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Sharma K, Kumar H. Formation of nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocycles on steroidal ring system: A review. Steroids 2023; 191:109171. [PMID: 36581085 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal heterocyclic compounds constitute interesting and promising scaffolds for drug discovery as they have displayed diverse chemical reactivity and several types of biological activities. This study is a concise report on the most recent advancements in the chemistry of the steroid skeleton, including reactions at the A, B, and D ring systems. The modern synthetic methods for the steroidal nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocyclic derivatives from 3-keto-, 6-keto-, 17-keto-, and 20-keto-steroids, as well as 2-Aldo-, 4-Aldo-, 6-Aldo-, and 16-Aldo-steroids, are discussed. However, some other methods for the synthesis of steroidal N-containing 6-membered heterocyclic derivatives are also included. These compounds have shown therapeutic potential as cytotoxic agents against various cell lines and have also shown antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, they could be used as prospective candidates for the development of various medications. This paper not only describes synthetic details involved in creating N-containing 6-membered heterocyclic steroid derivatives, but also provides a brief overview of the medicinal applications of these compounds. This information will be highly useful for the medicinal chemists conducting research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India.
| | - Himanshi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India
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Alhakamy NA, Noor AO, Hosny KM, Nasr JJ, Fouda MMG, Khattab TA, Gaffer HE. Synthesis of New Cyanopyridine Scaffolds and their Biological Activities. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:567-575. [PMID: 32600235 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200628020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Cyanopyridine analogues are significant moieties with a variety of biological effects such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic agents. In addition, they could be applied in the treatment of several diseases. OBJECTIVE The study conducted cyclo-addition of 3a-e derivatives with malononitrile to yield the corresponding 6-(4-((3-cyano-pyridinyl) amino) phenyl)-4-phenylnicotinonitriles 4a-e. MATERIALS AND METHODS Physical and spectral analyses were performed to demonstrate the proper structures of all incorporated analogues. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the preps derivatives was investigated by testing them with a panel of pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi. The anti-tuberculosis activity was observed against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. When examining cytotoxic agents for four different cell lines, researchers found that their activity was persuasive compared with that of standard antibiotics. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the synthesized analogues was evaluated using the DPPH method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The synthesized analogues were examined to determine their activity against the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Derivatives 2c, 2e, 3d and 3e had good inhibition. Further screening was done for the highest potency against M. tuberculosis to determine the MICs. The antioxidant efficacy was evaluated via the DPPH technique matched with vitamin C as a positive control. The prospective results showed that the derivatives did not display scavenging efficacies in comparison with the standard. CONCLUSION Some synthesized derivatives displayed good potency against bacterial activity and M. Tuberculosis. However, the antioxidant performance of these derivatives did not display scavenging efficacies compared to vitamin C. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized derivatives was examined against various cell lines to display good cytotoxic activity in the order 4a-e > 2a-e > 3a-b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad O Noor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenny Jeehan Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Moustafa M G Fouda
- Pre-Treatment and Finishing of Cellulosic based Fibers Department, Textile Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Behooth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt
| | - Tawfik A Khattab
- Dyeing, Printing and Auxiliaries Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Hatem E Gaffer
- Dyeing, Printing and Auxiliaries Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Abd Elhalim MM, Ismail NSM, M Yahya SM, Omar YY, Abd Rabou AA, Lasheen DS, Zawrah MF, Elmegeed GA. Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Novel Hybrid Steroidal Heterocycles as PEG Based Nanoparticles. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1937-1946. [PMID: 28749624 PMCID: PMC5648402 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.7.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer agents featuring hybrid molecules can improve effectiveness and diminish drug resistance. The current
study aimed to introduce newly synthesized heterocyclic steroids of promising anticancer effects loaded in polyethylene
glycol (PEG)•based nanoparticles form. Several heterocyclic steroids (1-9) were synthesized via multicomponent
reactions (MCRs) and confirmed via the analytical and spectral data. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9, were investigated
