1
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Zhu D, Ren X, Xie W, Chen J, Liang S, Jiang M, Wang J, Zheng Z. Potential of gamma/delta T cells for solid tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1466266. [PMID: 39253082 PMCID: PMC11381238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1466266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Gamma/delta T (γδ T)cells possess a unique mechanism for killing tumors, making them highly promising and distinguished among various cell therapies for tumor treatment. This review focuses on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent recognition of antigens and the interaction between γδ T cells and solid tumor cells. A comprehensive review is provided regarding the classification of human gamma-delta T cell subtypes, the characteristics and mechanisms underlying their functions, as well as their r545egulatory effects on tumor cells. The involvement of γδ T cells in tumorigenesis and migration was also investigated, encompassing potential therapeutic targets such as apoptosis-related molecules, the TNF receptor superfamily member 6(FAS)/FAS Ligand (FASL) pathways, butyrophilin 3A-butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN3A-BTN2A1) complexes, and interactions with CD4, CD8, and natural killer (NK) cells. Additionally, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed cell death protein 1/Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) have the potential to augment the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells. Moreover, a review on gamma-delta T cell therapy products and their corresponding clinical trials reveals that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gamma-delta T therapy holds promise as an approach with encouraging preclinical outcomes. However, practical issues pertaining to manufacturing and clinical aspects need resolution, and further research is required to investigate the long-term clinical side effects of CAR T cells. In conclusion, more comprehensive studies are necessary to establish standardized treatment protocols aimed at enhancing the quality of life and survival rates among tumor patients utilizing γδ T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Zhu
- Oncology Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xijing Ren
- Oncology Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wanting Xie
- Nursing Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Oncology Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shiying Liang
- Oncology Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingzhe Jiang
- Oncology Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Oncology Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhendong Zheng
- Oncology Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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2
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Arias-Badia M, Chang R, Fong L. γδ T cells as critical anti-tumor immune effectors. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:1145-1157. [PMID: 39060435 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
While the effector cells that mediate anti-tumor immunity have historically been attributed to αβ T cells and natural killer cells, γδ T cells are now being recognized as a complementary mechanism mediating tumor rejection. γδ T cells possess a host of functions ranging from antigen presentation to regulatory function and, importantly, have critical roles in eliciting anti-tumor responses where other immune effectors may be rendered ineffective. Recent discoveries have elucidated how these differing functions are mediated by γδ T cells with specific T cell receptors and spatial distribution. Their relative resistance to mechanisms of dysfunction like T cell exhaustion has spurred the development of therapeutic approaches exploiting γδ T cells, and an improved understanding of these cells should enable more effective immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Arias-Badia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchison Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Baker FL, Smith KA, Mylabathula PL, Zúñiga TM, Diak DM, Batatinha H, Niemiro GM, Seckeler MD, Pedlar CR, O'Connor DP, Colombo J, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise-induced β2-adrenergic Receptor Activation Enhances the Antileukemic Activity of Expanded γδ T-Cells via DNAM-1 Upregulation and PVR/Nectin-2 Recognition. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:1253-1267. [PMID: 38592213 PMCID: PMC11090081 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exercise mobilizes cytotoxic lymphocytes to blood which may allow superior cell products to be harvested and manufactured for cancer therapy. Gamma-Delta (γδ) T-cells have shown promise for treating solid tumors, but there is a need to increase their potency against hematologic malignancies. Here, we show that human γδ T-cells mobilized to blood in response to just 20 minutes of graded exercise have surface phenotypes and transcriptomic profiles associated with cytotoxicity, adhesion, migration, and cytokine signaling. Following 14 days ex vivo expansion with zoledronic acid and IL2, exercise mobilized γδ T-cells had surface phenotypes and transcriptomic profiles associated with enhanced effector functions and demonstrated superior cytotoxic activity against multiple hematologic tumors in vitro and in vivo in leukemia-bearing xenogeneic mice. Infusing humans with the β1+β2-agonist isoproterenol and administering β1 or β1+β2 antagonists prior to exercise revealed these effects to be β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) dependent. Antibody blocking of DNAM-1 on expanded γδ T-cells, as well as the DNAM-1 ligands PVR and Nectin-2 on leukemic targets, abolished the enhanced antileukemic effects of exercise. These findings provide a mechanistic link between exercise, β2-AR activation, and the manufacture of superior γδ T-cell products for adoptive cell therapy against hematologic malignancies. SIGNIFICANCE Exercise mobilizes effector γδ T-cells to blood via β2-adrenergic signaling which allows for generation of a potent expanded γδ T-cell product that is highly cytotoxic against hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Douglass M. Diak
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Grace M. Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael D. Seckeler
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Charles R. Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Performance Science, St. Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. O'Connor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jamie Colombo
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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4
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Lu Y, Xiang Z, Wang W, Yun B, Yi C, Zhang M, Xie N, Wang C, Zhuang Z. Establishment and validation of a tumor-infiltrating γδT cell related prognostic gene signature in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112054. [PMID: 38608477 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
γδT cells are unconventional T cells only accounting for 1-5 % of circulating T lymphocytes. Their potent anti-tumor capability has been evidenced by accumulating studies. However, the prognostic value of γδT cells remains not well documented in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study, we utilized the TCGA HNSCC database to evaluate the infiltration of γδT cells and the association between γδT cells and clinicopathological factors by related gene signature, which were then validated by a total of 100 collected tumor samples from HNSCC patient cohort. Heterogeneity and functional characteristics of distinct infiltrating γδT cell profiles in HNSCC were then investigated based on the scRNA-seq data from the GEO database. We found higher γδT cell gene signature score was significantly associated with longer survival. Cox regression models showed that γδT cell gene signature could serve as an independent prognostic indicator for HNSCC patients. A high level of γδT cell-related gene signature was positively correlated with the infiltration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and immune score. Through scRNA-seq analysis, we identified that γδ+ Trm cells and γδ+ CTL cells possessed anti-tumor and immunoregulatory properties. Notably, we found a significant association between the presence of these cells and improved survival outcomes. In our cell-cell communication analyses, we identified that γδT cells have the potential to eliminate tumor cells through the secretion of interferon-gamma and granzyme. Collectively, the infiltration of γδT cells may serve as a promising prognostic tool, prompting the consideration of treatment options for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Lu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Zhuqin Xiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Bokai Yun
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Chen Yi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Zehang Zhuang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
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5
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Verkerk T, Pappot AT, Jorritsma T, King LA, Duurland MC, Spaapen RM, van Ham SM. Isolation and expansion of pure and functional γδ T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336870. [PMID: 38426099 PMCID: PMC10902048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are important components of the immune system due to their ability to elicit a fast and strong response against infected and transformed cells. Because they can specifically and effectively kill target cells in an MHC independent fashion, there is great interest to utilize these cells in anti-tumor therapies where antigen presentation may be hampered. Since only a small fraction of T cells in the blood or tumor tissue are γδ T cells, they require extensive expansion to allow for fundamental, preclinical and ex vivo research. Although expansion protocols can be successful, most are based on depletion of other cell types rather than γδ T cell specific isolation, resulting in unpredictable purity of the isolated fraction. Moreover, the primary focus only lies with expansion of Vδ2+ T cells, while Vδ1+ T cells likewise have anti-tumor potential. Here, we investigated whether γδ T cells directly isolated from blood could be efficiently expanded while maintaining function. γδ T cell subsets were isolated using MACS separation, followed by FACS sorting, yielding >99% pure γδ T cells. Isolated Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ T cells could effectively expand immediately after isolation or upon freeze/thawing and reached expansion ratios between 200 to 2000-fold starting from varying numbers using cytokine supported feeder stimulations. MACS/FACS isolated and PHA stimulated γδ T cells expanded as good as immobilized antibody mediated stimulated cells in PBMCs, but delivered purer cells. After expansion, potential effector functions of γδ T cells were demonstrated by IFN-γ, TNF-α and granzyme B production upon PMA/ionomycin stimulation and effective killing capacity of multiple tumor cell lines was confirmed in killing assays. In conclusion, pure γδ T cells can productively be expanded while maintaining their anti-tumor effector functions against tumor cells. Moreover, γδ T cells could be expanded from low starting numbers suggesting that this protocol may even allow for expansion of cells extracted from tumor biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Verkerk
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk T Pappot
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa A King
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariël C Duurland
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Wang CQ, Lim PY, Tan AHM. Gamma/delta T cells as cellular vehicles for anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1282758. [PMID: 38274800 PMCID: PMC10808317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy as a new paradigm to treat cancers is exemplified by the FDA approval of six chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapies targeting hematological malignancies in recent years. Conventional αβ T cells applied in these therapies have proven efficacy but are confined almost exclusively to autologous use. When infused into patients with mismatched human leukocyte antigen, αβ T cells recognize tissues of such patients as foreign and elicit devastating graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, one way to overcome this challenge is to use naturally allogeneic immune cell types, such as γδ T cells. γδ T cells occupy the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and possess the capacity to detect a wide variety of ligands on transformed host cells. In this article, we review the fundamental biology of γδ T cells, including their subtypes, expression of ligands, contrasting roles in and association with cancer prognosis or survival, as well as discuss the gaps in knowledge pertaining to this cell type which we currently endeavor to elucidate. In addition, we propose how to harness the unique properties of γδ T cells for cellular immunotherapy based on lessons gleaned from past clinical trials and provide an update on ongoing trials involving these cells. Lastly, we elaborate strategies that have been tested or can be explored to improve the anti-tumor activity and durability of γδ T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsia Qiuxia Wang
