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Katayama H, Tabata M, Kamei H, Mimura Y, Maeda Y. Relationship Between Corticosteroid Administration and Survival Period in Terminal Cancer Patients. J Palliat Care 2024; 39:238-243. [PMID: 38115751 DOI: 10.1177/08258597231221924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Corticosteroids are commonly used for symptom relief in patients with terminal cancer, but their use may have an impact on patient survival. We compared the survival of patients with terminal cancer who did and did not receive corticosteroid treatment for symptom relief, stratified by their predicted prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with cancer who received corticosteroid treatment for symptom relief in a single palliative care unit. We stratified the patients according to their predicted prognosis using the palliative prognostic (PaP) score either before starting the corticosteroid treatment or at admission for control patients who did not receive a corticosteroid treatment. The 2 groups were compared for survival based on the PaP Scores. Results: We analyzed 204 patients treated with a corticosteroid during the study period and 139 control patients who did not receive corticosteroids during their treatment. No difference was observed in the survival between the treatment and control groups. Conclusion: Corticosteroid treatment for symptom relief in patients with terminal cancer did not affect survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Katayama
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama city, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tabata
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama city, Japan
- Clinical Cancer Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama city, Japan
| | - Haruhito Kamei
- National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube city, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mimura
- National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube city, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama city, Japan
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2
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Ruiz JI, Lei X, Wu CF, Zhao H, Giordano SH, Rajan SS, Suarez-Almazor ME. Utilization of Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Therapy in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Recently Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2024; 76:850-859. [PMID: 38268474 DOI: 10.1002/acr.25306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are immunosuppressants, and there have been concerns that they might impact tumor immunity in patients with cancer with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to describe the utilization trends of bDMARD in patients with RA after breast cancer (BC) diagnosis. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of adults with RA and BC (2008 onward) from Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database (CDM); the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) Medicare; and the Texas Cancer Registry (TCR) Medicare databases. We evaluated bDMARD utilization trends during the first three years after BC. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association of utilization with patient characteristics. RESULTS A total 1,412 patients were identified in CDM and 1,439 patients in SEER/TCR-Medicare. During the three months before BC diagnosis, 28.2% (CDM) and 26.9% (SEER/TCR-Medicare) patients had received bDMARDs. Within the first three years after diagnosis, 24.1% (CDM) and 26.4% (SEER/TCR-Medicare) were receiving bDMARDs. About 70% of the patients in the two cohorts received glucocorticoids with no significant time trend increases. The largest predictor of bDMARD utilization was prior use before BC (CDM: odds ratio [OR] 27.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 19.29-38.19; SEER/TCR: OR 18.98, 95% CI 13.72-26.26). Regional and distant BC compared to in situ or localized were also associated with lower bDMARDs utilization in SEER/TCR-Medicare (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36-0.82; OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.13-0.77, respectively). CONCLUSION The utilization of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and other bDMARDs in patients with RA and recent BC has not increased since 2008. Glucocorticoids utilization remained high. The largest predictor of bDMARD utilization was prior use before BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Ruiz
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiudong Lei
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chi-Fang Wu
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sharon H Giordano
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Suja S Rajan
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Heath, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria E Suarez-Almazor
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Radhakrishnan V, Venkatakrishnan K, Perumal Kalaiyarasi J, Selvarajan G, Mahaboobasha N, Victor PV, Anbazhagan M, Sivanandam DM, Rajaraman S. Dexamethasone-Free Antiemetic Prophylaxis for Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy: A Double-Blind, Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial (CINV POD study). JCO Glob Oncol 2024; 10:e2300301. [PMID: 38237092 PMCID: PMC10805440 DOI: 10.1200/go.23.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effectiveness of a dexamethasone (DEX)-free regimen for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) prophylaxis in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) is not known. METHODS This was a double-blind, phase III trial designed to show the noninferiority of a DEX-free regimen (olanzapine, palonosetron, and fosaprepitant [OPF]) compared with the DEX-containing regimen (olanzapine, palonosetron, and DEX [OPD]). Chemotherapy-naïve patients age 18-80 years receiving single-day HEC were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive either the OPD regimen or the OPF regimen. The primary objective was to compare complete response (CR) rates for vomiting during the overall period (start of chemotherapy to 120 hours). Secondary objectives included CR for vomiting during the acute period (0-24 hours) and delayed period (24-120 hours), CR for nausea, and comparison of toxicities and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS Three hundred forty-six patients received the study interventions, 174 in the OPD arm and 172 in the OPF arm. The DEX-free OPF arm had significantly higher CR rates for vomiting compared with the DEX-containing OPD arm in acute (94.7% v 85.6%; P < .004), delayed (81.9% v 50.5%; P < .001), and overall (79.6% v 48.8%; P < .001) periods. For nausea, CR rates in the OPF arm were higher in delayed (53.4% v 39.6%; P = .009) and overall (50.5% v 39.1%; P = .031) periods but not in the acute period (77.9% v 81.6%; P = .39). Fatigue (P = .009) and drowsiness (P = .002) were more in the OPF arm in the acute period and insomnia (P < .001) in the OPD arm in the overall period. CONCLUSION This study shows that a DEX-free OPF regimen is efficacious and should be considered a standard option for acute and delayed CINV prophylaxis for HEC.
