1
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Zhu X, Min X, Zhu Y, Ma X, Meng X, Xu C. Effects of [C npy]Br (n=3,5) on the growth and physiology of rape seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34741-34749. [PMID: 36520292 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
1-Alkylpyridinium bromide [Cnpy]Br is a common intermediate in chemical synthesis. With the discharge of industrial wastewater, it enters the environment and is toxic to plants. In this study, the impacts of two pyridine-based ionic liquids (ILs), [C3py]Br and [C5py]Br, on the growth and physiology of rape seedlings were investigated at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L. Within the concentration range (10-400 mg/L) of [C3py]Br and [C5py]Br treatment, the root length, plant height, activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT), and the contents of Chla and Chlb showed an increase at low concentrations and a decrease at high concentrations. [C3py]Br and [C5py]Br increased MDA content in rape seedlings leaves in a concentration-dependent manner. It was also found that [C5py]Br was more toxic to rape seedlings than [C3py]Br. The toxicity of pyridine ILs such as [C3py]Br and [C5py]Br to plants should be highly concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyue Min
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Zhu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Ma
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Khan AS, Sakina, Nasrullah A, Ullah S, Ullah Z, Khan Z, Khan NA, Khan SZ, Din IU. An Overview on Phytotoxic Perspective of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Role of Chemical Structure in the Phytotoxicity. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sada Khan
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Sakina
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Asma Nasrullah
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Department of Chemistry 25000 Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Saadat Ullah
- Hazara University Department of Chemistry Mansehra Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ullah
- Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) Department of Chemistry Takatu Campus 87100 Quetta Pakistan
| | - Zahid Khan
- American University of Sharjah Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- University of Sharjah Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine University City 27272 Sharjah Unites Arab Emirates
- Istinye University Istinye Faculty of Medicine 34396 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Shahan Zeb Khan
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Israf Ud Din
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities P.O. Box 173 Al-Kharj Saudi Arabia
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3
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Stachowiak W, Smolibowski M, Kaczmarek DK, Rzemieniecki T, Niemczak M. Toward revealing the role of the cation in the phytotoxicity of the betaine-based esterquats comprising dicamba herbicide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157181. [PMID: 35817095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two homologous series of esterquats comprising alkyl (from ethyl to octadecyl) betainate cations and bromide as well as dicamba anions were successfully synthesized, starting from a renewable raw material - glycine betaine. Due to the favorable octanol-water partition coefficient and utilization of biodegradable cations of natural origin, synthesized esterquats can be considered promising alternatives to currently applied dicamba-based formulations. In addition, the obtained results allowed us to verify whether the organic cations in quaternary ammonium salts containing herbicidally active anions (such as dicamba) play the role of biologically inactive adjuvants that only enhance the efficiency of the active ingredient or if they simultaneously exhibit a significant degree of phytotoxicity. Analysis of the influence of alkyl betainate esterquats containing nonherbicidal (bromide) anions on seedlings of white mustard revealed that alkyl betainate cations promote the germination of white mustard seeds; however, the subsequent growth of the seedlings was significantly inhibited. Further studies performed on white mustard and cornflower plants in a stage of 4-6 leaves allowed us to conclude that in the case of sensitive plants, the high phytotoxicity can be attributed to the presence of the dicamba anion, whereas for more resistant plants the additional influence of the cation on the phytotoxic effect is visible. Esterquats comprising a dodecyl substituent or longer had high surface active properties. Nonetheless, their contact angle values were not correlated with phytotoxicity data, indicating an additional influence of the cation on this stage of plant development. Interestingly, subsequent dose-response experiments conducted for two selected dicamba-based products confirmed that the greatest phytotoxicity was expressed by compounds containing a decyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Stachowiak
- Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60-965, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Smolibowski
- Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60-965, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Rzemieniecki
- Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60-965, Poland
| | - Michał Niemczak
- Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60-965, Poland.