- Immune Cell Manufacturing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Yu Lim
- Immune Cell Manufacturing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andy Hee-Meng Tan
- Immune Cell Manufacturing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT), Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Wang Y, Suarez ER, Kastrunes G, de Campos NSP, Abbas R, Pivetta RS, Murugan N, Chalbatani GM, D'Andrea V, Marasco WA. Evolution of cell therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:8. [PMID: 38195534 PMCID: PMC10775455 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has improved dramatically over the last decade, shifting from high-dose cytokine therapy in combination with surgical resection of tumors to targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and combination therapies. However, curative treatment, particularly for advanced-stage disease, remains rare. Cell therapy as a "living drug" has achieved hematological malignancy cures with a high response rate, and significant research efforts have been made to facilitate its translation to solid tumors. Herein, we overview the cellular therapies for RCC focusing on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, T cell receptor gene-modified T cells, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, CAR natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, γδ T cells, and dendritic cell vaccination. We have also included perspectives for using other recent approaches, such as CAR macrophages, dendritic cell-cytokine induced killer cells and regulatory CAR-T cells to shed light on preclinical development of cell therapy and advancing cell therapy into clinic to achieve cures for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Eloah Rabello Suarez
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Kastrunes
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Najla Santos Pacheco de Campos
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Rabia Abbas
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Renata Schmieder Pivetta
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Nithyassree Murugan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Vincent D'Andrea
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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8
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Wang Y, Han J, Wang D, Cai M, Xu Y, Hu Y, Chen H, He W, Zhang J. Anti-PD-1 antibody armored γδ T cells enhance anti-tumor efficacy in ovarian cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:399. [PMID: 37857598 PMCID: PMC10587135 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells have the unique ability to detect a wide range of tumors with low mutation burdens, making them attractive candidates for CAR-T-cell therapy. Unlike αβ T cells and other immune cells, γδ T cells are superior in MHC non-restriction, selective cell recruitment, and rapid activation. However, clinical trials have shown limited clinical benefits, and the adoptive transplantation of γδ T cells has often fallen short of expectations. We hypothesized that the limited effectiveness of γδ T cells in eradicating tumor cells may be attributed to the inhibitory tumor microenvironment induced by the suppressive PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Herein, we constructed novel armored γδ T cells capable of secreting humanized anti-PD-1 antibodies, referred to as "Lv-PD1-γδ T cells. Lv-PD1-γδ T cells showed improved proliferation and enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells, resulting in augmented therapeutic effects and survival benefits in ovarian tumor-bearing mice. These engineered cells demonstrated a prolonged in vivo survival of more than 29 days, without any potential for tumorigenicity in immunodeficient NOD/SCID/γ null mice. We also found that Lv-PD1-γδ T cells exhibited excellent tolerance and safety in humanized NOD/SCID/γ null mice. With attenuated or eliminated immunosuppression and maximized cytotoxicity efficacy by the local secretion of anti-PD1 antibodies in tumors, Lv-PD1-γδ T cells can serve as a promising "off-the-shelf" cell therapy against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jingyi Han
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, 213000, China.
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9
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Zhao Y, Zhu R, Wang Y, Wang K. Classification and function of γδT cells and its research progress in anti-glioblastoma. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:150. [PMID: 37597083 PMCID: PMC10439874 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood T lymphocytes are classified into alpha-beta T (αβΤ) cells and gamma-delta T (γδΤ) cells based on the difference in T cell receptors (TCRs). αβT cells are crucial for the acquired immune response, while γδΤ cells, though only a small subset, can recognize antigenic substances. These antigens do not need to be processed and presented and are not restricted by MHC. This distinguishes γδΤ cells from αβT cells and highlights their distinct role in innate immunity. Despite their small number, γδΤ cells hold significant significance in anti-tumor, anti-infection and immune regulation. Glioblastoma (GBM) represents one of the most prevalent malignant tumors within the central nervous system (CNS). Surgical resection alone proves to be an ineffective method for curing this type of cancer. Even with the combination of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis of some individuals with glioblastoma is still poor, and the recurrence rate is high. In this research, the classification, biological, and immunological functions of γδT cells and their research progress in anti-glioblastoma were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhao
- Comprehensive Ward, Yingsheng Hospital District of The Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, China
| | - Renhong Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tai'an Tumor Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Yashu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, China
| | - Keqiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China.
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10
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Zlatareva I, Wu Y. Local γδ T cells: translating promise to practice in cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:393-405. [PMID: 37311978 PMCID: PMC10403623 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid bench-to-bedside translation of basic immunology to cancer immunotherapy has revolutionised the clinical practice of oncology over the last decade. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting αβ T cells now offer durable remissions and even cures for some patients with hitherto treatment-refractory metastatic cancers. Unfortunately, these treatments only benefit a minority of patients and efforts to improve efficacy through combination therapies utilising αβ T cells have seen diminishing returns. Alongside αβ T cells and B cells, γδ T cells are a third lineage of adaptive lymphocytes. Less is known about these cells, and they remain relatively untested in cancer immunotherapy. Whilst preclinical evidence supports their utility, the few early-phase trials involving γδ T cells have failed to demonstrate convincing efficacy in solid cancers. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of how these cells are regulated, especially locally within tissues, and the potential for translation. In particular, we focus on the latest advances in the field of butyrophilin (BTN) and BTN-like (BTNL) regulation of γδ T cells and speculate on how these advances may address the limitations of historical approaches in utilising these cells, as well as how they may inform novel approaches in deploying these cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Zlatareva
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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11
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Zheng Z, Wieder T, Mauerer B, Schäfer L, Kesselring R, Braumüller H. T Cells in Colorectal Cancer: Unravelling the Function of Different T Cell Subsets in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11673. [PMID: 37511431 PMCID: PMC10380781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are very limited, and the prognosis using combination therapy with a chemotherapeutic drug and a targeted agent, e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor or tyrosine kinase, remains poor. Therefore, mCRC is associated with a poor median overall survival (mOS) of only 25-30 months. Current immunotherapies with checkpoint inhibitor blockade (ICB) have led to a substantial change in the treatment of several cancers, such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. In CRC, ICB has only limited effects, except in patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) tumors, which comprise about 15% of sporadic CRC patients and about 4% of patients with metastatic CRC. The vast majority of sporadic CRCs are microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors with low levels of infiltrating immune cells, in which immunotherapy has no clinical benefit so far. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors requires the presence of infiltrating T cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME). This makes T cells the most important effector cells in the TME, as evidenced by the establishment of the immunoscore-a method to estimate the prognosis of CRC patients. The microenvironment of a tumor contains several types of T cells that are anti-tumorigenic, such as CD8+ T cells or pro-tumorigenic, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) or T helper 17 (Th17) cells. However, even CD8+ T cells show marked heterogeneity, e.g., they can become exhausted, enter a state of hyporesponsiveness or become dysfunctional and express high levels of checkpoint molecules, the targets for ICB. To kill cancer cells, CD8+ T cells need the recognition of the MHC class I, which is often downregulated on colorectal cancer cells. In this case, a population of unconventional T cells with a γδ T cell receptor can overcome the limitations of the conventional CD8+ T cells with an αβT cell receptor. γδ T cells recognize antigens in an MHC-independent manner, thus acting as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we discuss the effects of different T cell subsets in colorectal cancer with a special emphasis on γδ T cells and the possibility of using them in CAR-T cell therapy. We explain T cell exclusion in microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer and the possibilities to overcome this exclusion to enable immunotherapy even in these "cold" tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Zheng
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieder
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Mauerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Schäfer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kesselring
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heidi Braumüller
