evaporated. Therefore, birds ingested less amount of formalin than that originally mixed in the feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Khan
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
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Lynch JW, Khan MZ, Altmann J, Njahira MN, Rubenstein N. Concentrations of four fecal steroids in wild baboons: short-term storage conditions and consequences for data interpretation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 132:264-71. [PMID: 12812774 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-6480(03)00093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One source of both bias and "noise" in fecal steroid analysis is temporal change in steroid concentrations resulting from duration or conditions of fecal sample storage. However, no consensus currently exists regarding correct procedures or precautions necessary for fecal sample storage, and conditions vary widely within field endocrinology literature. This study considered the effects of short-term, weeks-long, storage conditions on quantifiable fecal testosterone (fT), glucocorticoids (fGC), estrogens (fE), and progestagen (fP) metabolite concentrations in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Quadruplicate subsamples of fecal samples (n=29) collected at Amboseli National Park and its environs were subjected to four different storage conditions prior to lyophilization, in order to determine the effects of storage on subsequent steroid concentrations, as assessed by 125I radioimmunoassays. As expected, the best alternative to the "initial condition" of lyophilization at three days after collection was to freeze fecal samples at -20 degrees C for two weeks prior to lyophilization. This storage method resulted in no significant change from initial steroid concentrations for fE, fT, or fP, although fGC showed a slight but significant decline. Storage for two weeks in a charcoal refrigerator caused a mean increase in all four steroid concentrations. However, the results from this storage condition were robust in terms of practical questions asked of the data: fE and fP values still reflected pregnant versus non-pregnant states in baboon females; a fGC profile constructed by age class resembled that created from the samples from the initial condition, although slightly inflated across age classes; and there were only moderate changes in relative fT concentrations across adult males. Knowledge of the effects of storage upon each steroid analyzed within one's study is a necessary component in determining the optimal compromise for storage protocol in a particular research project.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lynch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The extraction and immunoassay of fecal steroids is an increasingly common technique, used in both captive and field studies to provide an approximation of an animal's circulating concentration of hormones through non-invasive methods. Storage of fecal samples is of critical concern because fecal bacteria metabolize fecal steroids within hours after deposit. Ethanol is often used as a preservative for fecal samples stored for several hours at room temperature. We examined the stability of fecal estrogen (fE) and glucocorticoid (fGC) metabolites from baboon (Papio cynocephalus) samples in a 95% ethanol solution at ambient temperature and at -20 degrees C over the course of six months, to determine the effect of storage on steroid concentrations. As measured by radioimmunoassay, fE metabolite concentrations increased by 122% at 90 days and fGC metabolite concentrations increased by 92% at 120 days. After peaking, both hormones declined to near initial concentrations by 180 days in ambient temperature samples. In samples stored at sub-zero temperatures, fGC metabolite concentrations showed a similar but dampened pattern, while fE metabolite concentrations exhibited small and variable changes with no consistent trend. We discuss explanations for the dynamic pattern of changing fecal metabolite concentrations and offer practical and analytical guidance to field workers for situations in which ideal conditions for stabilizing hormones are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Khan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Anwar MI, Khan MZ, Muhammad G, Bachaya A, Babar AM. Effects of dietary formalin on the health and testicular pathology of male Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). Vet Hum Toxicol 2001; 43:330-3. [PMID: 11757989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Male Japanese quail (n = 75) at 35 d of age were fed 20.0, 10.0, 5.0, 2.5 or 0 ml formalin (37% formaldehyde)/kg of their daily ration for 8 w. Quail fed 20.0 or 10.0 ml formalin/kg feed showed depression, decreased responsiveness, feed consumption, and body weights, and had vacuolation in the germinal epithelial layer of their seminiferous tubules. Formalin feeding at up to 5 ml/kg was associated with decreased weight of testes, and up to 2.5 ml/kg feed resulted in smaller diameter seminiferous tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Anwar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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42