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4
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Zhang J, Cheng C, Lu C, Li W, Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Du Z, Zhu L. Comparison of the toxic effects of non-task-specific and task-specific ionic liquids on zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133643. [PMID: 35051520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are composed of only anions and cations and are liquid solvents at room temperature. Different functional groups were introduced into the ILs, conferring them with specific functions or purposes and thus forming special ILs, namely task-specific ILs (TSILs). Imidazolium-based ILs are the most widely used ILs in industrial production. To date, there have been some studies on the toxic effects of ILs on different organisms. However, the effect of functionalized groups on the toxicity of ILs is still unclear. In the present study, zebrafish were used as model organisms to study the toxic effects of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([C2mim]NO3) and 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([HOC2mim]NO3). The results showed that both promoted an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Furthermore, integrated biological response analysis showed that [HOC2mim]NO3 was less toxic to zebrafish than [C2mim]NO3, which indicated that adding functional groups decreased the toxicity of ILs to organisms. The influence of chemical structure on IL toxicity was also reported. These results could provide a scientific basis for better synthesis and utilization of ILs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Chengbo Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Wenxiu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
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5
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Chen X, Sun H, Zhang T, Shang H, Han Z, Li Y. Effects of pyridinium-based ionic liquids with different alkyl chain lengths on the growth of maize seedlings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127868. [PMID: 34865901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of four water-soluble pyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) differing in alkyl side chain length, namely, N-ethyl pyridinium bromide ([EPy]Br), N-butyl pyridinium bromide ([BPy]Br), N-hexyl pyridinium bromide ([HPy]Br), and N-octyl pyridinium bromide ([OPy]Br), on the growth of maize seedlings were investigated for the first time. The results revealed that the phytotoxicity of these ILs was significantly correlated with their concentration and alkyl side chain length. The 8-day 50% inhibition values indicated that the toxicity increased as the length of the alkyl chain increased: [EPy]Br < [BPy]Br < [HPy]Br < [OPy]Br. In addition, root growth was found to be more sensitive to ILs than stem growth. In response to exposure to ILs of increasing concentration, we observed different trends in the pigment contents and specific antioxidant enzyme activities in maize seedlings, whereas the contents of malondialdehyde were significantly increased. In addition, RNA sequencing analysis, performed to examine the gene expression profiles of maize leaves under [HPy]Br and [OPy]Br treatments, revealed that a larger number of genes were differentially expressed in response to [OPy]Br treatment. Furthermore, pathway enrichment analysis revealed that both [HPy]Br and [OPy]Br treatments, and particularly the latter, caused a down-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. Our findings thus indicate that pyridinium-based IL toxicity might be associated with oxidative stress and changes in gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huanxuan Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianyue Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongyue Shang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaoxue Han
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yajun Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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6
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Čobanov I, Tot A, Gadžurić S, Maksimović I, Putnik-Delić M, Daničić M, Bešter-Rogač M, Vraneš M. Influence of structural changes of cation and anion on phytotoxicity of selected surface active ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Cho CW, Pham TPT, Zhao Y, Stolte S, Yun YS. Review of the toxic effects of ionic liquids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147309. [PMID: 33975102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in ionic liquids (ILs), called green or designer solvents, has been increasing because of their excellent properties such as thermal stability and low vapor pressure; thus, they can replace harmful organic chemicals and help several industrial fields e.g., energy-storage materials production and biomaterial pretreatment. However, the claim that ILs are green solvents should be carefully considered from an environmental perspective. ILs, given their minimal vapor pressure, may not directly cause atmospheric pollution. However, they have the potential to cause adverse effects if leaked into the environment, for instance if they are spilled due to human mistakes or technical errors. To estimate the risks of ILs, numerous ILs have had their toxicity assessed toward several micro- and macro-organisms over the past few decades. Since the toxic effects of ILs depend on the method of estimating toxicity, it is necessary to briefly summarize and comprehensively discuss the biological effects of ILs according to their structure and toxicity testing levels. This can help simplify our understanding of the toxicity of ILs. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the key findings of toxicological information of ILs, collect some toxicity data of ILs to different species, and explain the influence of IL structure on their toxic properties. In the discussion, we estimated two different sensitivity values of toxicity testing levels depending on the experiment condition, which are theoretical magnitudes of the inherent sensitivity of toxicity testing levels in various conditions and their changes in biological response according to the change in IL structure. Finally, some perspectives, future research directions, and limitations to toxicological research of ILs, presented so far, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Woong Cho
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Thi Phuong Thuy Pham
- Faculty of Biotechnology, HoChiMihn University of Food Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Hydrosciences, Institute of Water Chemistry, Bergstraße 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Beakje-dearo, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, South Korea.