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Want MY, Bashir Z, Najar RA. T Cell Based Immunotherapy for Cancer: Approaches and Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040835. [PMID: 37112747 PMCID: PMC10142387 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical in destroying cancer cells by recognizing antigens presented by MHC molecules on cancer cells or antigen-presenting cells. Identifying and targeting cancer-specific or overexpressed self-antigens is essential for redirecting T cells against tumors, leading to tumor regression. This is achieved through the identification of mutated or overexpressed self-proteins in cancer cells, which guide the recognition of cancer cells by T-cell receptors. There are two main approaches to T cell-based immunotherapy: HLA-restricted and HLA-non-restricted Immunotherapy. Significant progress has been made in T cell-based immunotherapy over the past decade, using naturally occurring or genetically engineered T cells to target cancer antigens in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. However, limited specificity, longevity, and toxicity have limited success rates. This review provides an overview of T cells as a therapeutic tool for cancer, highlighting the advantages and future strategies for developing effective T cell cancer immunotherapy. The challenges associated with identifying T cells and their corresponding antigens, such as their low frequency, are also discussed. The review further examines the current state of T cell-based immunotherapy and potential future strategies, such as the use of combination therapy and the optimization of T cell properties, to overcome current limitations and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Y Want
- Department of Immunology, Division of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Zeenat Bashir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208, USA
| | - Rauf A Najar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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13
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Ma L, Feng Y, Zhou Z. A close look at current γδ T-cell immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1140623. [PMID: 37063836 PMCID: PMC10102511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to their antitumor and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent capacities, γδ T cells have gained popularity in adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in recent years. However, many unknowns still exist regarding γδ T cells, and few clinical data have been collected. Therefore, this review aims to describe all the main features of the applications of γδ T cells and provide a systematic view of current γδ T-cell immunotherapy. Specifically, this review will focus on how γδ T cells performed in treating cancers in clinics, on the γδ T-cell clinical trials that have been conducted to date, and the role of γδ T cells in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Dingchengtaiyuan (DCTY) Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yanmin Feng
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Dingchengtaiyuan (DCTY) Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zishan Zhou
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Dingchengtaiyuan (DCTY) Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zishan Zhou,
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14
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Barber-Axthelm IM, Wragg KM, Esterbauer R, Amarasena TH, Barber-Axthelm VR, Wheatley AK, Gibbon AM, Kent SJ, Juno JA. Phenotypic and functional characterization of pharmacologically expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in pigtail macaques. iScience 2023; 26:106269. [PMID: 36936791 PMCID: PMC10014287 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While gaining interest as treatment for cancer and infectious disease, the clinical efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapeutics has to date been limited. An improved understanding of γδ T cell heterogeneity across lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, before and after pharmacological expansion, is required. Here, we describe the phenotype and tissue distribution of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells at steady state and following in vivo pharmacological expansion in pigtail macaques. Intravenous phosphoantigen administration with subcutaneous rhIL-2 drove robust expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in blood and pulmonary mucosa, while expansion was confined to the pulmonary mucosa following intratracheal antigen administration. Peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cell expansion was polyclonal, and associated with a significant loss of CCR6 expression due to IL-2-mediated receptor downregulation. Overall, we show the tissue distribution and phenotype of in vivo pharmacologically expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be altered based on the antigen administration route, with implications for tissue trafficking and the clinical efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M. Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kathleen M. Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thakshila H. Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Valerie R.B. Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anne M. Gibbon
- Monash Animal Research Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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15
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Courtney AN, Tian G, Metelitsa LS. Natural killer T cells and other innate-like T lymphocytes as emerging platforms for allogeneic cancer cell therapy. Blood 2023; 141:869-876. [PMID: 36347021 PMCID: PMC10023720 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have achieved major clinical success in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, these treatments remain largely ineffective for solid cancers and require significant time and resources to be manufactured in an autologous setting. Developing alternative immune effector cells as cancer immunotherapy agents that can be employed in allogeneic settings is crucial for the advancement of cell therapy. Unlike T cells, Vα24-invariant natural killer T cells (NKTs) are not alloreactive and can therefore be generated from allogeneic donors for rapid infusion into numerous patients without the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Additionally, NKT cells demonstrate inherent advantages over T-cell products, including the ability to traffic to tumor tissues, target tumor-associated macrophages, transactivate NK cells, and cross-prime tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Both unmodified NKTs, which specifically recognize CD1d-bound glycolipid antigens expressed by certain types of tumors, and CAR-redirected NKTs are being developed as the next generation of allogeneic cell therapy products. In this review, we describe studies on the biology of NKTs and other types of innate-like T cells and summarize the clinical experiences of unmodified and CAR-redirected NKTs, including recent interim reports on allogeneic NKTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N. Courtney
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gengwen Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Leonid S. Metelitsa
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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16
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NKG2A Immune Checkpoint in Vδ2 T Cells: Emerging Application in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041264. [PMID: 36831606 PMCID: PMC9954046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation has revolutionized cancer treatment with the introduction of T-cell-targeted immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This successful immunotherapy has led to a more complete view of cancer that now considers not only the cancer cells to be targeted and destroyed but also the immune environment of the cancer cells. Current challenges associated with the enhancement of ICI effects are increasing the fraction of responding patients through personalized combinations of multiple ICIs and overcoming acquired resistance. This requires a complete overview of the anti-tumor immune response, which depends on a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells with the tumor microenvironment. The NKG2A was revealed to be a key immune checkpoint for both Natural Killer (NK) cells and T cells. Monalizumab, a humanized anti-NKG2A antibody, enhances NK cell activity against various tumor cells and rescues CD8 αβ T cell function in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. In this review, we discuss the potential for targeting NKG2A expressed on tumor-sensing human γδ T cells, mostly on the specific Vδ2 T cell subset, in order to emphasize its importance and potential in the development of new ICI-based therapeutic approaches.
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17
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Zhang T, Wang J, Zhao A, Xia L, Jin H, Xia S, Shi T. The way of interaction between Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and tumor cells. Cytokine 2023; 162:156108. [PMID: 36527892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been a promising, emerging treatment for various cancers. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells own a T cell receptor composed of γ- and δ- chain and act as crucial players in the anti-tumor immune effect. Currently, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, the predominate γδ T cell subset in human peripheral blood, has been shown to exert multiple biological functions. In addition, a growing body of evidence notes that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells interact with tumor cells in many ways, such as TCR-mediated nonpeptidic-phosphorylated phosphoantigens (pAgs) recognization, NKG2D/NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) pathway, Fas-FasL axis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as well as exosome. More importantly, clinical studies with Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in cancers have propelled several clinical applications to investigate their safety and efficacy. Herein, this review summarized the underlying ways and mechanisms of interplay cancer cells and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, which may help us to generate new strategies for tumor immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Anjing Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Jin
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Suhua Xia
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tongguo Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou, China.
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18
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Ridgley LA, Caron J, Dalgleish A, Bodman-Smith M. Releasing the restraints of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1065495. [PMID: 36713444 PMCID: PMC9880221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1065495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells are a subset of T-cells with a crucial role in immunosurveillance which can be activated and expanded by multiple means to stimulate effector responses. Little is known about the expression of checkpoint molecules on this cell population and whether the ligation of these molecules can regulate their activity. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of both activatory and inhibitory receptors on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells to assess potential avenues of regulation to target with immunotherapy. Methods Expression of various activatory and inhibitory receptors was assessed on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells by flow cytometry following activation and expansion using zoledronic acid (ZA) and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Expression of these markers and production of effector molecules was also examined following co-culture with various tumour cell targets. The effect of immune checkpoint blockade on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells was also explored. Results Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells expressed high levels of activatory markers both at baseline and following stimulation. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells expressed variable levels of inhibitory checkpoint receptors with many being upregulated following stimulation. Expression of these markers is further modulated upon co-culture with tumour cells with changes reflecting activation and effector functions. Despite their high expression of inhibitory receptors when cultured with tumour cells expressing cognate ligands there was no effect on Vδ2+ T-cell cytotoxic capacity or cytokine production with immune checkpoint blockade. Conclusions Our work suggests the expression of checkpoint receptors present on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells which may provide a mechanism with the potential to be utilised by tumour cells to subvert Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity. This work suggests important candidates for blockade by ICI therapy in order to increase the successful use of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in immunotherapy.