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Tudja P, Khan MZ, Mestrović E, Horvat M, Golja P. Thermal behaviour of diclofenac sodium: decomposition and melting characteristics. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1245-50. [PMID: 11605648 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The thermal behaviour and melting characteristics of diclofenac sodium were investigated using various instrumental techniques--differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC). DSC analysis of diclofenac sodium performed under dynamic flow of either synthetic air or helium or nitrogen did not produce any sharp endothermic peak characteristic of melting peak of a pure substance. Both the rate of scanning of the sample and the environmental atmospheric condition significantly affected the thermographic profile of diclofenac sodium. An exothermic peak prior to an endothermic peak corresponding to melting of the substance appeared when heated under dynamic flow of synthetic air suggesting oxidation (decomposition) of diclofenac sodium before reaching its melting point. In fact, at a scanning rate of 1 degree C/min only the exothermic peak appeared in the thermogram, suggesting complete decomposition prior to melting under the dynamic flow of synthetic air. DSC, FT-IR and TLC data obtained from samples heated under the dynamic flow of either helium or nitrogen revealed formation of a related compound, 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-indolin-2-one, an indol-cyclic amide, as a result of an intramolecular cyclization reaction during the heating process. TGA data demonstrated a loss of 11.4-20.2% of the mass of diclofenac sodium when heated under various environmental conditions, and also supported the oxidative nature of degraded product(s) when the thermal process occurred slowly under a dynamic flow of synthetic air.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tudja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development, PLIVA d.d., Zagreb, Croatia
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43
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Khan MZ, Naeem A, Mufti KA. Prevalence of mental health problems in acne patients. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2001; 13:7-8. [PMID: 11873431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is the most common of all skin diseases. The condition affects young people at the time when they are undergoing maximum social and physical change and can produce significant psychological scarring. This study was done to determine the Mental Health problem in Patients suffering from acne and to determine significant difference of mental health problems in acne patients in comparison to seborrhic dermatitis patients as a control group. METHODS 50 subjects with acne and 50 with seborrhic skin problems (13-25 yrs age) were included in this study through Psychiatry OPD of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. The period of study was from March 1998 to August 1998. The patients were assessed for psychiatric problems by using WHO Guide to mental health in primary care ICD 10 chapter V primary care. The statistical significance was determined by chi square. RESULTS The data shows that out of 50 acne patients 19 (38%) were suffering from Depression, with a female predominance. The control group (seborrhic) presented lower prevalence of Depression i.e. 57% in females. Similarly Anxiety problem in particular social anxiety were overall more in acne group (34%) as compared to seborrhea group (10%). A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups indicating that depression and social anxiety was more in the acne group. A consistent finding in the study over six months depicted the difference between gender i.e. more females presenting with depression. Total Depressed Patients were 19, while total with suicidal Thoughts were 4 (21%). CONCLUSION The importance of this study is to highlight depression among such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Khan
- Department of Dermatology, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan
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44
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Khan MZ, McNabb FM, Walters JR, Sharp PJ. Patterns of testosterone and prolactin concentrations and reproductive behavior of helpers and breeders in the cooperatively breeding red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis). Horm Behav 2001; 40:1-13. [PMID: 11467879 DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the proximate causes of delayed breeding and alloparental behavior in the cooperatively breeding red-cockaded woodpecker by measuring plasma concentrations of testosterone (T) and prolactin (PRL) in female breeders, male breeders, and male helpers during different stages of the reproductive cycle. Male breeders and helpers have low T during the prebreeding period, highest T during copulation, and low concentrations of T during the egg-laying/incubation and nestling provisioning stages. Helpers appear physiologically capable of reproducing; their T concentrations equal that of male breeders. Helpers unrelated to the breeding female have higher T than helpers sharing a territory with their mother. Sexual inactivity by male helpers might be explained by behavioral suppression resulting from interactions of male helpers with the breeding pair that somehow differ in accordance with the helper's relatedness to the breeding female (e.g., female breeders are generally unreceptive to courtship from male helpers and least receptive to related helpers). Female breeder, male breeder, and male helper PRL levels did not differ and increased from the prebreeding stage through the copulation and egg-laying/incubation stages. During the nestling provisioning stage, male breeder and helper PRL declined, while female PRL continued to increase. Based on these results, we conclude that the physiological bases of alloparental behavior have not diverged from those that mediate parental behavior in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Khan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406, USA.