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8
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Agwupuye JA, Louis H, Unimuke TO, David P, Ubana EI, Moshood YL. Electronic structure investigation of the stability, reactivity, NBO analysis, thermodynamics, and the nature of the interactions in methyl-substituted imidazolium-based ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Magina S, Barros-Timmons A, Ventura SPM, Evtuguin DV. Evaluating the hazardous impact of ionic liquids - Challenges and opportunities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125215. [PMID: 33951860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), being related to the design of new environmentally friendly solvents, are widely considered for applications within the "green chemistry" concept. Due to their unique properties and wide diversity, ILs allow tailoring new separation procedures and producing new materials for advanced applications. However, despite the promising technical performance, environmental concerns highlighted in recent studies focused on the toxicity and biodegradability of ILs and their metabolites have revealed that ILs safety labels are not as benign as previously claimed. This review refers to the fundamentals about the properties and applications of ILs also in the context of their potential environmental effect. Toxicological issues and harmful effects related to the use of ILs are discussed, including the evaluation of their biodegradability and ecological impact on diverse organisms and ecosystems, also with respect to bacteria, fungi, and cell cultures. In addition, this review covers the tools used to assess the toxicity of ILs, including the predictive computational models and the results of studies involving cell membrane models and molecular simulations. Summing up the knowledge available so far, there are still no reliable criteria for unequivocal attribution of toxicity and environmental impact credentials for ILs, which is a challenging research task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Magina
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro P-3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro P-3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro P-3810-193, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V Evtuguin
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro P-3810-193, Portugal.
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10
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Peng D, Horvat DP, Picchioni F. Computer-Aided Ionic Liquid Design and Experimental Validation for Benzene–Cyclohexane Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daili Peng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG 9747, The Netherlands
| | - Diana P. Horvat
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG 9747, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG 9747, The Netherlands
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11
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Chen Z, Xiao H, Wu S, Wang J, Ji J, Qin X. Effects of amino acid ionic liquids with different cations ([N 2Py], [N 2222], [P 2222], and [C 2mim]) on wheat seedlings. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1901-1908. [PMID: 35424100 PMCID: PMC8693646 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08350j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecotoxicity of four ionic liquids with different cations (N-ethyl-pyridine alanine [N2Py][Ala], tetraethyl phosphine l-α-amino propionic acid salt [P2222][Ala], 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium alanine [C2mim][Ala], and tetraethyl ammonium l-α-amino propionic acid salt [N2222][Ala]) was assessed in hydroponically-grown wheat seedlings at concentrations from 200-1200 mg L-1. The results showed that type of cation has a significant influence on the growth, chlorophyll and nutrient uptake of wheat seedlings (P < 0.05). We observed decreased dry weight and shorter roots and shoots in the treated seedlings with increasing IL concentrations. The contents of Chl a and Chl b in wheat seedlings exposed to ILs showed the trend of firstly increasing followed by a decrease with increasing IL concentrations, but they peaked at different concentrations of ILs. In addition, the exposure of wheat seedling to ILs containing different cations (200-1200 mg L-1) led to first an increase and then a decrease of nitrogen content, and reduced the content of phosphorus and potassium. Moreover, the cellular structures, including nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membranes, and the cell walls of wheat leaf and root were affected to varying degrees by 600 mg L-1 ILs. The negative impacts of ILs on wheat seedlings ranked from high to low were: [N2Py][Ala] > [N2222][Ala] > [P2222][Ala] > [C2mim][Ala]. In this work, the relatively stronger toxicity of [N2Py][Ala] was likely contributed by ethanol, which was used to dissolve [N2Py][Ala]. Therefore, it is not recommended to use N-ethyl-pyridine alanine ([N2Py][Ala]) widely in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Chen
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Hong Xiao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Siqi Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Jiayang Ji
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Xiao Qin
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
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12
