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Gámez S, Cobo J, Fernández-Lafitte M, Coronas R, Parra I, Oliva JC, Àlvarez A, Esteba-Castillo S, Giménez-Palop O, Corripio R, Palao DJ, Caixàs A. An Exploratory Analysis on the 2D:4D Digit Ratio and Its Relationship with Social Responsiveness in Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031155. [PMID: 36769803 PMCID: PMC9917981 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder produced by a lack of expression of paternally derived genes in the 15q11-13 region. Research has generally focused on its genetic and behavioral expression, but only a few studies have examined epigenetic influences. Prenatal testosterone or the maternal testosterone-to-estradiol ratio (MaTtEr) has been suggested to play an important role in the development of the 'social brain' during pregnancy. Some studies propose the 2D:4D digit ratio of the hand as an indirect MaTtEr measure. The relationship between social performance and MaTtEr has been studied in other neurodevelopmental conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but to our best knowledge, it has never been studied in PWS. Therefore, our study aims to clarify the possible existence of a relationship between social performance-as measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)-and MaTtEr levels using the 2D:4D ratio. We found that, as a group, PWS individuals have shorter index and ring fingers than the control group, but no significant difference in the 2D:4D ratios. The 2D:4D ratio showed a correlation only with Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behavior Subscale, where a positive correlation only for male individuals with PWS was found. Considering only PWS with previous GH treatment during childhood/adolescence (PWS-GH), index and ring fingers did not show differences in length with the control group, but the 2D:4D ratio was significantly higher in the right or dominant hand compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gámez
- Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona—CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jesus Cobo
- Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona—CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT)—CERCA, 08208 Sabadell, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Meritxell Fernández-Lafitte
- Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona—CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
| | - Ramón Coronas
- Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona—CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
| | - Isabel Parra
- Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona—CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT)—CERCA, 08208 Sabadell, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Oliva
- Statistics Unit, Fundació Parc Taulí—(I3PT)—CERCA, 08208 Sabadell, Spain
| | - Aida Àlvarez
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Susanna Esteba-Castillo
- Specialized Mental Health and Intellectual Disability Department, Institut d’Assistència Sanitària, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, 17190 Girona, Spain
- Neurodevelopment Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute IDIBGI, Institut d’Assistència Sanitària, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Olga Giménez-Palop
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raquel Corripio
- Pediatric Endocrine Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institutd’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
| | - Diego J. Palao
- Mental Health Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona—CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT)—CERCA, 08208 Sabadell, Spain
| | - Assumpta Caixàs
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08202 Sabadell, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (A.C.)
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Sexual Dimorphism and Sex-2D : 4D Interactions on Fasting Lipid Variables in an Adult Ghanaian Population. J Lipids 2022; 2022:3303588. [PMID: 35782294 PMCID: PMC9246597 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3303588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hormone exposure has been suggested as a correlate of adult circulating estrogen and testosterone. If this observation is true, then prenatal hormone exposure may have an association with lipid homeostasis in adulthood. The study sought to investigate sexual dimorphism and the interactions between the putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure (2D : 4D) and sex on adult fasting plasma lipid variables. The study was cross-sectional from June to December 2021 at the University for Development Studies. The participants were between 18 and 30 years of age and consisted of 206 healthy persons (female = 93, male = 113). The right hand (2D : 4DR), the left hand (2D : 4DL), and the right-left 2D : 4D difference (Dr-l) were measured using computer-assisted analysis. Fasting venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid variables including total cholesterol (TCHOL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). There were no significant differences in the 2D : 4D ratio and lipid variables between males and females. However, after adjusting for age and BMI, the 2D : 4DR (P = 0.014) and the 2D : 4DL (P = 0.007) increased with increasing fasting plasma HDL-C on average. Moreover, there were significant interactions between sex and the 2D : 4DR (P = 0.002) and also, the 2D : 4DL (P = 0.005) on fasting plasma HDL-C. The relationship between HDL-C and the 2D : 4D ratio was positive in females but negative in males. The 2D : 4DR accounted for about 54.9% and 46.0% while the 2D : 4DL accounted for about 48.2% and 14.0% of the variabilities in fasting plasma HDL-C in females and males, respectively. Prenatal hormone exposure may partly account for the sexual dimorphism in adult lipid homeostasis.
