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Basu S, Ro EJ, Liu Z, Kim H, Bennett A, Kang S, Suh H. The Mef2c Gene Dose-Dependently Controls Hippocampal Neurogenesis and the Expression of Autism-Like Behaviors. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1058232023. [PMID: 38123360 PMCID: PMC10860657 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1058-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the activity-dependent transcription factor MEF2C have been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. Among these, autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related behavioral deficits are manifested. Multiple animal models that harbor mutations in Mef2c have provided compelling evidence that Mef2c is indeed an ASD gene. However, studies in mice with germline or global brain knock-out of Mef2c are limited in their ability to identify the precise neural substrates and cell types that are required for the expression of Mef2c-mediated ASD behaviors. Given the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in cognitive and social behaviors, in this study we aimed to investigate the role of Mef2c in the structure and function of newly generated dentate granule cells (DGCs) in the postnatal hippocampus and to determine whether disrupted Mef2c function is responsible for manifesting ASD behaviors. Overexpression of Mef2c (Mef2cOE ) arrested the transition of neurogenesis at progenitor stages, as indicated by sustained expression of Sox2+ in Mef2cOE DGCs. Conditional knock-out of Mef2c (Mef2ccko ) allowed neuronal commitment of Mef2ccko cells; however, Mef2ccko impaired not only dendritic arborization and spine formation but also synaptic transmission onto Mef2ccko DGCs. Moreover, the abnormal structure and function of Mef2ccko DGCs led to deficits in social interaction and social novelty recognition, which are key characteristics of ASD behaviors. Thus, our study revealed a dose-dependent requirement of Mef2c in the control of distinct steps of neurogenesis, as well as a critical cell-autonomous function of Mef2c in newborn DGCs in the expression of proper social behavior in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreetama Basu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland 44109, Ohio
| | - Eun Jeoung Ro
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland 44109, Ohio
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland 44109, Ohio
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia
| | - Aubrey Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia
| | - Hoonkyo Suh
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland 44109, Ohio
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Xu W, Billon C, Li H, Wilderman A, Qi L, Graves A, Rideb JRDC, Zhao Y, Hayes M, Yu K, Losby M, Hampton CS, Adeyemi CM, Hong SJ, Nasiotis E, Fu C, Oh TG, Fan W, Downes M, Welch RD, Evans RM, Milosavljevic A, Walker JK, Jensen BC, Pei L, Burris T, Zhang L. Novel Pan-ERR Agonists Ameliorate Heart Failure Through Enhancing Cardiac Fatty Acid Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function. Circulation 2024; 149:227-250. [PMID: 37961903 PMCID: PMC10842599 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.066542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac metabolic dysfunction is a hallmark of heart failure (HF). Estrogen-related receptors ERRα and ERRγ are essential regulators of cardiac metabolism. Therefore, activation of ERR could be a potential therapeutic intervention for HF. However, in vivo studies demonstrating the potential usefulness of ERR agonist for HF treatment are lacking, because compounds with pharmacokinetics appropriate for in vivo use have not been available. METHODS Using a structure-based design approach, we designed and synthesized 2 structurally distinct pan-ERR agonists, SLU-PP-332 and SLU-PP-915. We investigated the effect of ERR agonist on cardiac function in a pressure overload-induced HF model in vivo. We conducted comprehensive functional, multi-omics (RNA sequencing and metabolomics studies), and genetic dependency studies both in vivo and in vitro to dissect the molecular mechanism, ERR isoform dependency, and target specificity. RESULTS Both SLU-PP-332 and SLU-PP-915 significantly improved ejection fraction, ameliorated fibrosis, and increased survival associated with pressure overload-induced HF without affecting cardiac hypertrophy. A broad spectrum of metabolic genes was transcriptionally activated by ERR agonists, particularly genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Metabolomics analysis showed substantial normalization of metabolic profiles in fatty acid/lipid and tricarboxylic acid/oxidative phosphorylation metabolites in the mouse heart with 6-week pressure overload. ERR agonists increase mitochondria oxidative capacity and fatty acid use in vitro and in vivo. Using both in vitro and in vivo genetic dependency experiments, we show that ERRγ is the main mediator of ERR agonism-induced transcriptional regulation and cardioprotection and definitively demonstrated target specificity. ERR agonism also led to downregulation of cell cycle and development pathways, which was partially mediated by E2F1 in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS ERR agonists maintain oxidative metabolism, which confers cardiac protection against pressure overload-induced HF in vivo. Our results provide direct pharmacologic evidence supporting the further development of ERR agonists as novel HF therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Xu
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St Louis, MO (C.B., M.H., T.B.)