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Peng D, Picchioni F. Prediction of toxicity of Ionic Liquids based on GC-COSMO method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122964. [PMID: 32768829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the toxicity of several different ionic liquids (ILs) towards the leukemia rat cell line (ICP-81), an efficient and reliable quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) model is developed based on descriptors from COSMO-SAC (conductor-like screening model for segment activity coefficient) model. The distribution of screen charge density (σ-profile) of 127 ILs is calculated by GC-COSMO (group contribution based COSMO) method. Two segmentation methods toward σ-profile are used to find out the appropriate descriptors for the QSAR model. The optimal subset of descriptors is obtained by enhanced replacement method (ERM). A multiple linear regression (MLR) and multilayer perceptron technique (MLP) are used to build the linear and nonlinear models, respectively, and the applicability domain of the models is assessed by the Williams plot. It turns out that the nonlinear model based the second segmentation method (MLP-2) is the best QSAR model with an R2=0.975, MSE=0.019 for the training set and R2=0.938, MSE=0.037 for the test set. The reliability and robustness of the presented QSAR models are confirmed by Leave-One-Out (LOO) cross and external validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daili Peng
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Product Technology - Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Product Technology - Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Phytotoxicity and Effect of Ionic Liquids on Antioxidant Parameters in Spring Barley Seedlings: The Impact of Exposure Time. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of the ionic liquids (ILs) tetrabutylammonium bromide [TBA][Br], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole bromide [BMIM][Br], and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide [TBP][Br] added at different concentrations to the soil were studied for the growth and development of spring barley seedlings. Samples were harvested at three different time points: day 7, 14, and 21 after addition of ILs. The results show that [TBP][Br] was the most toxic. The introduction of this IL at the dose of 100 mg kg−1 of soil DM decreased the growth of seedlings at all test dates. The addition of the studied ILs to the soil in higher doses resulted in an increase in peroxidase and catalase activity, which may indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress in plants. An increase in the content of plant dry matter weight, contents of H2O2 and proline and a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments in barley seedlings were also observed. The malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase activity fluctuated randomly during the experiment. As a result, it was found that the phytotoxicity of ILs and the magnitude of oxidative stress in seedlings depended more on the added doses of these compounds than on the measurement date.
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14
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Biczak R, Pawłowska B, Podsiadło C, Śnioszek M, Telesiński A. The reaction of cucumber to the introduction of ionic liquids into the soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34182-34198. [PMID: 32557039 PMCID: PMC7423810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the influence of two bromides, tetrabutylammonium and tetrabutylphosphonium, on the growth and development of cucumber seedlings. The tests were performed at two dates, i.e. 10 and 20 days, after the introduction of increasing amounts of ionic liquids (ILs) into the soil. The applied ILs showed phytotoxicity dependent mainly on the concentration of the substance, which is proved by the inhibition of the length of aboveground parts and their roots and the yield of cucumber fresh mass, from which EC50 values were calculated. The phytotoxicity symptoms were the result of oxidative stress, one of the manifestations of which was a decrease in assimilative pigments, linearly correlated with an increase in bromide concentration in the medium. The stress is also proven by the large increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and free proline in cucumber leaves. The reaction of this plant to oxidative stress was an increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase. As a result of statistical analysis, it was proved that all changes of biomarkers of phytotoxicity of examined ILs and oxidative stress indicators in cucumber seedlings depended more on the applied concentration of these salts than on the date of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Biczak
- The Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawłowska
- The Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Cezary Podsiadło
- The Faculty of Environmental, Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Martyna Śnioszek
- The Faculty of Environmental, Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- The Faculty of Environmental, Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
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15
