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Xia B, Yu R, Liu J, Liu D, Li S, Yang L, Liu N, Liang B, Zeng J, Wei J, Lin G. BDE-47 induces metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) through CD36-mediated increased fatty acid uptake and PPARα-induced abnormal fatty acid oxidation in BALB/c mice. Toxicol Lett 2024; 391:100-110. [PMID: 38040069 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The widespread existence of 2,2',4,4'-tetra-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in the environment has aroused great concern. BDE-47 induces the occurrence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Here, we further investigate the underlying mechanism using BALB/c mice. After BDE-47 exposure, the livers of mice enlarged, the serum levels of ALT, ALP, TG and TC enhanced, and hepatic steatosis occurred. Transcriptome sequencing identifies 2250 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis reveals that down-regulated DEGs are mainly enriched in pathways associated with lipid metabolism, particularly in fatty acid (FA) degradation. And up-regulated DEGs are mainly enriched in pathways related to lipid and FA transport. The expression levels of AhR, Pparγ and Cd36 involved in FA uptake are up-regulated, and those of PPARα and target genes including Cpt1 and Cyp4a1 related to β and ω-oxidation are inhibited. These results reveal BDE-47 could lead to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) by promoting FA uptake via upregulating Cd36 and hindering oxidative utilization by downregulating PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xia
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Medical School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rongfei Yu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junxiong Liu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dongmeng Liu
- Medical School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Medical School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Medical School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Institute of Environment and Health, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Bosen Liang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiajing Zeng
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinhua Wei
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Miao L, Qing SW, Tao L. Huntingtin-associated protein 1 ameliorates neurological function rehabilitation by facilitating neurite elongation through TrKA-MAPK pathway in mice spinal cord injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1214150. [PMID: 37609072 PMCID: PMC10442162 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1214150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a neuronal protein closely associated with microtubules and might facilitate neurological function rehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HAP1 on SCI and the underlying mechanisms. Methods the spinal cord injury (SCI) mouse model was induced by Allen's method. Then recombinant-HAP1 (r-HAP1) was administrated by intrathecal injection, and the BMS, Thermal nociceptive thresholds, tactile nociceptive thresholds, and neurofibrillary regeneration were identified to inspect the therapy outcome. Then NSCs were isolated from mice on embryonic day 14.5 and induced to differentiate into neurons. The efficiency of axon growth was calculated. Signaling pathway array was conducted to examine the signaling pathways in NSCs treated with r-HAP1. Antagonists and activators of TrkA were used to confirm the role of TrkA of HAP1 intervention both in vitro and in vivo. Results r-HAP1 ameliorates the neurological function rehabilitation after SCI, and benefits the regain of Tuj in injury spinal cord. Also significantly enhances neurite growth during neuronal differentiation of NSCs; Signaling pathway array and Western blot revealed that r-HAP1 significantly activates the phosphorylation of TrkA-MAPK/ERK in NSCs. TrkA selective inhibitor GW441756 blocks r-HAP1 on TrkA-MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and detracts from axonal growth after neuronal differentiation. TrkA selective activator gambogic amide can mimic the function of r-HAP1 by activating the foregoing pathway. ERK activator U-46619 reverses the blocking effect of GW441756 on r-HAP1. Conclusion HAP1 activates the TrkA-MAPK signaling pathway and is conducive to neurite elongation during NSC neuronal differentiation; by which to improve the prognosis of spinal cord injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
- The School of Pediatrics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Bone Science of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Sun Wan Qing
- Hunan Rehabilitation Hospital Third Internal Department, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changde, China
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Xia B, Lin G, Zheng S, Zhang H, Yu Y. Differential effects of PEGylated Cd-free CuInS 2/ZnS quantum dot (QDs) on substance P and LL-37 induced human mast cell activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114108. [PMID: 36174319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CuInS2/ZnS-PEG quantum dots (QDs) are among the most widely used near infrared non-cadmium QDs and are favored because of their non-cadmium content and strong tissue penetration. However, with their increasing use, there is great concern about whether exposure to QDs is potentially risky to the environment and humans. Furthermore, toxicological data related to CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs are scarce. In the study, we found that CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs (0-100 μg/mL) could internalize into human LAD2 mast cells without affecting their survival rate, nor did it cause degranulation or release of IL-8 and TNF-α. However, CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs significantly inhibited Substance P (SP) and LL-37-induced degranulation and chemotaxis of LAD2 cells by inhibiting calcium mobilization. Lower concentrations of CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs promoted the release of TNF-α and IL-8 stimulated by SP, but higher concentrations of CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs significantly inhibited the release of TNF-α and IL-8. On the other hand, CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs promoted LL-37-mediated TNF-α release from LAD2 cells in a dose-dependent manner from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL, while release of IL-8 triggered by LL-37 was dose-dependently inhibited within a dose concentration of 12.5-100 μg/mL. Collectively, our data demonstrated that CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs differentially mediated human mast cell activation induced by SP and LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xia
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Siman Zheng
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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A Transcriptomic Analysis of T98G Human Glioblastoma Cells after Exposure to Cadmium-Selenium Quantum Dots Mainly Reveals Alterations in Neuroinflammation Processes and Hypothalamus Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042267. [PMID: 35216387 PMCID: PMC8877384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are nanoparticles with very promising biomedical applications. However, before these applications can be authorized, a complete toxicological assessment of quantum dots toxicity is needed. This work studied the effects of cadmium-selenium quantum dots on the transcriptome of T98G human glioblastoma cells. It was found that 72-h exposure to 40 µg/mL (a dose that reduces cell viability by less than 10%) alters the transcriptome of these cells in biological processes and molecular pathways, which address mainly neuroinflammation and hormonal control of hypothalamus via the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. The biological significance of neuroinflammation alterations is still to be determined because, unlike studies performed with other nanomaterials, the expression of the genes encoding pro-inflammatory interleukins is down-regulated rather than up-regulated. The hormonal control alterations of the hypothalamus pose a new concern about a potential adverse effect of quantum dots on fertility. In any case, more studies are needed to clarify the biological relevance of these findings, and especially to assess the real risk of toxicity derived from quantum dots exposure appearing in physiologically relevant scenarios.