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Greenstein AE, Hunt HJ. The glucocorticoid receptor modulator relacorilant reverses the immunosuppressive effects of cortisol. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110312. [PMID: 37230031 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol, an endogenous glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist, controls a broad transcriptional program that affects T-cell activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, apoptosis, and immune-cell trafficking. The degree to which endogenous cortisol blunts the anti-tumor immune response checkpoint inhibitors stimulate had not been assessed. We addressed this question using relacorilant, a selective GR modulator (SGRM) that competitively antagonizes the effects of cortisol activity. GR expression in human tumor and immune cells positively correlated with PD-L1 expression and tumor infiltration of Th2 and Treg cells, and negatively correlated with Th1-cell infiltration. In vitro, cortisol inhibited, and relacorilant restored, T-cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In the ovalbumin-expressing EG7 and MC38 immune-competent tumor models, relacorilant significantly improved anti-PD-1 antibody efficacy and showed favorable effects on antigen-specific T-cells and systemic TNFα and IL-10. These data characterize the broad immunosuppressive effects of endogenous cortisol and highlight the potential of combining an SGRM with an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel J Hunt
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth Dr, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Huang X, Zheng Z, Zeng B, Xiao H, Zheng H, Lin Z, Song J, Li A, Chi P, Yang Y, Xu B, Zheng R. Impact of glucocorticoids on the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and survival of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:238. [PMID: 36918865 PMCID: PMC10012496 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies suggest that glucocorticoids (GCs) promote the proliferation and development of colorectal cancer. Because GCs are broadly prescribed for treatment-related adverse events in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT), it's essential to assess the effect of GCs on clinical outcomes. METHODS LARC cases treated with NCRT followed by surgery were assessed retrospectively. Evaluation of the relationship between GCs use (GCs vs. non-GCs) and neoadjuvant rectal (NAR) score (as a three-level categorical dependent variable) was performed using multivariable multinomial logistic regression (MLR). We also examined the relationship between the accumulated dose of GCs and NAR using multivariate MLR. Survival analysis of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression was used to assess confounding factors that could influence OS and DFS. RESULTS This retrospective cohort study included 790 patients with newly diagnosed non-metastatic LARC (T3-4/N + M0) who received NCRT followed by surgery between January 2012 and April 2017. The end of the follow-up period was May 11, 2022. Among the 790 patients with LARC, 342 (43.2%) received GCs treatment and 448 (56.8%) did not during the NCRT-to-surgery period. GCs medication was significantly different between mid-NAR (8-16) and low-NAR (< 8) (odds ratio [OR], 0.615; 95% CI, 0.420-0.901; P = 0.013), and the high-NAR (> 16) and low-NAR (0.563; 0.352-0.900; 0.016). Patients exposed to GCs, had a decreased 5-year OS (GCs vs. non-GCs = 80.01% (95% CI, 75.87%-84.37%) vs. 85.30% (82.06%-88.67%), P = 0.023) and poorer 5-year DFS (73.99% (69.45%-78.82%) vs. 78.7% (75.14%-82.78%), P = 0.045). The accumulated dose of GCs was an independent risk factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.007 [1.001-1.014], 0.036) and DFS (1.010 [1.004-1.017], 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our study revealed that GCs were associated with reduced efficacy of NCRT and worse clinical outcomes in patients with LARC during the NCRT-to-surgery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 XinQuan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 XinQuan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Medical Technology and Engineering College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangwei Zeng
- Nosocomial Infection Control Branch, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 XinQuan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuangbin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 XinQuan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 XinQuan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging Technology, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Medical University Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anchuan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 XinQuan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Medical University Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Chi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghong Yang
- Nosocomial Infection Control Branch, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Benhua Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 XinQuan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Imaging Technology, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Medical University Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. .,School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 XinQuan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Medical University Union Clinical Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and Precision Radiotherapy for Tumors (Fujian Medical University), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical Research Center for Radiology and Radiotherapy of Fujian Province (Digestive,Hematological and Breast Malignancies), Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
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Kao AS, King AD, Daveluy S. Successful Treatment of Cabozantinib-induced Pyoderma Gangrenosum with Ixekizumab Therapy: A Case Report. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15716. [PMID: 35837805 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Kao
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Andrew D King
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Steven Daveluy