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Tot A, Maksimović I, Putnik-Delić M, Daničić M, Gadžurić S, Bešter-Rogač M, Vraneš M. The effect of polar head group of dodecyl surfactants on the growth of wheat and cucumber. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126918. [PMID: 32957302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing application of various surfactants nowadays, may lead to the contamination of the natural environment and represent potential threat to terrestrial higher plants. In this article, the effect of 13 surfactants, with dodecyl alkyl chain and various aromatic (imidazolium, pyridinium, thiazolium) and aliphatic (guanidinium, ammonium, thiosemicarbazidium) polar heads, on germination, development and growth of wheat and cucumber was investigated. The study aimed to prove how changes in lipophilicity of surfactants and their various structural modifications (existence of the aliphatic or aromatic polar group, the introduction of oxygen and sulfur) influence toxicity towards investigated plants. The calculated lipophilic parameter (AlogP) is shown to be a useful parameter for predicting potential toxicity of the compound. The strategy of using surfactants with aliphatic polar heads instead of aromatic prove to be a promising strategy in reducing harmful effect, as well as the introduction of polar groups in the structure of cation. From all investigated compounds, surfactants with imidazolium polar head displayed the most harmful effect towards wheat and cucumber. The cucumber seeds were more sensitive to the addition of surfactants comparing to wheat. All obtained experimental results were additionally investigated using computational methods, simulating the transport of surfactants through a lipid bilayer. The influence of cation tendency to fit in lipid bilayer structure was correlated with toxicity. For the first time, it is concluded that cation ability to mimic the structure of bilayer have less harmful effect on plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Tot
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Maksimović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg D. Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marina Putnik-Delić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg D. Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milena Daničić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg D. Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Gadžurić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Bešter-Rogač
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Vraneš
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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16
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Ma L, Lin Q, Song Y, Zhao B, Fan M. Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants. Open Life Sci 2020; 15:466-475. [PMID: 33817235 PMCID: PMC7874614 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids (IILs) in terrestrial monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, three IILs (1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate, and butyl-3-methylimidazolium bi-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) were investigated using rice and capsicum as target toxicity models. In hydroponic experiments, increasing the concentration of the IILs led to a decrease in the seed germination rate, a decrease in the reduced stem and root lengths, and an increase in the inhibition rate of the stem and root lengths; in addition, as the concentration increased, the reducing sugar content of rice and capsicum seedling leaves and roots first increased and then decreased, while permeability of the cell membranes of the stems and roots of the two plants also gradually increased. In terms of the effects on these indices in rice, the ranking of these three IIL anions was [TF2N]- > [PF6]- > [BF4]-; in terms of the effects on capsicum, the sequence was [BF4]- > [TF2N]- > [PF6]-. These findings provide a theoretical reference for the next step in the synthesis and the use of green ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Qirong Lin
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Yuhua Song
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Mingjin Fan
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
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17
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Li W, Zhu L, Du Z, Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang C, Zhu L. Acute toxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage of three task-specific ionic liquids ([C 2NH 2MIm]BF 4, [MOEMIm]BF 4, and [HOEMIm]BF 4) to zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126119. [PMID: 32044610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The addition of different functional groups to ionic liquid anions or cations to synthesize task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs) according to specific needs has become a research hotspot. However, there are few studies on the toxicity of TSILs. We selected zebrafish (Danio rerio) to assess the toxicity of three TSILs 1-aminoethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C2NH2MIm]BF4), 1-methoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([MOEMIm]BF4) and 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([HOEMIm]BF4). The 96 h median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of the three TSILs [C2NH2MIm]BF4, [MOEMIm]BF4 and [HOEMIm]BF4 on zebrafish determined by an acute toxicity test were 143.8 mg/L, 2492.5 mg/L and 3086.7 mg/L, respectively. In the oxidative damage and DNA damage research experiments, zebrafish were exposed to [C2NH2MIm]BF4 (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L), [MOEMIm]BF4 and [HOEMIm]BF4 (0, 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/L) for 28 days, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) and olive tail moment (OTM) in zebrafish liver were tested on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after the exposure test. During the experiment, increased contents of ROS and MDA were detected; enzymatic activities especially SOD were inhibited; and DNA damage occurred in zebrafish. The toxicity of the three TSILs was compared by the integrated biomarker response (IBR). The toxicity order of three TSILs was: [MOEMIm]BF4 > [HOEMIm]BF4 > [C2NH2MIm]BF4. In addition, this study can provide a toxicological basis for application research and the evaluation of functionalized ionic liquids with low toxicity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, PR China.