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (C.B., M.H., T.B.)
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Andrea Wilderman
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Lei Qi
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Andrea Graves
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Jernie Rae Dela Cruz Rideb
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Yuanbiao Zhao
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Matthew Hayes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St Louis, MO (C.B., M.H., T.B.)
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (C.B., M.H., T.B.)
| | - Keyang Yu
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - McKenna Losby
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Carissa S Hampton
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, MO (C.S.H., C.M.A., J.K.W.)
| | - Christiana M Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, MO (C.S.H., C.M.A., J.K.W.)
| | - Seok Jae Hong
- McAllister Heart Institute (S.J.H., B.C.J.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Eleni Nasiotis
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - Chen Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA (C.F.)
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH (C.F.)
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (T.G.O., W.F., M.D., R.M.E.)
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (T.G.O., W.F., M.D., R.M.E.)
| | - Michael Downes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (T.G.O., W.F., M.D., R.M.E.)
| | - Ryan D Welch
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Blackburn College, Carlinville, IL (R.D.W.)
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (T.G.O., W.F., M.D., R.M.E.)
| | - Aleksandar Milosavljevic
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
| | - John K Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, MO (C.S.H., C.M.A., J.K.W.)
| | - Brian C Jensen
- McAllister Heart Institute (S.J.H., B.C.J.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.C.J.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Liming Pei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (L.P.)
| | - Thomas Burris
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St Louis, MO (C.B., M.H., T.B.)
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (C.B., M.H., T.B.)
| | - Lilei Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (W.X., H.L., A.W., L.Q., A.G., J.R.D.C.R., Y.Z., K.Y., M.L., E.N., A.M., L.Z.)
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Lai Q, Wu L, Dong S, Zhu X, Fan Z, Kou J, Liu F, Yu B, Li F. Inhibition of KMO Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia Injury via Maintaining Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission Balance. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3077-3098. [PMID: 37416768 PMCID: PMC10321280 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.83392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Looking for early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets is the key to ensuring prompt treatment of myocardial ischemia (MI). Here, a novel biomarker xanthurenic acid (XA) was identified based on metabolomics and exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of MI patients. Additionally, the elevation of XA was proved to induce myocardial injury in vivo by promoting myocardial apoptosis and ferroptosis. Combining metabolomics and transcriptional data further revealed that kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) profoundly increased in MI mice, and was closely associated with the elevation of XA. More importantly, pharmacological or heart-specific inhibition of KMO obviously suppressed the elevation of XA and profoundly ameliorated the OGD-induced cardiomyocytes injury and the ligation-induced MI injury. Mechanistically, KMO inhibition effectively restrained myocardial apoptosis and ferroptosis by modulating mitochondrial fission and fusion. In addition, virtual screening and experimental validation were adopted to identify ginsenoside Rb3 as a novel inhibitor of KMO and exhibited great cardioprotective effects by regulating mitochondrial dynamical balance. Taken together, targeting KMO may provide a new approach for the clinical treatment of MI through maintaining mitochondrial fusion and fission balance, and ginsenoside Rb3 showed great potential to be developed as a novel therapeutic drug targeting KMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shuhong Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaozhou Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Fuming Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