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19
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Zhu R, Yan Q, Wang Y, Wang K. Biological characteristics of γδT cells and application in tumor immunotherapy. Front Genet 2023; 13:1077419. [PMID: 36685942 PMCID: PMC9846053 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1077419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human γδT cells are a special immune cell type which exist in small quantities in the body, do not require processing and presentation for antigen recognition, and have non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted immune response. They play an important role in the body's anti-tumor, anti-infection, immune regulation, immune surveillance and maintenance of immune tolerance. This article reviews the generation and development of human γδT cells, genetic characteristics, classification, recognition and role of antigens, and research progress in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, China,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tai’an Tumor Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Tai’an, China
| | - Qian Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tai’an, China
| | - Yashu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Tai’an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an, China
| | - Keqiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, China,*Correspondence: Keqiang Wang,
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20
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Wu Y, Yuan M, Wang C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J. T lymphocyte cell: A pivotal player in lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102778. [PMID: 36776832 PMCID: PMC9911803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is responsible for the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, which lacks effective therapies. In recent years, accumulating evidence on the understanding of the antitumor activity of the immune system has demonstrated that immunotherapy is one of the powerful alternatives in lung cancer therapy. T cells are the core of cellular immunotherapy, which are critical for tumorigenesis and the treatment of lung cancer. Based on the different expressions of surface molecules and functional points, T cells can be subdivided into regulatory T cells, T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and other unconventional T cells, including γδ T cells, nature killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Advances in our understanding of T cells' functional mechanism will lead to a number of clinical trials on the discovery and development of new treatment strategies. Thus, we summarize the biological functions and regulations of T cells on tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and prognosis in lung cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the current advancements of technologies and potentials of T-cell-oriented therapeutic targets for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chenlin Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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21
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Liu Y, Cheng X, Han X, Cheng X, Jiang S, Lin Y, Zhang Z, Lu L, Qu B, Chen Y, Zhang X. Global research landscape and trends of lung cancer immunotherapy: A bibliometric analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032747. [PMID: 36532038 PMCID: PMC9751816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy for lung cancer has been a hot research area for years. This bibliometric analysis aims to present the research trends on lung cancer immunotherapy. Method On 1 July, 2022, the authors identified 2,941 papers on lung cancer immunotherapy by the Web of Science and extracted their general information and the total number of citations. A bibliometric analysis was carried out to present the research landscape, demonstrate the research trends, and determine the most cited papers (top papers) as well as major journals on lung cancer immunotherapy. After that, recent research hotspots were analyzed based on the latest publications in major journals. Results These 2,941 papers were cited a total of 122,467 times. "Nivolumab vs. docetaxel in advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer" published in 2015 by Borghaei H et al. was the most cited paper (5,854 citations). Among the journals, New England Journal of Medicine was most influential. Corresponding authors represented China took part in most articles (904) and papers with corresponding authors from the USA were most cited (139.46 citations per paper). Since 2015, anti-PD-(L)1 has become the hottest research area. Conclusions This bibliometric analysis comprehensively and quantitatively presents the research trends and hotspots based on thousands of publications, and further suggests future research directions. Moreover, the results can benefit researchers to select journals and find potential collaborators. This study can help researchers get a comprehensive impression of the research landscape, historical development, and recent hotspots in lung cancer immunotherapy and provide inspiration for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaona Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaru Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baozhen Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxian Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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22
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Zulfiqar B, Farooq A, Kanwal S, Asghar K. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy for lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1035171. [PMID: 36518665 PMCID: PMC9742438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest incidence of morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. A large number of patients are diagnosed with lung cancer at the later stages of the disease. This eliminates surgery as an option and places complete dependence on radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and/or a combination of both, to halt disease progression by targeting the tumor cells. Unfortunately, these therapies have rarely proved to be effective, and this necessitates the search for alternative preventive approaches to reduce the mortality rate of lung cancer. One of the effective therapies against lung cancer comprises targeting the tumor microenvironment. Like any other cancer cells, lung cancer cells tend to use multiple pathways to maintain their survival and suppress different immune responses from the host's body. This review comprehensively covers the role and the mechanisms that involve the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in lung adenocarcinoma and methods of treating it by altering the tumor microenvironment. It focuses on the insight and understanding of the lung cancer tumor microenvironment and chemokines, cytokines, and activating molecules that take part in angiogenesis and metastasis. The review paper accounts for the novel and current immunotherapy and targeted therapy available for lung cancer in clinical trials and in the research phases in depth. Special attention is being paid to mark out single or multiple genes that are required for malignancy and survival while developing targeted therapies for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zulfiqar
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Asim Farooq
- Department of Clinical Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahzina Kanwal
- Institute of Molecular Physiology at Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kashif Asghar
- Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
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23
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Human Vδ2 T Cells and Their Versatility for Immunotherapeutic Approaches. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223572. [PMID: 36429001 PMCID: PMC9688761 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma/delta (γδ) T cells are innate-like immune effectors that are a critical component linking innate and adaptive immune responses. They are recognized for their contribution to tumor surveillance and fight against infectious diseases. γδ T cells are excellent candidates for cellular immunotherapy due to their unique properties to recognize and destroy tumors or infected cells. They do not depend on the recognition of a single antigen but rather a broad-spectrum of diverse ligands through expression of various cytotoxic receptors. In this manuscript, we review major characteristics of the most abundant circulating γδ subpopulation, Vδ2 T cells, their immunotherapeutic potential, recent advances in expansion protocols, their preclinical and clinical applications for several infectious diseases and malignancies, and how additional modulation could enhance their therapeutic potential.
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24
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Nezhad Shamohammadi F, Yazdanifar M, Oraei M, Kazemi MH, Roohi A, Mahya Shariat Razavi S, Rezaei F, Parvizpour F, Karamlou Y, Namdari H. Controversial role of γδ T cells in pancreatic cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108895. [PMID: 35729831 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are rare lymphocytes with cogent impact on immune responses. These cells are one of the earliest cells to be recruited in the sites of infection or tumors and play a critical role in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. The anti-tumor activity of γδ T cells have been numerously reported; nonetheless, there is controversy among published studies regarding their anti-tumor vs pro-tumor effect- especially in pancreatic cancer. A myriad of studies has confirmed that activated γδ T cells can potently lyse a broad variety of solid tumors and leukemia/lymphoma cells and produce an array of cytokines; however, early γδ T cell-based clinical trials did not lead to optimal efficacy, despite acceptable safety. Depending on the local micromilieu, γδ T cells can differentiate into tumor promoting or suppressing cells such as Th1-, Th2-, or Th17-like cells and produce prototypical cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-4/-10, IL-9, or IL-17. In an abstruse tumor such as pancreatic cancer- also known as immunologically cold tumor- γδ T cells are more likely to switch to their immunosuppressive phenotype. In this review we will adduce the accumulated knowledge on these two controversial aspects of γδ T cells in cancers- with a focus on solid tumors and pancreatic cancer. In addition, we propose strategies for enhancing the anti-tumor function of γδ T cells in cancers and discuss the potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mona Oraei
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Roohi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Parvizpour
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Karamlou
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Fenn J, Ridgley LA, White A, Sarfas C, Dennis M, Dalgleish A, Reljic R, Sharpe S, Bodman-Smith M. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) induces superior anti-tumour responses by Vδ2+ T cells compared with the aminobisphosphonate drug zoledronic acid. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:301-315. [PMID: 35404420 PMCID: PMC9226146 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vδ2+ T cells can recognize malignantly transformed cells as well as those infected with mycobacteria. This cross-reactivity supports the idea of using mycobacteria to manipulate Vδ2+ T cells in cancer immunotherapy. To date, therapeutic interventions using Vδ2+ T cells in cancer have involved expanding these cells in or ex vivo using zoledronic acid (ZA). Here, we show that the mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) also causes Vδ2+ T-cell expansion in vitro and that resulting Vδ2+ cell populations are cytotoxic toward tumour cell lines. We show that both ZA and BCG-expanded Vδ2+ cells effectively killed both Daudi and THP-1 cells. THP-1 cell killing by both ZA and BCG-expanded Vδ2+ cells was enhanced by treatment of targets cells with ZA. Although no difference in cytotoxic activity between ZA- and BCG-expanded Vδ2+ cells was observed, BCG-expanded cells degranulated more and produced a more diverse range of cytokines upon tumour cell recognition compared to ZA-expanded cells. ZA-expanded Vδ2+ cells were shown to upregulate exhaustion marker CD57 to a greater extent than BCG-expanded Vδ2+ cells. Furthermore, ZA expansion was associated with upregulation of inhibitory markers PD-1 and TIM3 in a dose-dependent manner whereas PD-1 expression was not increased following expansion using BCG. Intradermal BCG vaccination of rhesus macaques caused in vivo expansion of Vδ2+ cells. In combination with the aforementioned in vitro data, this finding suggests that BCG treatment could induce expansion of Vδ2+ T cells with enhanced anti-tumour potential compared to ZA treatment and that either ZA or BCG could be used intratumourally as a means to potentiate stronger anti-tumour Vδ2+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fenn
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L A Ridgley
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - A White
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - C Sarfas
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - M Dennis
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - A Dalgleish
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - R Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - S Sharpe
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - M Bodman-Smith
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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26