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Iljin A, Antoszewski B, Szewczyk T, Sitek A. The 2D:4D index is associated with the development of excess body weight in adults, but not with the rate of weight loss following bariatric surgery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8078. [PMID: 35578001 PMCID: PMC9110364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
2D:4D finger length ratio is a proxy of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Prenatal testosterone decreases and prenatal estrogens increase this index. In the current study we investigated whether the 2D:4D index, as a marker of the prenatal hormonal environment, is associated with the development of overweight and obesity in adults, and whether is it correlated with the rate of weight loss in patients after bariatric surgery. We tested 125 adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), 125 adults with overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) and 153 persons with normal body weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) of both sexes. We have found that the development of excessive body weight in men and women, and fat accumulation in the upper arms, thighs and lower legs in women with obesity (but not men) are associated with increased prenatal estrogen exposure. This relationship indicates a new area of activity in the field of obesity prevention. Moreover, it seems that the 2D:4D index (especially of the right hand) may be a useful factor in early prediction of the risk of developing excessive body weight in humans. The rate of weight loss after bariatric surgery is independent of prenatal exposure to sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Iljin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Łódź, Poland
| | - Bogusław Antoszewski
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szewczyk
- Clinical Department of Gastroenterology, Oncology and General Surgery, USK No. 1, ul. Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Łódź, Poland.,Department of General Surgery, Regional Health Center, ul. Gen. Józefa Bema 5-6, 59-300, Lubin, Poland
| | - Aneta Sitek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
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Zhang FF, Zhang Q, Wang YL, Wang FF, Hardiman PJ, Qu F. Intergenerational Influences between Maternal Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Offspring: An Updated Overview. J Pediatr 2021; 232:272-281. [PMID: 33482217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Zhang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Wang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul J Hardiman
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Qu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhang J, Yang M, Luan P, Jia W, Liu Q, Ma Z, Dang J, Lu H, Ma Q, Wang Y, Mu C, Huo Z. Associations Between Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Gene Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio in Chinese University Students. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930591. [PMID: 33723203 PMCID: PMC7980499 DOI: 10.12659/msm.930591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes are necessary for the production or metabolism of fetal sex hormones during pregnancy. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D: 4D) is formed in the early stage of human fetal development and considered an indicator reflecting prenatal sex steroids levels. We explored the association between 2D: 4D and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP. MATERIAL AND METHODS Correlation analysis between 2D: 4D and 8 SNPs, rs2687133 (CPY3A7), rs7173655 (CYP11A1), rs1004467, rs17115149, and rs2486758 (CYP17A1), and rs4646, rs2255192, rs4275794 (CYP19A1), was performed using data from 426 female and 412 male Chinese university students. SNP genotyping was conducted using PCR. Digit lengths were photographed and measured by image processing software. RESULTS rs2486758 (CYP17A1) correlated with left hand 2D: 4D in men (P=0.026), and rs1004467 (CYP17A1) correlated with right hand 2D: 4D in men (P=0.008) and the whole population (P=0.032). In men, allele G rs1004467 decreased right hand 2D: 4D, while allele C of rs2486758 increased left hand 2D: 4D. In women, left hand 2D: 4D was higher in genotypes with allele A of SNP rs4646 (CYP19A1) under the dominant genetic model; female DR-L was higher in genotypes with allele T of rs17115149 (CYP11A1). SNPs rs2687133 (CYP3A7) and rs1004467 (CYP17A1) were significantly correlated with right hand 2D: 4D (P=0.0107). CONCLUSIONS SNPs rs1004467 and rs2486758 of CYP17A1 are significant in the relationship between 2D: 4D and CYP gene polymorphisms under different conditions. SNP interactions between CYP genes probably impact 2D: 4D. The correlation between 2D: 4D and some sex hormone-related diseases may be due to the effect of CYP variants on the 2 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Mengyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Luan
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Qiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Zhanbing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Jie Dang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Zhenghao Huo
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics/Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
- Department of Biology, Gansu Medical College, Pingliang, Gansu, P.R. China
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An association between body image dissatisfaction and digit ratio among Chinese children and adolescents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5217. [PMID: 33664410 PMCID: PMC7970844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image dissatisfaction (BID) is a negative evaluation of personal physical characteristics, including dissatisfaction with body shape, gender, sexual organs, appearance and so forth, and it plays an important role in growth and development. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is recognized as a putative indicator of intra-uterine testosterone to estrogen ratio exposure, and it has been observed that higher levels of fetal testosterone exposure are associated with a lower 2D:4D. The present paper contributes to a better understanding of the biological underpinnings of BID by analyzing BID and the digit ratio (2D:4D). We found that the 2D:4D was positively related to appearance dissatisfaction in boys with first spermatorrhea, which means that low prenatal androgen exposure may increase boys’ dissatisfaction with their appearance. In girls with breast development being lower than Tanner stage II, their 2D:4D was negatively related to their body shape dissatisfaction, which means that high prenatal androgen exposure may increase girls’ dissatisfaction with their body shape. These results suggest that the prenatal androgen exposure level might play an important role in the body image dissatisfaction of the offspring.
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