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Sun L, Nie P, Luan L, Herdewijn P, Wang YT. Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved small-molecule Anti-HIV drugs: An update. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115847. [PMID: 37801826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of chemotherapeutic agents to inhibit the HIV replication process has brought about a significant metamorphosis in the landscape of AIDS. Substantial declines in morbidity and mortality rates have been attained, accompanied by notable decreases in healthcare resource utilization. However, treatment modalities do not uniformly inhibit HIV replication in every patient, while the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains poses a substantial obstacle to subsequent therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, chronic administration of therapy may lead to the manifestation of toxicities. These challenges necessitate the exploration of novel pharmacological agents and innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at effectively managing the persistent viral replication characteristic of chronic infection. This review examines the role of clinically approved small-molecule drugs in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, which provides an in-depth analysis of the major classes of small-molecule drugs, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and pharmacokinetic enhancers. The review mainly discusses the application, synthetic routes, and mechanisms of action of small-molecule drugs employed in the treatment of HIV, as well as their use in combination with antiretroviral therapy, presenting viewpoints on forthcoming avenues in the development of novel anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Li Luan
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Tuning the release rate of rilpivirine from PLGA-based in situ forming implants. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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3
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Li G, Wang Y, De Clercq E. Approved HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the past decade. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1567-1590. [PMID: 35847492 PMCID: PMC9279714 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are the important components of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) for anti-HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis in clinical practice. Many RT inhibitors and their combination regimens have been approved in the past ten years, but a review on their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy is lacking. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of RT inhibitors (tenofovir alafenamide, rilpivirine, doravirine, dapivirine, azvudine and elsulfavirine) approved in the past decade, regarding their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy in randomized controlled trials. Novel RT inhibitors such as islatravir, MK-8504, MK-8507, MK8583, IQP-0528, and MIV-150 will be also highlighted. Future development may focus on the new generation of novel antiretroviral inhibitors with higher bioavailability, longer elimination half-life, more favorable side-effect profiles, fewer drug-drug interactions, and higher activities against circulating drug-resistant strains.
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Key Words
- 3TC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (common name, lamivudine)
- ABC, abacavir
- ATV, atazanavir
- AZT, 3′-azido-3′-deoxy-thymidine (common name, zidovudine)
- BIC, bictegravir
- CAB, cabotegravir
- CC50, the 50% cytotoxic concentration
- COBI, cobicistat
- Clinical efficacy
- DOR, doravirine
- DPV, dapivirine
- DRV, darunavir
- DTG, dolutegravir
- EACS, European AIDS Clinical Society
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- EFV, efavirenz
- ESV, elsulfavirine
- EVG, elvitegravir
- F, bioavailability
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FTC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3′-thiacytidine (common name, emtricitabine)
- HAART
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HIV treatment
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IAS-USA, International Antiviral Society-USA
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- MSM, men who have sex with men
- NNRTI
- NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- NRTI
- NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- RPV, rilpivirine
- TAF, tenofovir alafenamide
- TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
- t1/2, elimination half-life
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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4
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Ding L, Zhuang C, Chen F. Druggability modification strategies of the diarylpyrimidine-type non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1255-1290. [PMID: 33497504 DOI: 10.1002/med.21760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a hot field in medicinal chemistry community for many years. The diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) are the second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) targeting reverse transcriptase, playing a great irreplaceable role in HIV transcriptional therapy. However, fast-growing drug-resistant mutations as nonnegligible challenge are still unpredictably appeared in the clinical practice, leading to deactivate or reduce the existing drugs. In the last 20 years, more and more novel DAPY derivatives have developed with the purpose to counter the mutants. Nevertheless, most of them have dissatisfactory pharmacokinetics (PK) or poor antiviral activity toward resistant mutant strains. In this article, we will analyze the NNRTI derivatives with promising druggability, and summarize a series of druggability modification strategies to improve the antiviral activity, reduce toxicity and improve the PK properties in recent years. The prospects of DAPYs and the directions for future efforts will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Neary M, Owen A, Olagunju A. Pharmacokinetics of HIV therapies in pregnant patients: an update. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:449-461. [PMID: 32271621 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1754792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV is thought to account for over 90% of new pediatric infections, and is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes. As such ensuring further reduction in MTCT is a priority in HIV treatment and prevention programs. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide a comprehensive update on the pharmacokinetics of recently approved antiretroviral drugs and novel drug formulations and delivery systems. Alongside recent recommendations for dose adjustments, and an overview of the implications of co-infections on the pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals relevant to pregnant HIV positive patients. Additionally, potential opportunities to progress pharmacokinetic research of new treatments in this population are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION In order to improve our understanding of how to provide safe and effective treatment to HIV positive pregnant women, further work is required to enable their inclusion in early stages of clinical trials. Incentives must be created for this research, in the form of additional investment by key stakeholders and regulatory agencies. Furthermore, as the incidence of MTCT is reduced globally there is a need to conduct long-term pharmacovigilance studies in uninfected children exposed to HIV and antiretrovirals in utero, in order to determine the safest and most effective antiretroviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Neary
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Adeniyi Olagunju
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Sang Y, Han S, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Zhuang C, Chen F. Ligand-Based Design of Nondimethylphenyl-Diarylpyrimidines with Improved Metabolic Stability, Safety, and Oral Pharmacokinetic Profiles. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11430-11436. [PMID: 31714780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of nondimethylphenyl-diarylpyrimidines with much lower cytotoxicities than their dimethyl analogues were developed. Compound B13 with a difluorobiphenyl moiety showed the highest antiviral activity against WT, mutant strains, and RT. The hydrochloride form of B13 exhibited an improved water solubility of 5.6 μg/mL compared with ETR (≪1 μg/mL), better stability in human and rat liver microsomes, and a great oral bioavailability of 44%, making it promising as a drug candidate. In addition, no apparent toxicity was observed in the acute toxicity assay (2 g/kg) and HE staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Sang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Han
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research , KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research , KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Zhejiang University of Technology , 18 Chao Wang Road , 310014 Hangzhou , China
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7
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Wang Y, De Clercq E, Li G. Current and emerging non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for HIV-1 treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:813-829. [PMID: 31556749 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1673367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are essential components of highly active antiretroviral therapy against HIV-1 infections. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of approved and emerging NNRTIs. Areas covered: This review covers the latest trend of NNRTIs regarding their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of drug action, drug resistance as well as new applications such as two-drug regimens and long-acting formulations. Expert opinion: Since the first NNRTI, nevirapine, was approved in 1996, antiviral drug discovery led to the approval of seven NNRTIs, including nevirapine, delavirdine (discontinued), etravirine, elsulfavirine, efavirenz, rilpivirine, and doravirine. The latter three compounds with favorable pharmacodynamic profiles and minimal adverse effects are often combined with one integrase inhibitor or two NRTIs in once-daily fixed-dose tablets. NNRTI-anchored regimens have been approved as initial therapies in treatment-naïve patients (efficacy: 72% to 86%) or maintaining therapies in virologically-suppressed patients (efficacy: 91% to 95%). Future development of NNRTIs includes: (i) better resistance and cross-resistance profiles; (ii) reduction of drug burden by optimizing two-drug or three-drug combinations; and (iii) improvement of patient adherence by novel long-acting formulations with weekly or monthly administration. Overall, NNRTIs play an important role in the management of HIV-1 infections, especially in resource-limited countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
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8