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Liu D, Xue D, Lu W, Yang Z, Li L, Xia B, Wei J, Chen X, Yang Y, Wang X, Lin G. BDE-47 induced PC-12 cell differentiation via TrkA downstream pathways and caused the loss of hippocampal neurons in BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126850. [PMID: 34419847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundant congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) detected in environment and human biotic samples, 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) has been found to accumulate in brain and induce neurotoxicity, however, the detailed mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. To investigate the neurotoxicity of BDE-47, undifferentiated PC-12 cells were exposed to different doses of BDE-47, and BDE-47 dissolved in corn oil was orally administered to mice for 8 consecutive weeks. Our data showed that BDE-47 obviously changed cell morphology, altered cell viability, promoted cell apoptosis, and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. BDE-47 promoted the differentiation of PC-12 cells by enhancing the expression of TrkA receptor and the phosphorylation levels of ERK and Akt. Moreover, BDE-47-induced differentiation of PC-12 cells was suppressed by inhibitors of corresponding pathways (MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt). H&E staining of brain showed neurons in DG and CA1 areas of hippocampus decreased after BDE-47 exposure. Transcriptome sequencing of brain tissue suggested that multiple signaling pathways related to neuron death and nerve function were significantly regulated. In conclusion, these results provided new evidence for revealing the neurotoxicity of BDE-47, and offered important experimental basis for environmental controlling and post-exposure health risk assessment of BDE-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dahui Xue
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wencan Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuochun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Beibei Xia
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinhua Wei
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxiong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhang Y, Liu B, Liu Z, Li J. Research progress in synthesis and biological application of quantum dots. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots are an excellent choice for biomedical applications due to their special optical properties and quantum confinement effects. This paper reviews the research and application progress of several quantum...
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Xue D, Zou W, Liu D, Li L, Chen T, Yang Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Lu W, Lin G. Cytotoxicity and transcriptome changes triggered by CuInS 2/ZnS quantum dots in human glial cells. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:134-143. [PMID: 34785253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As a newly developed cadmium-free quantum dot (QD), CuInS2/ZnS has great application potential in many fields, but its biological safety has not been fully understood. In this study, the in vitro toxicity of CuInS2/ZnS QDs on U87 human glioma cell line was explored. The cells were treated with different concentrations of QDs (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL), and the uptake of QDs by the U87 cells was detected by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. The cell viability was observed by MTT assay, and the gene expression profile was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. These results showed that QDs could enter the cells and mainly located in the cytoplasm. The uptake rate was over 90 % when the concentration of QDs reached 25 μg/mL. The cell viability (50 and 100 μg/mL) increased at 24 h (P < 0.05), but no significant difference after 48 h and 72 h treatment. The results of differential transcription showed that coding RNA accounted for the largest proportion (62.15 %), followed by long non-coding RNA (18.65 %). Total 220 genes were up-regulated and 1515 genes were down-regulated, and significantly altered gene functions included nucleosome, chromosome-DNA binding, and chromosome assembly. In conclusion, CuInS2/ZnS QDs could enter U87 cells, did not reduce the cell viability, but would obviously alter the gene expression profile. These findings provide valuable information for a proper understanding of the toxicity risk of CuInS2/ZnS QD and promote the rational utilization of QDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Xue
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyi Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongmeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wencan Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Guimiao Lin
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Xiao F, Zhang X, Ni P, Yu H, Gao Q, Li M, Huo P, Wei Z, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Li A, Li Z, Li Y, Cheng H, Du L, Ren S, Yu Q, Liu Y, Zhao Y. Voltage-dependent potassium channel Kv4.2 alleviates the ischemic stroke impairments through activating neurogenesis. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105155. [PMID: 34384853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As well as their ion transportation function, the voltage-dependent potassium channels could act as the cell signal inducer in a variety of pathogenic processes. However, their roles in neurogenesis after stroke insults have not been clearly illustrated. In our preliminary study, the expressions of voltage-dependent potassium channels Kv4.2 was significantly decreased after stroke in cortex, striatum and hippocampus by real-time quantitative PCR assay. To underlie the neuroprotection of Kv4.2 in stroke rehabilitation, recombinant plasmids encoding the cDNAs of mouse Kv4.2 was constructed. Behavioral tests showed that the increased Kv4.2 could be beneficial to the recovery of the sensory, the motor functions and the cognitive deficits after stroke. Temozolomide (TMZ), an inhibitor of neurogenesis, could partially abolish the mentioned protections of Kv4.2. The immunocytochemical staining showed that Kv4.2 could promote the proliferations of neural stem cells and induce the neural stem cells to differentiate into neurons in vitro and in vivo. And Kv4.2 could up-regulate the expressions of ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p-STAT3, NGF, p-TrkA, and BDNF, CAMKII and the concentration of intracellular Ca2+. Namely, we concluded that Kv4.2 promoted neurogenesis through ERK1/2/STAT3, NGF/TrkA, Ca2+/CAMKII signal pathways and rescued the ischemic impairments. Kv4.2 might be a potential drug target for ischemic stroke intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Pinfei Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Qiming Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Peiyun Huo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ziwei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Aixue Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Zhirui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuejia Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haixiao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Suping Ren
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Qun Yu
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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