individually in their free and PEG based nano-size hybrid forms as anticancer agents against three human cell lines:
hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2); breast cancer cells (MCF-7); and colon cancer cells (HCT116). The neutral red
supravital dye uptake assay was employed. Compound 6 in its PEG based nano-size form exhibited the best cytotoxic
effects against HepG2 and HCT116 cell lines, with IC50 values of 2.44 μmol/l and 2.59 μmol/l, respectively. In addition,
it demonstrated a low IC50 value against MCF-7 (3.46μmol/l) cells. This study introduced promising anticancer agents
acting through conversion into PEG-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat M Abd Elhalim
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Elmegeed GA, Yahya SMM, Abd-Elhalim MM, Mohamed MS, Mohareb RM, Elsayed GH. Evaluation of heterocyclic steroids and curcumin derivatives as anti-breast cancer agents: Studying the effect on apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Steroids 2016; 115:80-89. [PMID: 27553725 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer agents consisting of hybrid molecules are used to improve effectiveness and diminish drug resistance. The current study aimed to introduce newly synthesized hetero-steroids of promising anticancer effects. Besides, the pro-apoptotic effects of new compounds were investigated extensively. Several pyrimidino-, triazolopyrimidino-, pyridazino-, and curcumin-steroid derivatives were synthesized, elucidated and confirmed using the spectral and analytical data. The synthesized hetero-steroids, compounds 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22 and 24, were tested for their cytotoxic effects versus human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) using neutral red supravital dye uptake assay. Compound 24 (IC50=18μM) showed more inhibitory influence on MCF-7 growth. Using QRT-PCR (Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction), CCND1, Survivin, BCL-2, CDC2, P21 and P53, genes expression levels were investigated. The study results disclose that compounds 4, 7, 18, 24 knocked down the expression levels of CCND1, Survivin, BCL-2 and CDC2. However, P21 and P53 were up-regulated by compounds 21, 22. This study introduced promising pro-apoptotic anticancer agents acting through the modulation of key regulators of apoptosis and cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A Elmegeed
- Hormones Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (ID:60014618).
| | - Shaymaa M M Yahya
- Hormones Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (ID:60014618)
| | | | - Mervat S Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Biochemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rafat M Mohareb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada H Elsayed
- Hormones Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (ID:60014618)
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Abdel Reheim MAM, Abdel Hafiz IS, Elian MA. Pyrimidinethione as a building block in heterocyclic synthesis: synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine, chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidine, pyrido[3′,2′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine, and pyrimido[5′,4′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2016-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNew heterocyclic compounds with expected biological activity have been prepared by reactions of 6-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidine-4(5
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Nikonorov AA, Skalnaya MG, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV. Mutual interaction between iron homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 30:207-14. [PMID: 24916791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is identified as an important medical problem. One of the pathologic conditions observed in obesity is systemic iron deficiency and hypoferremia. Along with a large number of studies indicating disturbed iron homeostasis in obesity, recent data indicate a cause-effect relationship between iron status and obesity-related pathologies. The primary objective of the article is to consider two aspects of the iron-obesity interplay: (1) the mechanisms leading to impaired iron balance, and (2) the pathways of iron participation in obesity-related pathogenesis. While considering disturbance of iron homeostasis in obesity, a number of potential mechanisms of hypoferremia are proposed. At the same time, the inflammation of obesity and obesity-related hepcidin and lipocalin 2 hyperproduction seem to be the most probable reasons of obesity-related hypoferremia. Oversecretion of these proteins leads to iron sequestration in reticuloendothelial system cells. The latter also leads to increased adipose tissue iron content, thus producing preconditions for adverse effects of local iron overload. Being a redox-active metal, iron is capable of inducing oxidative stress as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and adipose tissue endocrine dysfunction. Iron-mediated mechanisms of toxicity may influence aspects of obesity pathogenesis possibly even leading to obesity aggravation. Thus, a mutual interaction between disturbance in iron homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis is proposed. All sides of this interaction should be considered to design new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of disturbed iron homeostasis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr A Nikonorov
- Department of Biochemistry, Orenburg State Medical Academy, Sovetskaya Street 6, Orenburg 460000, Russia.