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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Silk AW, Barker CA, Bhatia S, Bollin KB, Chandra S, Eroglu Z, Gastman BR, Kendra KL, Kluger H, Lipson EJ, Madden K, Miller DM, Nghiem P, Pavlick AC, Puzanov I, Rabinowits G, Ruiz ES, Sondak VK, Tavss EA, Tetzlaff MT, Brownell I. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004434. [PMID: 35902131 PMCID: PMC9341183 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are some of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies. In general, early-stage NMSCs have favorable outcomes; however, a small subset of patients develop resistant, advanced, or metastatic disease, or aggressive subtypes that are more challenging to treat successfully. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Although ICIs have demonstrated activity against NMSCs, the routine clinical use of these agents may be more challenging due to a number of factors including the lack of predictive biomarkers, the need to consider special patient populations, the management of toxicity, and the assessment of atypical responses. With the goal of improving patient care by providing expert guidance to the oncology community, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts to develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG). The expert panel drew on the published literature as well as their own clinical experience to develop recommendations for healthcare professionals on important aspects of immunotherapeutic treatment for NMSCs, including staging, biomarker testing, patient selection, therapy selection, post-treatment response evaluation and surveillance, and patient quality of life (QOL) considerations, among others. The evidence- and consensus-based recommendations in this CPG are intended to provide guidance to cancer care professionals treating patients with NMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Silk
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma Center of Excellence, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher A Barker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shailender Bhatia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kathryn B Bollin
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Scripps MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Hematology Oncology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zeynep Eroglu
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Brian R Gastman
- Melanoma and High-Risk Skin Cancer Program, Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kari L Kendra
- Division Of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Harriet Kluger
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Evan J Lipson
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Madden
- Melanoma/Cutaneous Oncology Program, New York University Langone Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David M Miller
- Department of Medicine and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna C Pavlick
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Guilherme Rabinowits
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute/Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Emily S Ruiz
- Mohs and Dermatologic Surgery Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Dermopathology Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Isaac Brownell
- Dermatology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Annett S, Fox OW, Vareslija D, Robson T. Dexamethasone promotes breast cancer stem cells in obese and not lean mice. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00923. [PMID: 35289104 PMCID: PMC8921699 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is highly prevalent in breast cancer patients and is associated with increased recurrence and breast cancer-specific mortality. Glucocorticoids (GC) are used as an adjuvant in cancer treatment and are associated with promoting breast cancer metastasis through activation of stemness-related pathways. Therefore, we utilized the synergetic allograft E0771 breast cancer model to investigate if treatment with GCs had differential effects on promoting cancer stem cells in lean and diet-induced obese mice. Indeed, both lean mice treated with dexamethasone and obese mice with no treatment had no effect on the ex vivo colony-forming ability, mammosphere formation, or aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) bright subpopulation. However, treatment of obese mice with dexamethasone resulted in a significant increase in ex vivo colony formation, mammosphere formation, ALDH bright subpopulation, and expression of pluripotency transcription factors. GC transcriptionally regulated genes were not altered in the dexamethasone-treated groups compared to treatment controls. In summary, these results provide initial evidence that obesity presents a higher risk of GC-induced cancer stemness via non-genomic GC signaling which is of potential translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Annett
- School of Pharmacy and Bioscience, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Science, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Orla Willis Fox
- School of Pharmacy and Bioscience, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Science, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Damir Vareslija
- Department of Surgery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Science, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tracy Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioscience, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Science, Dublin 2, Ireland
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9