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Human γδ T Cell Subsets and Their Clinical Applications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14123005. [PMID: 35740670 PMCID: PMC9221220 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Research into the immunotherapeutic potential of T cells has predominantly focused on conventional alpha beta (αβ) T cells, which recognize peptide antigens presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules. However, innate-like T cells, such as gamma delta (γδ) T cells, also play important roles in antitumor immunity. Here, we review the current understanding of γδ T cells in antitumor immunity and discuss strategies that could potentially maximize their potential in cancer immunotherapy. Abstract Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are a minor population of T cells that share adaptive and innate immune properties. In contrast to MHC-restricted alpha beta (αβ) T cells, γδ T cells are activated in an MHC-independent manner, making them ideal candidates for developing allogeneic, off-the-shelf cell-based immunotherapies. As the field of cancer immunotherapy progresses rapidly, different subsets of γδ T cells have been explored. In addition, γδ T cells can be engineered using different gene editing technologies that augment their tumor recognition abilities and antitumor functions. In this review, we outline the unique features of different subsets of human γδ T cells and their antitumor properties. We also summarize the past and the ongoing pre-clinical studies and clinical trials utilizing γδ T cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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27
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Saura-Esteller J, de Jong M, King LA, Ensing E, Winograd B, de Gruijl TD, Parren PWHI, van der Vliet HJ. Gamma Delta T-Cell Based Cancer Immunotherapy: Past-Present-Future. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915837. [PMID: 35784326 PMCID: PMC9245381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T-cells directly recognize and kill transformed cells independently of HLA-antigen presentation, which makes them a highly promising effector cell compartment for cancer immunotherapy. Novel γδ T-cell-based immunotherapies, primarily focusing on the two major γδ T-cell subtypes that infiltrate tumors (i.e. Vδ1 and Vδ2), are being developed. The Vδ1 T-cell subset is enriched in tissues and contains both effector T-cells as well as regulatory T-cells with tumor-promoting potential. Vδ2 T-cells, in contrast, are enriched in circulation and consist of a large, relatively homogeneous, pro-inflammatory effector T-cell subset. Healthy individuals typically harbor in the order of 50-500 million Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in the peripheral blood alone (1-10% of the total CD3+ T-cell population), which can rapidly expand upon stimulation. The Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptor senses intracellular phosphorylated metabolites, which accumulate in cancer cells as a result of mevalonate pathway dysregulation or upon pharmaceutical intervention. Early clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells were based on either ex vivo expansion and adoptive transfer or their systemic activation with aminobisphosphonates or synthetic phosphoantigens, either alone or combined with low dose IL-2. Immune-related adverse events (irAE) were generally \mild, but the clinical efficacy of these approaches provided overall limited benefit. In recent years, critical advances have renewed the excitement for the potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review γδ T-cell-based therapeutic strategies and discuss the prospects of those currently evaluated in clinical studies in cancer patients as well as future therapies that might arise from current promising pre-clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Saura-Esteller
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Milon de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa A. King
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul W. H. I. Parren
- LAVA Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans J. van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LAVA Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Hans J. van der Vliet, ;
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28
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Song Y, Liu Y, Teo HY, Liu H. Targeting Cytokine Signals to Enhance γδT Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914839. [PMID: 35747139 PMCID: PMC9210953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells represent a small percentage of T cells in circulation but are found in large numbers in certain organs. They are considered to be innate immune cells that can exert cytotoxic functions on target cells without MHC restriction. Moreover, γδT cells contribute to adaptive immune response via regulating other immune cells. Under the influence of cytokines, γδT cells can be polarized to different subsets in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current understanding of antigen recognition by γδT cells, and the immune regulation mediated by γδT cells in the tumor microenvironment. More importantly, we depicted the polarization and plasticity of γδT cells in the presence of different cytokines and their combinations, which provided the basis for γδT cell-based cancer immunotherapy targeting cytokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yonghao Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huey Yee Teo
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Liu,
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29
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Gamma delta (γδ) T cells in cancer immunotherapy; where it comes from, where it will go? Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Liu C, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Eriksson SG, Parmryd I. Potentiating Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation and assessing their cytotoxicity towards adherent cancer cells at the single cell level. Biol Open 2022; 11:274281. [PMID: 34994391 PMCID: PMC8822357 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells is the dominant γδ T cell subset in human blood. They are cytotoxic and activated by phosphoantigens whose concentrations are increased in cancer cells, making the cancer cells targets for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell immunotherapy. For successful immunotherapy, it is important both to characterise Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation and optimise the assessment of their cytotoxic potential, which is the aim of this study. We found that supplementation with freshly-thawed human serum potentiated Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation from peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) and consistently enabled Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation from cryopreserved PBMCs. In cryopreserved PBMCs the proliferation was higher than in freshly prepared PBMCs. In a panel of short-chain prenyl alcohols, monophosphates and diphosphates, most diphosphates and also dimethylallyl monophosphate stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation. We developed a method where the cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells towards adherent cells is assessed at the single cell level using flow cytometry, which gives more clear-cut results than the traditional bulk release assays. Moreover, we found that HMBPP enhances the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell cytotoxicity towards colon cancer cells. In summary we have developed an easily interpretable method to assess the cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells towards adherent cells, found that Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation can be potentiated media-supplementation and how misclassification of non-responders may be avoided. Our findings will be useful in the further development of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Liu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sven-Göran Eriksson
- Department of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingela Parmryd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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31
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Qiu D, Yan X, Xiao X, Zhang G, Wang Y, Cao J, Ma R, Hong S, Ma M. To explore immune synergistic function of Quercetin in inhibiting breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:632. [PMID: 34838003 PMCID: PMC8626953 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The precancerous disease of breast cancer is an inevitable stage in the tumorigenesis and development of breast neoplasms. Quercetin (Que) has shown great potential in breast cancer treatment by inhibiting cell proliferation and regulating T cell function. γδ T cells are a class of nontraditional T cells that have long attracted attention due to their potential in immunotherapy. In this study, we revealed the immunomodulatory function of Que through regulation of the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway, which was followed by the synergistic killing of breast cancer cells. Methods In the experimental design, we first screened target genes with or without Que treatment, and we intersected the Que target with the disease target by functional enrichment analysis. Second, MCF-10A, MCF-10AT, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were treated with Que for 0 h, 24 h and 48 h. Then, we observed the expression of its subsets by coculturing Que and γδ T cells and coculturing Que and γδ T cells with breast tumor cells to investigate their synergistic killing effect on tumor cells. Finally, Western blotting was used to reveal the changes in proteins related to the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway after Que treatment in MCF-10AT and MCF-7 cells for 48 h. Results The pathway affected by Que treatment was the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway and was associated with precancerous breast cancer, as shown by network pharmacology analysis. Que induced apoptosis of MCF-10AT, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Most importantly, Que promoted the differentiation of γδ T cells into the Vδ2 T cell subpopulation. The best ratio of effector cells to target cells (E/T) was 10:1, the killing percentages of γδ T cells against MCF-10A, MCF-10AT, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 were 61.44 ± 4.70, 55.52 ± 3.10, 53.94 ± 2.74, and 53.28 ± 1.73 (P = 0.114, P = 0.486, and P = 0.343, respectively), and the strongest killing effect on precancerous breast cancer cells and breast cancer cells was found when the Que concentration was 5 μM and the E/T ratio was 10:1 (64.94 ± 3.61, 64.96 ± 5.45, 55.59 ± 5.98, and 59.04 ± 5.67, respectively). In addition, our results showed that Que increased the protein levels of IFNγ-R, p-JAK2 and p-STAT1 while decreasing the protein levels of PD-L1 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, Que plays a synergistic role in killing breast cancer cells and promoting apoptosis by regulating the expression of IFNγ-R, p-JAK2, p-STAT1 and PD-L1 in the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway and promoting the regulation of γδ T cells. Que may be a potential drug for the prevention of precancerous breast cancer and adjuvant treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianxin Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinqin Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guijuan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyu Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruirui Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouyi Hong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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32
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Miyashita M, Shimizu T, Ashihara E, Ukimura O. Strategies to Improve the Antitumor Effect of γδ T Cell Immunotherapy for Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8910. [PMID: 34445615 PMCID: PMC8396358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells show potent cytotoxicity against various types of cancer cells in a major histocompatibility complex unrestricted manner. Phosphoantigens and nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-bis) stimulate γδ T cells via interaction between the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) and butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1 (BTN3A1) expressed on target cells. γδ T cell immunotherapy is classified as either in vivo or ex vivo according to the method of activation. Immunotherapy with activated γδ T cells is well tolerated; however, the clinical benefits are unsatisfactory. Therefore, the antitumor effects need to be increased. Administration of γδ T cells into local cavities might improve antitumor effects by increasing the effector-to-target cell ratio. Some anticancer and molecularly targeted agents increase the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells via mechanisms involving natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D)-mediated recognition of target cells. Both the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells exert immunosuppressive effects via mechanisms that include inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. Therefore, co-immunotherapy with γδ T cells plus immune checkpoint inhibitors is a strategy that may improve cytotoxicity. The use of a bispecific antibody and chimeric antigen receptor might be effective to overcome current therapeutic limitations. Such strategies should be tested in a clinical research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Miyashita
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.S.); (O.U.)
- Department of Urology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto 602-8026, Japan
| | - Teruki Shimizu
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.S.); (O.U.)
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan;
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.S.); (O.U.)