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Romeo R, Iannazzo D, Veltri L, Gabriele B, Macchi B, Frezza C, Marino-Merlo F, Giofrè SV. Pyrimidine 2,4-Diones in the Design of New HIV RT Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:E1718. [PMID: 31052607 PMCID: PMC6539630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrimidine nucleus is a versatile core in the development of antiretroviral agents. On this basis, a series of pyrimidine-2,4-diones linked to an isoxazolidine nucleus have been synthesized and tested as nucleoside analogs, endowed with potential anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) activity. Compounds 6a-c, characterized by the presence of an ethereal group at C-3, show HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor activity in the nanomolar range as well as HIV-infection inhibitor activity in the low micromolar with no toxicity. In the same context, compound 7b shows only a negligible inhibition of RT HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali, Università di Messina, Via S.S. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Contrada Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Lucia Veltri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e tecnologie chimiche, Università della Calabria,Via P. Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Dipartimento di Chimica e tecnologie chimiche, Università della Calabria,Via P. Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Caterina Frezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | | | - Salvatore V Giofrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali, Università di Messina, Via S.S. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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9
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Kini SG, Rathi E, Kumar A, Bhat V. Potentials of Diphenyl Ether Scaffold as a Therapeutic Agent: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1392-1406. [PMID: 30864517 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190312150132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diphenyl ethers (DPE) and its analogs have exhibited excellent potential for therapeutic and industrial applications. Since the 19th century, intensive research is perpetuating on the synthetic routes and biological properties of DPEs. Few well-known DPEs are Nimesulide, Fenclofenac, Triclosan, Sorafenib, MK-4965, and MK-1439 which have shown the potential of this moiety as a lead scaffold for different pharmacological properties. In this review, we recapitulate the diverse synthetic route of DPE moiety inclusive of merits and demerits over the classical synthetic route and how this moiety sparked an interest in researchers to discern the SAR (Structure Activity Relationship) for the development of diversified biological properties of DPEs such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiinflammatory & antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarna G Kini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ekta Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Varadaraj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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10
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Čechová L, Dejmek M, Baszczyňski O, Šaman D, Gao L, Hu E, Stepan G, Jansa P, Janeba Z, Šimon P. Synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of substituted ( o,o-difluorophenyl)-linked-pyrimidines as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Chem Chemother 2019; 27:2040206619826265. [PMID: 30788976 PMCID: PMC6376552 DOI: 10.1177/2040206619826265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the worldwide number of human immunodeficiency virus positive patients stagnant and the increasing emergence of viral strains resistant to current treatment, the development of novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug candidates is a perpetual quest of medicinal chemists. Herein, we report a novel group of diarylpyrimidines, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which represents an important class of current anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy. Series of diarylpyrimidines containing o,o-difluorophenyl (A-arm), 4-cyanophenylamino (B-arm), and a small substituent (e.g. NH2, OMe) at positions 2, 4, and 6 of the pyrimidine ring were prepared. The A-arm was modified in the para position (F or OMe) and linked to the central pyrimidine core with a variable spacer (CO, O, NH). Antiviral activities of 20 compounds were measured against wild type human immunodeficiency virus-1 and mutant reverse transcriptase strains (K103N, Y181C) using a cytoprotection assay. To the most promising structural motives belong the o,o-difluoro-p-methoxy A-arm in position 4, and the amino group in position 6 of pyrimidine. Single digit nanomolar activities with no significant toxicity (CC50 > 17,000 nM) were found for compounds 35 (EC50 = 2 nM), 37 (EC50 = 3 nM), and 13 (EC50 = 4 nM) having O, NH, and CO linkers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Čechová
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Liping Gao
- 2 Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, USA
| | - Eric Hu
- 2 Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, USA
| | | | - Petr Jansa
- 2 Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimon
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission (HIV PrEP) has been widely successful as demonstrated by a number of clinical trials. However, studies have also demonstrated the need for patients to tightly adhere to oral dosing regimens in order to maintain protective plasma and tissue concentrations. This is especially true for women, who experience less forgiveness from dose skipping than men in clinical trials of HIV PrEP. There is increasing interest in long-acting (LA), user-independent forms of HIV PrEP that could overcome this adherence challenge. These technologies have taken multiple forms including LA injectables and implantables. Phase III efficacy trials are ongoing for a LA injectable candidate for HIV PrEP. This review will focus on the design considerations for both LA injectable and implantable platforms for HIV PrEP. Additionally, we have summarized the existing LA technologies currently in clinical and pre-clinical studies for HIV PrEP as well as other technologies that have been applied to HIV PrEP and contraceptives. Our discussion will focus on the potential application of these technologies in low resource areas, and their use in global women's health.