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18
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Antibiofouling potential of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids: Studies against biofouling barnacle larvae. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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20
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Pawłowska B, Telesiński A, Biczak R. Phytotoxicity of ionic liquids. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124436. [PMID: 31356993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been one of the most interesting chemical entities over the last two decades and have been investigated by numerous scientists all over the world. However, during IL research, it has been shown that these compounds present toxicity to both terrestrial and aquatic plants, among others. The phytotoxicity of ILs depends on the type of cation, the length of the alkyl chain in the substituent or enantioselectivity, on the concentration used, and, it appears that the type of anion may also have an impact on toxicity. The toxic effects of ILs on plants also depend on the conditions under which such tests are conducted. The results may help facilitate the development of protective environmental measures against IL-induced negative effects, but they may also be used in various landscape-related areas, such as herbology, to design new substances with weed killing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawłowska
- Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Biczak
- Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
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21
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Vraneš M, Tot A, Ćosić J, Papović S, Panić J, Gadžurić S, Janković N, Vrandečić K. Correlation between lipophilicity of newly synthesized ionic liquids and selected Fusarium genus growth rate. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19189-19196. [PMID: 35516878 PMCID: PMC9065092 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work the correlation between lipophilicity descriptor and Fusarium growth rate for newly synthesized ionic liquids was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vraneš
- Faculty of Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Enviromental Protection
- University of Novi Sad
- Novi Sad
| | - Aleksandar Tot
- Faculty of Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Enviromental Protection
- University of Novi Sad
- Novi Sad
| | - Jasenka Ćosić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences in Osijek
- University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek
- 31000 Osijek
- Croatia
| | - Snežana Papović
- Faculty of Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Enviromental Protection
- University of Novi Sad
- Novi Sad
| | - Jovana Panić
- Faculty of Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Enviromental Protection
- University of Novi Sad
- Novi Sad
| | - Slobodan Gadžurić
- Faculty of Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Enviromental Protection
- University of Novi Sad
- Novi Sad
| | - Nenad Janković
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kragujevac
- Faculty of Science
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Karolina Vrandečić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences in Osijek
- University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek
- 31000 Osijek
- Croatia
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22
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Egorova KS, Ananikov VP. Fundamental importance of ionic interactions in the liquid phase: A review of recent studies of ionic liquids in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Tot A, Vraneš M, Maksimović I, Putnik-Delić M, Daničić M, Gadžurić S. Evaluation of the impact of different alkyl length and type of substituent in imidazolium ionic liquids on cucumber germination, growth and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35594-35601. [PMID: 30353431 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effect on cucumber growth of seven different imidazolium-based ionic liquids, namely 1-(2-oxybutyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C2OC2mIm][Cl]; 1-(2-oxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C1OC2mIm][Cl]; 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-ethylimidazolium chloride, [OHC3eIm][Cl]; 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [OHC3mIm][Cl]; 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [OHC2mIm][Cl], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [bmim][Cl] and imidazolium chloride, [Im][Cl], were examined. The influence of polarity of the alkyl side chain of the imidazolium cation on the reduction of the ionic liquid's toxicity is investigated. For all investigated seedlings, significant reduction of biomass was noted, with the incoherent influence of the ionic liquid (IL) concentration. The total inhibition of germination was shown at the highest used concentration for some of the used ionic liquids. Although investigated ILs affected root and shoot growth of cucumber, the effect on stress marker (MDA) as well as biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids was negligible. The data collected in this research suggest that tuning of the lipophilicity of imidazolium cations by the introduction of polar groups in the side alkyl chain does not have pronounced effect on cucumber, as it was shown for other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Tot
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Milan Vraneš
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Maksimović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Marina Putnik-Delić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Milena Daničić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Gadžurić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
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24
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Li Y, Yang M, Liu L, Zhang R, Cui Y, Dang P, Ge X, Chen X. Effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on the photosynthetic system and metabolism of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:648-654. [PMID: 29933134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used in various chemical processes. However, a growing number of studies have found that ILs are potentially toxic to different types of living organisms, including crops. The present study analysed the effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) on the photosynthetic system and metabolism of maize seedlings. Results showed that [C4mim]Cl could significantly reduce maize leaf chlorophyll level and cause extensive leaf bleaching. The activity of photosystem II (PSII) was significantly inhibited when seedlings exposed to higher concentration of [C4mim]Cl. The maximum quantum yield of PSII and the potential efficiency of PSII were reduced by 63% and 88% under 800 mg/L [C4mim]Cl treatment in comparison with the control treatment. The RNA sequencing analysis performed to examine gene expression profiles of maize leaves under [C4mim]Cl treatment revealed 639 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 115 of which were categorized into different metabolic pathways. Among these DEGs, the seven genes involved in the photosynthetic Calvin cycle were down-regulated by [C4mim]Cl exposure. For carbohydrates and amino acids metabolism, the genes for starch synthesis were down-regulated, while the genes for amino acids and protein degradation were up-regulated. The changes observed in these major metabolic pathways might be an important reason for [C4mim]Cl toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Miao Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Le Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuhui Cui
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Dang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuemei Ge
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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