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33
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de Sousa E, Lérias JR, Beltran A, Paraschoudi G, Condeço C, Kamiki J, António PA, Figueiredo N, Carvalho C, Castillo-Martin M, Wang Z, Ligeiro D, Rao M, Maeurer M. Targeting Neoepitopes to Treat Solid Malignancies: Immunosurgery. Front Immunol 2021; 12:592031. [PMID: 34335558 PMCID: PMC8320363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.592031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful outcome of immune checkpoint blockade in patients with solid cancers is in part associated with a high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and the recognition of private neoantigens by T-cells. The quality and quantity of target recognition is determined by the repertoire of ‘neoepitope’-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), or peripheral T-cells. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), produced by T-cells and other immune cells, is essential for controlling proliferation of transformed cells, induction of apoptosis and enhancing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, thereby increasing immunogenicity of cancer cells. TCR αβ-dependent therapies should account for tumor heterogeneity and availability of the TCR repertoire capable of reacting to neoepitopes and functional HLA pathways. Immunogenic epitopes in the tumor-stroma may also be targeted to achieve tumor-containment by changing the immune-contexture in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Non protein-coding regions of the tumor-cell genome may also contain many aberrantly expressed, non-mutated tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) capable of eliciting productive anti-tumor immune responses. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and/or RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of cancer tissue, combined with several layers of bioinformatic analysis is commonly used to predict possible neoepitopes present in clinical samples. At the ImmunoSurgery Unit of the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown (CCU), a pipeline combining several tools is used for predicting private mutations from WES and RNA-Seq data followed by the construction of synthetic peptides tailored for immunological response assessment reflecting the patient’s tumor mutations, guided by MHC typing. Subsequent immunoassays allow the detection of differential IFN-γ production patterns associated with (intra-tumoral) spatiotemporal differences in TIL or peripheral T-cells versus TIL. These bioinformatics tools, in addition to histopathological assessment, immunological readouts from functional bioassays and deep T-cell ‘adaptome’ analyses, are expected to advance discovery and development of next-generation personalized precision medicine strategies to improve clinical outcomes in cancer in the context of i) anti-tumor vaccination strategies, ii) gauging mutation-reactive T-cell responses in biological therapies and iii) expansion of tumor-reactive T-cells for the cellular treatment of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric de Sousa
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana R Lérias
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Carolina Condeço
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Kamiki
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Figueiredo
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Carvalho
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Zhe Wang
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Applied Adaptome Immunology Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Dário Ligeiro
- Lisbon Centre for Blood and Transplantation, Instituto Português do Sangue e Transplantação (IPST), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,I Medical Clinic, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Galati D, Zanotta S, Bocchino M, De Filippi R, Pinto A. The subtle interplay between gamma delta T lymphocytes and dendritic cells: is there a role for a therapeutic cancer vaccine in the era of combinatorial strategies? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1797-1809. [PMID: 33386466 PMCID: PMC10991494 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human gamma delta (γδ) T cells represent heterogeneous subsets of unconventional lymphocytes with an HLA-unrestricted target cell recognition. γδ T cells display adaptive clonally restricted specificities coupled to a powerful cytotoxic function against transformed/injured cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are documented to be the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) able to induce adaptive immunity and support the innate immune response independently from T cells. Several data show that the cross-talk of γδ T lymphocytes with DCs can play a crucial role in the orchestration of immune response by bridging innate to adaptive immunity. In the last decade, DCs, as well as γδ T cells, have been of increasing clinical interest, especially as monotherapy for cancer immunotherapy, even though with unpredictable results mainly due to immune suppression and/or tumor-immune escape. For these reasons, new vaccine strategies have to be explored to reach cancer immunotherapy's full potential. The effect of DC-based vaccines on γδ T cell is less extensively investigated, and a combinatorial approach using DC-based vaccines with γδ T cells might promote a strong synergy for long-term tumor control and protection against escaping tumor clones. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of the interaction between DCs and γδ T cells to improve cancer vaccination. In particular, we describe the most relevant and updated evidence of such combinatorial approaches, including the use of Zoledronate, Interleukin-15, and protamine RNA, also looking towards future strategies such as CAR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria De Filippi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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Jia R, Sui Z, Zhang H, Yu Z. Identification and Validation of Immune-Related Gene Signature for Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:679031. [PMID: 34109216 PMCID: PMC8182055 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.679031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a serious malignancy, and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common pathological subtype. Immune-related factors play an important role in lymph node metastasis. In this study, we obtained gene expression profile data for LUAD and normal tissues from the TCGA database and analyzed their immune-related genes (IRGs), and observed that 459 IRGs were differentially expressed. Further analysis of the correlation between differentially expressed IRGs and lymph node metastasis revealed 18 lymph node metastasis-associated IRGs. In addition, we analyzed the mutations status, function and pathway enrichment of these IRGs, and regulatory networks established through TF genes. We then identified eight IRGs (IKBKB, LTBR, MIF, PPARD, PPIA, PSME3, S100A6, SEMA4B) as the best predictors by LASSO Logistic analysis and used these IRGs to construct a model to predict lymph node metastasis in patients with LUAD (AUC 0.75; 95% CI: 0.7064-0.7978), and survival analysis showed that the risk score independently affected patient survival. We validated the predictive effect of risk scores on lymph node metastasis and survival using the GEO database as a validation cohort and the results showed good agreement. In addition, the risk score was highly correlated with infiltration of immune cells (mast cells activated, macrophages M2, macrophages M0 and B cells naïve), immune and stromal scores, and immune checkpoint genes (LTBR, CD40LG, EDA2R, and TNFRSF19). We identified key IRGs associated with lymph node metastasis in LUAD and constructed a reliable risk score model, which may provide valuable biomarkers for LUAD patients and further reveal the mechanism of its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Jia
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and PeKing Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhilin Sui
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongdian Zhang
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and PeKing Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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Yang R, Shen S, Gong C, Wang X, Luo F, Luo F, Lei Y, Wang Z, Xu S, Ni Q, Xue Y, Fu Z, Zeng L, Fang L, Yan Y, Zhang J, Gan L, Yi J, Zhou P. Bispecific Antibody PD-L1 x CD3 Boosts the Anti-Tumor Potency of the Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654080. [PMID: 34040604 PMCID: PMC8141752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vγ2Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy has benefited some patients in clinical trials, but the overall efficacy is low for solid tumor patients. In this study, a bispecific antibody against both PD-L1 and CD3 (PD-L1 x CD3), Y111, could efficiently bridge T cells and PD-L1 expressing tumor cells. The Y111 prompted fresh CD8+ T cell-mediated lysis of H358 cells, but spared this effect on the fresh Vδ2+ T cells enriched from the same donors, which suggested that Y111 could bypass the anti-tumor capacity of the fresh Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. As the adoptive transfer of the expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells was approved to be safe and well-tolerated in clinical trials, we hypothesized that the combination of the expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells with the Y111 would provide an alternative approach of immunotherapy. Y111 induced the activation of the expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of PD-L1 positive tumor cells. Moreover, Y111 increased the cytotoxicity of the expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells against various NSCLC-derived tumor cell lines with the releases of granzyme B, IFNγ, and TNFα in vitro. Meanwhile, the adoptive transferred Vγ2Vδ2 T cells together with the Y111 inhibited the growth of the established xenografts in NPG mice. Taken together, our data suggested a clinical potential for the adoptive transferring the Vγ2Vδ2 T cells with the Y111 to treat PD-L1 positive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Susu Shen
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengyan Luo
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Wang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Xu
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Ni
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Fu
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Fang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxiang Yan
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizu Yi
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
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Ou L, Wang H, Liu Q, Zhang J, Lu H, Luo L, Shi C, Lin S, Dong L, Guo Y, Huang L, Zhu J, Yin X, Huang AC, Karakousis G, Schuchter L, Amaravadi R, Zheng C, Fan Y, Guo W, Xu X. Dichotomous and stable gamma delta T-cell number and function in healthy individuals. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002274. [PMID: 34011536 PMCID: PMC8137237 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-delta (γδ) T lymphocytes are primed to potently respond to pathogens and transformed cells by recognizing a broad range of antigens. However, adoptive immunotherapy with γδT cells has exhibited mixed treatment responses. Better understanding of γδT cell biology and stratifying healthy donors for allogeneic adoptive therapy is clinically needed to fully realize the therapeutic potential of γδT cells. METHODS We examine 98 blood samples from healthy donors and measure their expansion capacity after zoledronate stimulation, and test the migration and cytotoxic effector function of expanded γδT cells in 2D culture, 3D tumor spheroid and patient-derived melanoma organoid assays. RESULTS We find that γδT cell expansion capacity is independent of expansion methods, gender, age and HLA type. Basal γδT cell levels in Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) correlate well with their expansion, migration and cytotoxic effector capacity in vitro. Circulating γδT cells with lower expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, Eomes, T-bet and CD69, or higher IFN-γ production expand better. γδT cells with central memory and effector memory phenotypes are significantly more abundant in good expanders. A cut-off level of 0.82% γδT cells in PBMC stratifies good versus poor γδT cell expansion with a sensitivity of 97.78%, specificity of 90.48% and area under the curve of 0.968 in a healthy individual. Donors with higher Vδ2 Index Score in PBMC have greater anti-tumor functions including migratory function and cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the interindividual γδT cell functions correlate with their circulating levels in healthy donors. Examination of circulating γδT cell level may be used to select healthy donors to participate in γδT-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hezhe Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangping Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changzheng Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoqiang Lin
- Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Research Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Dong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yeye Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiangfan Yin
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giorgos Karakousis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynn Schuchter
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ravi Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cathy Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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38
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Baumeister T, Ingermann J, Marcazzan S, Fang HY, Oellinger R, Rad R, Engleitner T, Kleigrewe K, Anand A, Strangmann J, Schmid RM, Wang TC, Quante M. Anti-inflammatory chemoprevention attenuates the phenotype in a mouse model of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1068-1078. [PMID: 33878160 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrett´s Esophagus (BE) is the main known precursor condition of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC). BE is defined by the presence of metaplasia above the normal squamous columnar junction and has mainly been attributed to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and chronic reflux esophagitis. Thus, the rising incidence of EAC in the Western world is likely mediated by chronic esophageal inflammation, secondary to GERD in combination with environmental risk factors such as a Western diet and obesity. However, (at present) risk prediction tools and endoscopic surveillance have shown limited effectiveness. Chemoprevention as an adjunctive approach remains an attractive option to reduce the incidence of neoplastic disease. Here, we investigate the feasibility of chemopreventive approaches in BE and EAC via inhibition of inflammatory signaling in a transgenic mouse model of BE and EAC (L2-IL1B mice), with accelerated tumor formation on a high fat diet (HFD). L2-IL1B mice were treated with the IL-1 receptor antagonist Anakinra and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) aspirin or Sulindac. Interleukin-1b antagonism reduced tumor progression in L2-IL1B mice with or without a HFD, while both NSAIDs were effective chemoprevention agents in the accelerated HFD fed L2-IL1B mouse model. Sulindac treatment also resulted in a marked change in the immune profile of L2-IL-1B mice. In summary, anti-inflammatory treatment of HFD-treated L2-IL1B mice acted protectively on disease progression. These results from a mouse model of BE support results from clinical trials that suggest that anti-inflammatory medication may be effective in the chemoprevention of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Baumeister
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Jonas Ingermann
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Sabrina Marcazzan
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Hsin-Yu Fang
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Rupert Oellinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich
| | - Akanksha Anand
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Julia Strangmann
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Quante
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str, München, Germany.,Innere Medizin II, Universitätskliniken Freiburg, Universität Freiburg, Germany
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Burnham RE, Tope D, Branella G, Williams E, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Human serum albumin and chromatin condensation rescue ex vivo expanded γδ T cells from the effects of cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2021; 99:78-87. [PMID: 33485898 PMCID: PMC7941345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinical applications of gamma delta (γδ) T cells have advanced from initial interest in expanding γδ T cells in vivo to the development of a manufacturing process for the ex vivo expansion. To develop an "off-the-shelf" allogeneic γδ T cell product, the cell manufacturing process must be optimized to include cryopreservation. It is known that cryopreservation can dramatically reduce viability of primary cells and other cell types after thawing, although the exact effects of cryopreservation on γδ T cell health and functionality have not yet been characterized. Our aim was to characterize the effects of a freeze/thaw cycle on γδ T cells and to develop an optimized protocol for cryopreservation. γδ T cells were expanded under serum-free conditions, using a good manufacturing practice (GMP) compliant protocol developed by our lab. We observed that cryopreservation reduced cell survival and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, two measures that could not be improved through the use of 5 GMP compliant freezing media. The choice of thawing medium, specifically human albumin (HSA), improved γδ T cell viability and in addition, chromatin condensation prior to freezing increased cell viability after thawing, which could not be further improved with the use of a general caspase inhibitor. Finally, we found that cryopreserved cells had depolarized mitochondrial membranes and reduced cytotoxicity when tested against a range of leukemia cell lines. These studies provide a detailed analysis of the effects of cryopreservation on γδ T cells and provide methods for improving viability in the post-thaw period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Burnham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donald Tope
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gianna Branella
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erich Williams
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Li Y, Li G, Zhang J, Wu X, Chen X. The Dual Roles of Human γδ T Cells: Anti-Tumor or Tumor-Promoting. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619954. [PMID: 33664732 PMCID: PMC7921733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are the unique T cell subgroup with their T cell receptors composed of γ chain and δ chain. Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells are non-MHC-restricted in recognizing tumor antigens, and therefore defined as innate immune cells. Activated γδ T cells can promote the anti-tumor function of adaptive immune cells. They are considered as a bridge between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. However, several other studies have shown that γδ T cells can also promote tumor progression by inhibiting anti-tumor response. Therefore, γδ T cells may have both anti-tumor and tumor-promoting effects. In order to clarify this contradiction, in this review, we summarized the functions of the main subsets of human γδ T cells in how they exhibit their respective anti-tumor or pro-tumor effects in cancer. Then, we reviewed recent γδ T cell-based anti-tumor immunotherapy. Finally, we summarized the existing problems and prospect of this immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tian Jin University, Tian Jin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
Two recently published articles from Siegers and colleagues detail both a novel human gamma delta T cell (GDTc) expansion protocol and a bioluminescent xenograft model of Ph+ leukemia, in which GDTc adoptive therapy was tested. Additionally, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia-derived cells were newly identified as targets of preferentially expanded Vdelta1 GDTc.
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Jia R, Sui Z, Zhang H, Yu Z. Identification and Validation of Immune-Related Gene Signature for Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021. [PMID: 34109216 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.585245/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a serious malignancy, and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common pathological subtype. Immune-related factors play an important role in lymph node metastasis. In this study, we obtained gene expression profile data for LUAD and normal tissues from the TCGA database and analyzed their immune-related genes (IRGs), and observed that 459 IRGs were differentially expressed. Further analysis of the correlation between differentially expressed IRGs and lymph node metastasis revealed 18 lymph node metastasis-associated IRGs. In addition, we analyzed the mutations status, function and pathway enrichment of these IRGs, and regulatory networks established through TF genes. We then identified eight IRGs (IKBKB, LTBR, MIF, PPARD, PPIA, PSME3, S100A6, SEMA4B) as the best predictors by LASSO Logistic analysis and used these IRGs to construct a model to predict lymph node metastasis in patients with LUAD (AUC 0.75; 95% CI: 0.7064-0.7978), and survival analysis showed that the risk score independently affected patient survival. We validated the predictive effect of risk scores on lymph node metastasis and survival using the GEO database as a validation cohort and the results showed good agreement. In addition, the risk score was highly correlated with infiltration of immune cells (mast cells activated, macrophages M2, macrophages M0 and B cells naïve), immune and stromal scores, and immune checkpoint genes (LTBR, CD40LG, EDA2R, and TNFRSF19). We identified key IRGs associated with lymph node metastasis in LUAD and constructed a reliable risk score model, which may provide valuable biomarkers for LUAD patients and further reveal the mechanism of its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Jia
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and PeKing Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhilin Sui
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongdian Zhang
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and PeKing Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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43
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Burnham RE, Zoine JT, Story JY, Garimalla SN, Gibson G, Rae A, Williams E, Bixby L, Archer D, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Characterization of Donor Variability for γδ T Cell ex vivo Expansion and Development of an Allogeneic γδ T Cell Immunotherapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:588453. [PMID: 33282892 PMCID: PMC7691424 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.588453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells recently emerged as an attractive candidate for cancer immunotherapy treatments due to their inherent cytotoxicity against both hematological and solid tumors. Moreover, γδ T cells provide a platform for the development of allogeneic cell therapies, as they can recognize antigens independent of MHC recognition and without the requirement for a chimeric antigen receptor. However, γδ T cell adoptive cell therapy depends on ex vivo expansion to manufacture sufficient cell product numbers, which remains challenging and limited by inter-donor variability. In the current study, we characterize the differences in expansion of γδ T cells from various donors that expand (EX) and donors that fail to expand, i.e., non-expanders (NE). Further, we demonstrate that IL-21 can be used to increase the expansion potential of NE. In order to reduce the risk of graft vs. host disease (GVHD) induced by an allogeneic T cell product, αβ T cell depletions must be considered due to the potential for HLA mismatch. Typically, αβ T cell depletions are performed at the end of expansion, prior to infusion. We show that γδ T cell cultures can be successfully αβ depleted on day 6 of expansion, providing a better environment for the γδ T cells to expand, and that the αβ T cell population remains below clinically acceptable standards for T cell-depleted allogeneic stem cell products. Finally, we assess the potential for a mixed donor γδ T cell therapy and characterize the effects of cryopreservation on γδ T cells. Collectively, these studies support the development of an improved allogeneic γδ T cell product and suggest the possibility of using mixed donor γδ T cell immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jaquelyn T Zoine
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Cancer Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jamie Y Story
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Swetha N Garimalla
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aaron Rae
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Erich Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisa Bixby
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David Archer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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44