| | - Margarita G Skalnaya
- Russian Society of Trace Elements in Medicine, Zemlyanoy Val Street 46, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Department of Biochemistry, Orenburg State Medical Academy, Sovetskaya Street 6, Orenburg 460000, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Russian Society of Trace Elements in Medicine, Zemlyanoy Val Street 46, Moscow 105064, Russia; Institute of Bioelementology (Russian Satellite Centre of Trace Element - Institute for UNESCO), Orenburg State University, Pobedy Avenue 13, Orenburg 460352, Russia
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Stulov SV, Misharin AY. Synthesis of steroids with nitrogen-containing substituents in ring D (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Guo H, Zhang G, Zhang T, He X, Wu Z, Xiao Y, Pan Y, Qiu G, Liu P, Hu X. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some 16β-azolyl-3β-amino-5α-androstane derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3662-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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ADEMILUYI A, OBOH G. ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF CONDIMENT PRODUCED FROM FERMENTED BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (VIGNA SUBTERRANEA L. VERDC). J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zengin G, Guler GO, Cakmak YS, Aktumsek A. Antioxidant capacity and fatty acid profile of Centaurea kotschyi (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek var. persica (Boiss.) Wagenitz from Turkey. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2011. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.056010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Feroci M, Chiarotto I, Rossi L, Inesi A. Activation of Elemental Sulfur by Electrogenerated Cyanomethyl Anion: Synthesis of Substituted 2-Aminothiophenes by the Gewald Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lightfoot TL, Yeager JM. Pet bird toxicity and related environmental concerns. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2008; 11:229-59, vi. [PMID: 18406386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Birds may be exposed to toxins through various sources in their everyday environment. Toxicity may occur through inhalation or oral or dermal exposures. Clinicians diagnose and treat these toxicities in an effort to correct the disease of the individual patient. Recognition of toxicity in the avian patient has further significance as it relates to the patient's environment, including the health of other animals, humans, and the ecosystem. While some toxicities, such as lead and zinc toxicosis, are well-documented in avian species, others are limited to anecdotal reports and extrapolation from other species. Continued research is needed in this area of avian medicine to expand our knowledge and improve our ability to diagnose and treat toxic conditions in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Lightfoot
- Department of Avian and Exotic Medicine, Florida Veterinary Specialists, Tampa, FL 33614, USA.
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Abdelhalim MM, el-Saidi MMT, Rabie ST, Elmegeed GA. Synthesis of novel steroidal heterocyclic derivatives as antibacterial agents. Steroids 2007; 72:459-65. [PMID: 17386937 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at the synthesis of novel structurally promising steroidal heterocycles and to elucidate the potential role of these compounds as antibacterial agents. Epi-androsterone 1 reacted with CS2 and sodium hydride in dimethylsulfoxide to yield alpha-oxoketene dithiodisodium salt 2. The non-isolable salt 2 reacted with acetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, phenacyl bromide and iodomethane to afford the corresponding alpha-oxodithioacetal derivatives 4a,b, 6 and 7, respectively. Interaction of 2 with the alkyl halide reagents 8a-d yielded the corresponding thiophene derivatives 10a-d. Alpha-oxoketene dithioacetal 7 reacted with urea and thiourea to furnish the pyrimidinoandrostane derivatives 12a,b. Compound 7 also reacted with ortho-phenylene diamine and ortho-aminophenol 13a,b to produce the dinucleophilic adducts 15a,b. The in vitro antibacterial evaluation of some newly prepared compounds showed that all compounds have high significant antibacterial activity against the used strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat M Abdelhalim
- Hormones Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
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Oboh G, Puntel R, Rocha J. Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum chinese, Habanero) prevents Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in brain – in vitro. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Oboh G, Rocha JBT. Polyphenols in red pepper [Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (Tepin)] and their protective effect on some pro-oxidants induced lipid peroxidation in brain and liver. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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