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Yang R, Yu Y. Glucocorticoids are double-edged sword in the treatment of COVID-19 and cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1530-1537. [PMID: 33907516 PMCID: PMC8071771 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are important steroid hormones. As an outstanding scientific discovery, the scientist who discovered glucocorticoids was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1950. Cortisone (hydrocortisone) is a natural glucocorticoid, which is secreted with circadian rhythm by the cortical cells of adrenal glands. Physiologically, about 10-20 mg of hydrocortisone are secreted each day for maintaining homeostasis. Since the biological half-life of natural glucocorticoid is short, scientists developed various synthetic glucocorticoids including prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, and so on. These synthetic glucocorticoids are generated by modifying some structures based on the cortisone backbone, leading to extension of their biological half-life with stronger activities. In the face of severe infection, allergy, shock, trauma, pain, and other stresses, the demand for glucocorticoids increases dramatically. It is critical to supplement extra glucocorticoids to protect the biological functions of vital organs. However, the amount and duration of glucocorticoid administration need to be carefully adjusted, because a series of side effects may occur after long-term or high-dose usage of glucocorticoids. This review article will discuss the application of glucocorticoids in the treatment of patients with severe or critical COVID-19 and solid tumors of advanced stage. The controversy of using glucocorticoid in medical community will also be discussed. This review article will help doctors and basic researchers better understand the practical application of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Department of General Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
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10
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Prognostic Significance of Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071649. [PMID: 33916028 PMCID: PMC8037088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In solid tumours, emerging evidence indicates that signalling through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can encourage the growth and spread of tumours and so drugs targeting this receptor are in development for use in cancer treatment. For these reasons, GR may be useful in anticipating a patient’s outcome upon their cancer diagnosis or to predict their tumours response to drugs targeting this receptor. In this review we aim to ascertain whether GR expression in tumours affects cancer patient survival. Overall, GR expression did not affect patient survival when assessing all cancer types. However, we found that in certain cancer subtypes such as gynaecological cancers (endometrial and ovarian) and early stage, untreated triple negative breast cancers, high GR expression is linked with cancer progression and therefore a poorer patient prognosis. Further studies are needed to uncover the exact role of GR in specific tumour (sub)types in order to provide the correct patients with GR targeting therapies. Abstract In solid malignancies, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling axis is associated with tumour progression and GR antagonists are in clinical development. Therefore, GR expression may be a useful potential prognostic or predictive biomarker for GR antagonist therapy in cancer. The aim of this review is to investigate if GR expression in tumours is predictive of overall survival or progression free survival. Twenty-five studies were identified through systematic searches of three databases and a meta-analysis conducted using a random effects model, quantifying statistical heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was conducted for cancer types and publication bias was assessed via funnel plots. There was high heterogeneity in meta-analysis of the studies in all cancer types, which found no association between high GR expression with overall survival (pooled unadjusted HR 1.16, 95% CI (0.89–1.50), n = 2814; pooled adjusted HR 1.02, 95% CI (0.77–1.37), n = 2355) or progression-free survival (pooled unadjusted HR 1.12, 95% CI (0.88–1.42), n = 3365; pooled adjusted HR 1.04, 95% CI (0.6–1.81), n = 582) across all cancer types. However, subgroup meta-analyses showed that high GR expression in gynaecological cancers (endometrial and ovarian) (unadjusted HR 1.83, 95% CI (1.31–2.56), n = 664) and early stage, untreated triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) (unadjusted HR 1.73, 95% CI (1.35–2.23), n = 687) is associated with disease progression. GR expression in late stage, chemotherapy treated TNBC was not prognostic (unadjusted HR 0.76, 95% CI (0.44, 1.32), n = 287). In conclusion, high GR expression is associated with an increased risk of disease progression in gynaecological and early stage, untreated TNBC. Additional studies are required to elucidate the tumour specific function of the GR receptor in order to ensure GR antagonists target the correct patient groups.
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Giustini N, Bazhenova L. Recognizing Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs). LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 12:21-34. [PMID: 33790679 PMCID: PMC8006757 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s235102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy plays a central role in the treatment of NSCLC and biomarkers predicting response to ICIs are valuable therapeutic tools. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is integral in therapy selection as its positive predictive nature to ICIs in the metastatic setting is well documented. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) has undergone much study and, while results are somewhat mixed, there is evidence for its positive predictive value with ICI use. Additional markers such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), gene expression profiling (GEP), mismatch repair (MMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI), somatic mutations, neutrophil to leukocyte ratio (NLR), smoking history, medication history, and immune-related adverse event (irAE) development can further guide clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Giustini
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, Department of Hematology and Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Drive MC #0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0829, USA
| | - Lyudmila Bazhenova
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, Department of Hematology and Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Drive MC #0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0829, USA
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