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Suzuki T, Hayman L, Kilbey A, Edwards J, Coffelt SB. Gut γδ T cells as guardians, disruptors, and instigators of cancer. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:198-217. [PMID: 32840001 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide with nearly 2 million cases per year. Immune cells and inflammation are a critical component of colorectal cancer progression, and they are used as reliable prognostic indicators of patient outcome. With the growing appreciation for immunology in colorectal cancer, interest is growing on the role γδ T cells have to play, as they represent one of the most prominent immune cell populations in gut tissue. This group of cells consists of both resident populations-γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (γδ IELs)-and transient populations that each has unique functions. The homeostatic role of these γδ T cell subsets is to maintain barrier integrity and prevent microorganisms from breaching the mucosal layer, which is accomplished through crosstalk with enterocytes and other immune cells. Recent years have seen a surge in discoveries regarding the regulation of γδ IELs in the intestine and the colon with particular new insights into the butyrophilin family. In this review, we discuss the development, specialities, and functions of γδ T cell subsets during cancer progression. We discuss how these cells may be used to predict patient outcome, as well as how to exploit their behavior for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Suzuki
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Liam Hayman
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
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45
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Fleischer LC, Becker SA, Ryan RE, Fedanov A, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Non-signaling Chimeric Antigen Receptors Enhance Antigen-Directed Killing by γδ T Cells in Contrast to αβ T Cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:149-160. [PMID: 32671190 PMCID: PMC7341062 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells have demonstrated efficacy against B cell leukemias/lymphomas. However, redirecting CAR T cells to malignant T cells is more challenging due to product-specific cis- and trans-activation causing fratricide. Other challenges include the potential for product contamination and T cell aplasia. We expressed non-signaling CARs (NSCARs) in γδ T cells since donor-derived γδ T cells can be used to prevent product contamination, and NSCARs lack signaling/activation domains, but retain antigen-specific tumor cell-targeting capability. As a result, NSCAR targeting requires an alternative cytotoxic mechanism, which can be achieved through utilization of γδ T cells that possess major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent cytotoxicity. We designed two distinct NSCARs and demonstrated that they do not enhance tumor-killing by αβ T cells, as predicted. However, both CD5-NSCAR- and CD19-NSCAR-modified γδ T cells enhanced cytotoxicity against T and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL and B-ALL) cell lines, respectively. CD5-NSCAR expression in γδ T cells resulted in a 60% increase in cytotoxicity of CD5-expressing T-ALL cell lines. CD19-NSCAR-modified γδ T cells exhibited a 350% increase in cytotoxicity against a CD19-expressing B-ALL cell line compared to the cytotoxicity of naive cells. NSCARs may provide a mechanism to enhance antigen-directed anti-tumor cytotoxicity of γδ T cells through the introduction of a high-affinity interaction while avoiding self-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Fleischer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott A. Becker
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Ryan
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Fedanov
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B. Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H. Trent Spencer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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46
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Chabab G, Barjon C, Bonnefoy N, Lafont V. Pro-tumor γδ T Cells in Human Cancer: Polarization, Mechanisms of Action, and Implications for Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2186. [PMID: 33042132 PMCID: PMC7524881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment contributes to tumor initiation, progression and response to therapy. Among the immune cell subsets that play a role in the tumor microenvironment, innate-like T cells that express T cell receptors composed of γ and δ chains (γδ T cells) are of particular interest. Indeed, γδ T cells contribute to the immune response against many cancers, notably through their powerful effector functions that lead to the elimination of tumor cells and the recruitment of other immune cells. However, their presence in the tumor microenvironment has been associated with poor prognosis in various solid cancers (breast, colon and pancreatic cancer), suggesting that γδ T cells also display pro-tumor activities. In this review, we outline the current evidences of γδ T cell pro-tumor functions in human cancer. We also discuss the factors that favor γδ T cell polarization toward a pro-tumoral phenotype, the characteristics and functions of such cells, and the impact of pro-tumor subsets on γδ T cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghita Chabab
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Lafont
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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47
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Xu Y, Xiang Z, Alnaggar M, Kouakanou L, Li J, He J, Yang J, Hu Y, Chen Y, Lin L, Hao J, Li J, Chen J, Li M, Wu Q, Peters C, Zhou Q, Li J, Liang Y, Wang X, Han B, Ma M, Kabelitz D, Xu K, Tu W, Wu Y, Yin Z. Allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell immunotherapy exhibits promising clinical safety and prolongs the survival of patients with late-stage lung or liver cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:427-439. [PMID: 32939032 PMCID: PMC8027668 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are promising candidates for cellular tumor immunotherapy. Due to their HLA-independent mode of action, allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be considered for clinical application. To apply allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in adoptive immunotherapy, the methodology used to obtain adequate cell numbers with optimal effector function in vitro needs to be optimized, and clinical safety and efficacy also need to be proven. Therefore, we developed a novel formula to improve the expansion of peripheral γδ T cells from healthy donors. Then, we used a humanized mouse model to validate the therapeutic efficacy of expanded γδ T cells in vivo; furthermore, the expanded γδ T cells were adoptively transferred into late-stage liver and lung cancer patients. We found that the expanded cells possessed significantly improved immune effector functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and cancer cell killing, both in vitro and in the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, a phase I clinical trial in 132 late-stage cancer patients with a total of 414 cell infusions unequivocally validated the clinical safety of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Among these 132 patients, 8 liver cancer patients and 10 lung cancer patients who received ≥5 cell infusions showed greatly prolonged survival, which preliminarily verified the efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell therapy. Our clinical studies underscore the safety and efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell immunotherapy, which will inspire further clinical investigations and eventually benefit cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.,Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Mohammed Alnaggar
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.,Tongji Chibi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Chibi, Hubei, PR China
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jiawei Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Junyi He
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiashuang Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yi Hu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li Lin
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianlei Hao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jingxia Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jibing Chen
- Fuda Cancer Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Man Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qingling Wu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingqing Liang
- Fuda Cancer Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Fuda Cancer Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Baohui Han
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Meili Ma
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Kecheng Xu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.,Fuda Cancer Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China. .,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China. .,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.
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48
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Ma R, Yuan D, Guo Y, Yan R, Li K. Immune Effects of γδ T Cells in Colorectal Cancer: A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1600. [PMID: 33013819 PMCID: PMC7509400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells can effectively recognize and kill colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, thereby suppressing tumor progression via multiple mechanisms. They also have abilities to exert a protumor effect via secreting interleukin-17 (IL-17). γδ T cells have been selected as potential immunocytes for antitumor treatment because of their significant cytotoxic activity. Immunotherapy is another potential anti-CRC strategy after an operation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. γδ T cell-based immunotherapy for CRC shows fewer side effects and better toleration. This review will outline the immune functions and the mechanisms of γδ T cells in the growth and progression of CRC in recent years, and summarize the immunotherapies based on γδ T cells, thus providing a direction for future γδ T cells in CRC research.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/etiology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/etiology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Escape/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulan Ma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dawei Yuan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yizhan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Rong Yan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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49
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Vitiello GA, Miller G. Targeting the interleukin-17 immune axis for cancer immunotherapy. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190456. [PMID: 31727783 PMCID: PMC7037254 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 plays versatile roles during tumorigenesis. Here, Vitiello and Miller summarize current knowledge in harnessing IL-17–producing γδ and Th17 cells for successful cancer immunotherapy. The role of IL-17 in cancer remains controversial. Emerging evidence suggests that during early oncogenesis IL-17 supports tumor growth, whereas in established tumors IL-17 production by γδ and Th17 cells potentiates antitumor immunity. Consequently, γδ and Th17 cells are attractive targets for immunotherapy in the IL-17 immune axis. To optimize IL-17–based immunotherapy, a deeper understanding of the cytokines dictating IL-17 production and the polarity of γδ and Th17 cells is critical. Here, we delve into the dichotomous roles of IL-17 in cancer and provide insight into the tumor microenvironment conducive for successful IL-17–based γδ and Th17 cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Vitiello
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - George Miller
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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50
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Chronic Viral Liver Diseases: Approaching the Liver Using T Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Technologies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061471. [PMID: 32560123 PMCID: PMC7349849 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with viral hepatitis is a major risk factor for liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). One major contributing factor to the chronicity is the dysfunction of virus-specific T cell immunity. T cells engineered to express virus-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) may be a therapeutic option to improve host antiviral responses and have demonstrated clinical success against virus-associated tumours. This review aims to give an overview of TCRs identified from viral hepatitis research and discuss how translational lessons learned from cancer immunotherapy can be applied to the field. TCR isolation pipelines, liver homing signals, cell type options, as well as safety considerations will be discussed herein.
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