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Amin MA, Khan MZ, Khan MA, Tariq NA. Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in the leg by using colour coded duplex sonography. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2001; 13:22-3. [PMID: 11873393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is regarded rare [not readable: see text] Asia. There is no documentation of the incidence of DVT in Pakistan. Clinical diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis is inaccurate. Venography is the most reliable method of diagnosis, but it has several disadvantages. Many non-invasive diagnostic methods have therefore been developed in the past decade. Of these only duplex sonography has comparable accuracy. METHODS We studied 100 cases of suspected DVT by using colour coded duplex sonography. We report the results of a prospective study in patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis evaluated by both colour coded Doppler sonography and venography. CONCLUSION We conclude that colour coded duplex sonography is a highly accurate, simple, non-invasive method for detecting femoropopliteal thrombosis. Additional venography is not necessary. Its value in diagnosing isolated calf vein thrombosis remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Amin
- Department of Surgery, Unit-II, Nishtar Hospital, Multan
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Abstract
1. In the present study the distribution of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) and influence of oestrogen on these cells was investigated in the oviduct of chickens by the observation of H and E stained sections. 2. The LGLs first appeared in the oviduct at 9 weeks and their frequency of occurrence increased with age and was highest in the infundibulum and vagina from 21 to 32 weeks of age. The frequency of occurrence of LGLs from magnum to uterus (glandular part) was low. These cells were located at the base, middle and apical parts of the lining epithelium as well as in the sperm-storage glandular epithelium. 3. When chickens of 21 weeks were treated with DES, LGLs abundantly infiltrated in the oviducal epithelium in comparison to the control. 4. These results suggested that the development of LGLs in the oviduct of chickens correlates with oestrogen secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
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Prabhudesai A, Khan MZ. An unusual cause of femoral embolism: angioseal. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2000; 82:355-6. [PMID: 11041042 PMCID: PMC2503616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Prabhudesai
- Department of Surgery, St George's Hospital, London, UK
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Khan MZ, Stedul HP, Kurjaković N. A pH-dependent colon-targeted oral drug delivery system using methacrylic acid copolymers. II. Manipulation of drug release using Eudragit L100 and Eudragit S100 combinations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000; 26:549-54. [PMID: 10789067 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-100101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tablets containing mesalazine as a model drug were coated using various combinations of two methacrylic acid copolymers, (Eudragit L100 and Eudragit S100) by spraying from aqueous systems. The Eudragit L100-Eudragit S100 (w/w) combinations studied were 1:0, 4:1, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 0:1. The coated tablets were tested in vitro for their suitability for pH-dependent colon-targeted oral drug delivery. The dissolution profiles of the drug obtained from the studied tablets demonstrate that the release of the drug could be manipulated by changing the Eudragit L100-Eudragit S100 ratios in the combinations within the pH range between 6.0 and 7.0 in which the individual polymers are soluble, and a coating formulation consisting of a combination of the two polymers can overcome the issue of high gastrointestinal (GI) pH variability among individuals. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of using aqueous dispersions of Eudragit L100-Eudragit S100 combinations for coating tablets for colon-targeted delivery of drugs, and that the formulation can be adjusted to deliver drug(s) at any other desirable site of the intestinal region of the GI tract in which pH of the fluid is within the range 6.0 to 7.0. For colon-targeted delivery of drugs, the proposed combination system is superior to tablets coated with either Eudragit L100 or Eudragit S100 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Khan
- Research and Development Division, PLIVA d.d., Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tighe JV, Bailey BM, Khan MZ, Stavrou M, Todd CE. Relation of preoperative sialographic findings with histopathological diagnosis in cases of obstructive sialadenitis of the parotid and submandibular glands: retrospective study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 37:290-3. [PMID: 10475651 DOI: 10.1054/bjom.1999.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical records, preoperative sialograms and histopathological slides of 33 patients who had been operated on for symptoms of obstructive salivary gland disease were reviewed. Twenty patients had had superficial parotidectomy and 13 excision of the submandibular gland. Among those who had required parotidectomy, preoperative sialograms tended to suggest more architectural damage than was actually noted on definitive histopathological examination. Patients whose symptoms had been present for longer had more severe sialographic and histopathological changes. In the submandibular group, there was a closer relation between sialographic and histopathological changes, and a positive correlation between a short history and the severity of histopathological grading. These differences may reflect the different aetiology and course of obstructive disease in the two types of gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Tighe
- Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
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Atallah S, Khan MZ, Malkawi M. Water conservation through Islamic public awareness in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. East Mediterr Health J 1999; 5:785-97. [PMID: 11338701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Atallah
- World Health Organization, Centre for Environmental Health Activities, Amman, Jordan
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