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12
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Valuev-Elliston VT, Kochetkov SN. Novel HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Combinatorial Approach. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [PMID: 29523068 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is one of the most effective means for fighting against HIV-infection. HAART primarily targets HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), and 14 of 28 compounds approved by the FDA as anti-HIV drugs act on this enzyme. HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) hold a special place among HIV RT inhibitors owing to their high specificity and unique mode of action. Nonetheless, these drugs show a tendency to decrease their efficacy due to high HIV-1 variability and formation of resistant virus strains tolerant to clinically applied HIV NNRTIs. A combinatorial approach based on varying substituents within various fragments of the parent molecule that results in development of highly potent compounds is one of the approaches aimed at designing novel HIV NNRTIs. Generation of HIV NNRTIs based on pyrimidine derivatives explicitly exemplifies this approach, which is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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13
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Novel (2,6-difluorophenyl)(2-(phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)methanones with restricted conformation as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against HIV-1. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:185-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Gu SX, Xue P, Ju XL, Zhu YY. Advances in rationally designed dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5007-5016. [PMID: 27658796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) are two indispensable enzymes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. RT is responsible for the transformation of the single-stranded RNA viral genome into double-stranded DNA, and IN catalyzes the integration of viral DNA into the host DNA. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) combining nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTIs) with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or protease inhibitors (PIs) could suppress successfully HIV viral load and reduce evidently the mortality of HIV infected people, it involves the difficulty of perfect adherence, and other drawbacks such as viral rebound, toxicities and multi-drug resistances. Recently, rational drug design has become a dominant technique for the development of multi-target drugs. And the rationally designed dual inhibitors of HIV-1 RT and IN have become a hot topic of anti-HIV research. In this review, the advances in rationally designed dual inhibitors of HIV-1 RT and IN were summarized, including structurally diverse inhibitors, their structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies as well as binding mode analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xiu-Lian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
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15
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Guirado A, Alarcón E, Vicente Y, Andreu R, Bautista D, Gálvez J. A new convenient synthetic approach to diarylpyrimidines. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Geisman AN, Valuev-Elliston VT, Ozerov AA, Khandazhinskaya AL, Chizhov AO, Kochetkov SN, Pannecouque C, Naesens L, Seley-Radtke KL, Novikov MS. 1,6-Bis[(benzyloxy)methyl]uracil derivatives-Novel antivirals with activity against HIV-1 and influenza H1N1 virus. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2476-2485. [PMID: 27112451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,6-bis[(benzyloxy)methyl]uracil derivatives combining structural features of both diphenyl ether and pyridone types of NNRTIs were synthesized. Target compounds were found to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase at micro- and submicromolar levels of concentrations and exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity in MT-4 cell culture, demonstrating resistance profile similar to first generation NNRTIs. The synthesized compounds also showed profound activity against influenza virus (H1N1) in MDCK cell culture without detectable cytotoxicity. The lead compound of this assay appeared to exceed rimantadine, amantadine, ribavirin and oseltamivir carboxylate in activity. The mechanism of action of 1,6-bis[(benzyloxy)methyl]uracils against influenza virus is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Geisman
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov Sq., 1, Volgograd 400131, Russia
| | - Vladimir T Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilov Str., 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander A Ozerov
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov Sq., 1, Volgograd 400131, Russia
| | - Anastasia L Khandazhinskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilov Str., 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilov Str., 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov Sq., 1, Volgograd 400131, Russia
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Ariën KK, Venkatraj M, Michiels J, Joossens J, Vereecken K, Van der Veken P, Heeres J, De Winter H, Heyndrickx L, Augustyns K, Vanham G. Resistance and cross-resistance profile of the diaryltriazine NNRTI and candidate microbicide UAMC01398. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1159-68. [PMID: 26850721 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The resistance development, cross-resistance to other NNRTIs and the impact of resistance on viral replicative fitness were studied for the new and potent NNRTI UAMC01398. METHODS Resistance was selected by dose escalation and by single high-dose selection against a comprehensive panel of NNRTIs used as therapeutics and NNRTIs under investigation for pre-exposure prophylaxis of sexual HIV transmission. A panel of 27 site-directed mutants with single mutations or combinations of mutations involved in reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor-mediated resistance was developed and used to confirm resistance to UAMC01398. Cross-resistance to other NNRTIs was assessed, as well as susceptibility of UAMC01398-resistant HIV to diarylpyrimidine-resistant viruses. Finally, the impact of UAMC01398 resistance on HIV replicative fitness was studied. RESULTS We showed that UAMC01398 has potent activity against dapivirine-resistant HIV, that at least four mutations in the RT are required in concert for resistance and that the resistance profile is similar to rilpivirine, both genotypically and phenotypically. Resistance development to UAMC01398 is associated with a severe fitness cost. CONCLUSIONS These data, together with the enhanced safety profile and good solubility in aqueous gels, make UAMC01398 an excellent candidate for HIV topical prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Muthusamy Venkatraj