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Lemay SE, Awada C, Shimauchi T, Wu WH, Bonnet S, Provencher S, Boucherat O. Fetal Gene Reactivation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: GOOD, BAD, or BOTH? Cells 2021; 10:1473. [PMID: 34208388 PMCID: PMC8231250 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a debilitating chronic disorder marked by the progressive obliteration of the pre-capillary arterioles. This imposes a pressure overload on the right ventricle (RV) pushing the latter to undergo structural and mechanical adaptations that inexorably culminate in RV failure and death. Thanks to the advances in molecular biology, it has been proposed that some aspects of the RV and pulmonary vascular remodeling processes are orchestrated by a subversion of developmental regulatory mechanisms with an upregulation of a suite of genes responsible for the embryo's early growth and normally repressed in adults. In this review, we present relevant background regarding the close relationship between overactivation of fetal genes and cardiopulmonary remodeling, exploring whether the reawakening of developmental factors plays a causative role or constitutes a protective mechanism in the setting of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Eve Lemay
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (S.-E.L.); (C.A.); (T.S.); (W.-H.W.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Charifa Awada
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (S.-E.L.); (C.A.); (T.S.); (W.-H.W.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Tsukasa Shimauchi
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (S.-E.L.); (C.A.); (T.S.); (W.-H.W.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Wen-Hui Wu
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (S.-E.L.); (C.A.); (T.S.); (W.-H.W.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (S.-E.L.); (C.A.); (T.S.); (W.-H.W.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (S.-E.L.); (C.A.); (T.S.); (W.-H.W.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Olivier Boucherat
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (S.-E.L.); (C.A.); (T.S.); (W.-H.W.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
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Na L, Q B, Xiumei Z, Lingzi Z, Deqin H, Xuanxuan Z, Huanhuan G, Yuan L, Xiujuan C. Research into the intervention effect of folic acid on arsenic-induced heart abnormalities in fetal rats during the periconception period. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:139. [PMID: 32183703 PMCID: PMC7079454 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of CHD is the highest among birth defects and is increasing year to year. CHD seriously harms the health of infants and young children and presents a large economic burden to families and society. The pathogenesis of CHD and preventive measures are the focus of current research. Our research aimed to explore the intervention effect of folic acid on heart abnormalities resulting from sodium arsenic (NaAsO2) exposure during the periconception period. METHODS Sixty 35-day-old female SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 12 rats in each group. Group A was the control group. The rats were given distilled water and ordinary chow. The rats in group B were given distilled water containing 75 mg/L NaAsO2 and ordinary chow. The rats in groups C, D, and E were given distilled water containing 75 mg/L NaAsO2 and chow containing 0.53 mg/kg, 5.3 mg/kg, and 10.6 mg/kg folic acid, respectively. The general condition of the embryos and the histopathology of the embryonic hearts were examined. The acetylation levels of histone H3K9 in heart tissues and the expression levels of Mef2C (which is related to heart development) were observed. RESULTS The embryo weight and placental weight of groups B-E were significantly lower than those of group A (P < 0.05). The heart malformation rate of the fetal rats in groups B-E was significantly higher than that of the fetal rats in group A (P < 0.05). We found that the level of H3K9 acetylation in fetal rat cardiomyocytes in groups B-E was significantly higher than that in group A (P < 0.05) and that the level of H3K9 acetylation in groups C-E was lower than that in group B (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of Mef2C in fetal rat cardiomyocytes in group B-E was significantly higher than that in group A (P < 0.05), and the mRNA level of Mef2C in groups C-E was significantly lower than that in group B (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Supplementation with folic acid during the periconception period can interfere with the toxic effects of arsenic on the heart. The mechanism may be that lowering the acetylation levels of histone H3K9 in heart tissues leads to decreased expression levels of Mef2C, which may play a protective role in heart development in fetal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Na
- Department of the Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bai Q
- Department of the Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhao Xiumei
- Department of the Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Lingzi
- Department of the Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - He Deqin
- Department of the Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Xuanxuan
- Department of the Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo Huanhuan
- Department of the Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Daoshan Road 18, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
| | - Chen Xiujuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Daoshan Road 18, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
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