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Michiels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katleen Vereecken
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Heeres
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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18
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Wu HQ, Yao J, He QQ, Chen WX, Chen FE, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Daelemans D. Synthesis and biological evaluation of DAPY–DPEs hybrids as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:624-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Liu Y, Meng G, Zheng A, Chen F, Chen W, Clercq ED, Pannecouque C, Balzarini J. Design and synthesis of a new series of cyclopropylamino-linking diarylpyrimidines as HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Meng G, Liu Y, Zheng A, Chen F, Chen W, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Balzarini J. Design and synthesis of a new series of modified CH-diarylpyrimidines as drug-resistant HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:600-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Jiang JA, Du JL, Zhang ZN, Zhai JJ, Ji YF. Environmentally Friendly and Highly Efficient Co(OAc) 2-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation to Access 2,6-Di-Electron-Donating Group Substituted 4-Hydroxybenzaldehydes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.813052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-An Jiang
- a School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Jia-Lei Du
- a School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhong-Nan Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Zhai
- a School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Ya-Fei Ji
- a School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
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22
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Yan ZH, Huang XY, Wu HQ, Chen WX, He QQ, Chen FE, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C. Structural modifications of CH(OH)-DAPYs as new HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2535-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Ripamonti D, Bombana E, Rizzi M. Rilpivirine: drug profile of a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase HIV-inhibitor. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 12:13-29. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.863708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Quantitative structure–activity relationship studies of diarylpyrimidine derivatives as anti-HIV drugs using new three-dimensional structure descriptors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Guirado A, Alarcón E, Vicente Y, Andreu R. A new improved method for the synthesis of 2,4-diarylpyrimidines starting from 2,2,2-trichloroethylideneacetophenones. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Ariën KK, Venkatraj M, Michiels J, Joossens J, Vereecken K, Van der Veken P, Abdellati S, Cuylaerts V, Crucitti T, Heyndrickx L, Heeres J, Augustyns K, Lewi PJ, Vanham G. Diaryltriazine non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are potent candidates for pre-exposure prophylaxis in the prevention of sexual HIV transmission. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2038-47. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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27
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Novikov MS, Valuev-Elliston VT, Babkov DA, Paramonova MP, Ivanov AV, Gavryushov SA, Khandazhinskaya AL, Kochetkov SN, Pannecouque C, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Balzarini J, Seley-Radtke KL. N1,N3-disubstituted uracils as nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1150-8. [PMID: 23357038 PMCID: PMC7125863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenyloxyethyl and cinnamyl derivatives of substituted uracils were synthesized and found to exhibit potent activity against HIV-RT and HIV replication in cell culture. In general, the cinnamyl derivatives proved superior to the phenyloxyethyl derivatives, however 1-[2-(4-methylphenoxy)ethyl]-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracil (19) exhibited the highest activity (EC(50)=0.27 μM) thus confirming that the 3-benzyluracil fragment in the NNRTI structure can be regarded as a functional analogue of the benzophenone pharmacophore typically found in NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Novikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov Sq., 1, Volgograd 400131, Russia
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28
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Matyugina ES, Valuev-Elliston VT, Babkov DA, Novikov MS, Ivanov AV, Kochetkov SN, Balzarini J, Seley-Radtke KL, Khandazhinskaya AL. 5′-Nor carbocyclic nucleosides: unusual nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Venkatraj M, Ariën KK, Heeres J, Joossens J, Messagie J, Michiels J, Van der Veken P, Vanham G, Lewi PJ, Augustyns K. Synthesis, evaluation and structure–activity relationships of triazine dimers as novel antiviral agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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De Clercq E. Where rilpivirine meets with tenofovir, the start of a new anti-HIV drug combination era. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Patel N, Miller CD. New option for management of HIV-1 infection in treatment-naive patients: once-daily, fixed-dose combination of rilpivirine-emtricitabine-tenofovir. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2012; 4:61-71. [PMID: 22570576 PMCID: PMC3346062 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s25149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fixed-dose combination tablets have become an important therapy option for patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Fixed-dose combination rilpivirine-tenofovir-emtricitabine is a recently approved therapy option that has been extensively studied within the treatment-naïve population. When compared with efavirenz-based therapy, improved tolerability with rilpivirine-based therapy was balanced by higher rates of virologic failure to provide similar overall efficacy rates within the intention-to-treat analysis. As a result, providers will need to balance the potential for improved tolerability with fixed-dose combination rilpivirine-tenofovir-emtricitabine against a higher potential for virologic failure, particularly among patients with baseline viral loads above 100,000 copies/mL. Current treatment guidelines have recommended that fixed-dose combination rilpivirine-tenofovir-emtricitabine be an alternative therapy option for treatment-naïve patients and advise caution in those patients with high viral loads at baseline. Similar to other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens, there are a number of drug interaction concerns with fixed-dose combination rilpivirine-tenofovir-emtricitabine that will necessitate monitoring and, in some cases, appropriate management. Additionally, the emergence of drug resistance to fixed-dose combination rilpivirine-tenofovir-emtricitabine has been well documented in clinical studies and close attention will be necessary in order to protect current and future therapy options. Overall, fixed-dose combination rilpivirine-tenofovir-emtricitabine is poised to provide an important therapy option for patients when appropriately applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimish Patel
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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32
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Romeo R, Giofrè SV, Macchi B, Balestrieri E, Mastino A, Merino P, Carnovale C, Romeo G, Chiacchio U. Truncated Reverse Isoxazolidinyl Nucleosides: A New Class of Allosteric HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:565-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cycloalkyl arylpyrimidines (CAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7093-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Venkatraj M, Ariën KK, Heeres J, Dirié B, Joossens J, Van Goethem S, Van der Veken P, Michiels J, Vande Velde CM, Vanham G, Lewi PJ, Augustyns K. Novel diarylpyridinones, diarylpyridazinones and diarylphthalazinones as potential HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5924-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Ma XD, Yang SQ, Gu SX, He QQ, Chen FE, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Aryl-2-[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]-4-pyrimidinone hydrazones as Potent Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2225-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Gu SX, He QQ, Yang SQ, Ma XD, Chen FE, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel diarylpyrimidines with hydromethyl linker (CH(OH)-DAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5117-24. [PMID: 21824782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 26 diarylpyrimidines, characterized by the hydroxymethyl linker between the left wing benzene ring and the central pyrimidine, were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anti-HIV activity. Most of the compounds exhibited moderate to excellent activities against wild-type HIV-1. Among them, compound 10i, bearing a chlorine atom at the C-2 position of left benzene ring, was the best congener and showed potent activity against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 0.009 μM, along with moderate activities against the double RT mutant (K103N+Y181C) HIV-1(III(B)) and HIV-2(ROD) with an EC(50) value of 6.2 and 6.0 μM, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this new series of compounds was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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37
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De Clercq E. From TIBO to Rilpivirine: The Chronicle of the Discovery of the Ideal Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor. ANTIVIRAL DRUG STRATEGIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527635955.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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38
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Zhan P, Chen X, Li D, Fang Z, De Clercq E, Liu X. HIV-1 NNRTIs: structural diversity, pharmacophore similarity, and implications for drug design. Med Res Rev 2011; 33 Suppl 1:E1-72. [PMID: 21523792 DOI: 10.1002/med.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nowadays represent very potent and most promising anti-AIDS agents that specifically target the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). However, the effectiveness of NNRTI drugs can be hampered by rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses and severe side effects upon long-term use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, highly potent NNRTIs with broad spectrum antiviral activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, and more efficient strategies that facilitate and shorten the drug discovery process would be extremely beneficial. Fortunately, the structural diversity of NNRTIs provided a wide space for novel lead discovery, and the pharmacophore similarity of NNRTIs gave valuable hints for lead discovery and optimization. More importantly, with the continued efforts in the development of computational tools and increased crystallographic information on RT/NNRTI complexes, structure-based approaches using a combination of traditional medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and computational chemistry are being used increasingly in the design of NNRTIs. First, this review covers two decades of research and development for various NNRTI families based on their chemical scaffolds, and then describes the structural similarity of NNRTIs. We have attempted to assemble a comprehensive overview of the general approaches in NNRTI lead discovery and optimization reported in the literature during the last decade. The successful applications of medicinal chemistry strategies, crystallography, and computational tools for designing novel NNRTIs are highlighted. Future directions for research are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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39
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Tian X, Qin B, Wu Z, Wang X, Lu H, Morris-Natschke SL, Chen CH, Jiang S, Lee KH, Xie L. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of diarylpyridines and diarylanilines as potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8287-97. [PMID: 21049929 DOI: 10.1021/jm100738d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the structures and activities of our previously identified non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), we designed and synthesized two sets of derivatives, diarylpyridines (A) and diarylanilines (B), and tested their anti-HIV-1 activity against infection by HIV-1 NL4-3 and IIIB in TZM-bl and MT-2 cells, respectively. The results showed that most compounds exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity with low nanomolar EC50 values, and some of them, such as 13m, 14c, and 14e, displayed high potency with subnanomolar EC50 values, which were more potent than etravirine (TMC125, 1) in the same assays. Notably, these compounds were also highly effective against infection by multi-RTI-resistant strains, suggesting a high potential to further develop these compounds as a novel class of NNRTIs with improved antiviral efficacy and resistance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Tian
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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40
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Zeng ZS, Liang YH, Feng XQ, Chen FE, Pannecouque C, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Lead optimization of diarylpyrimidines as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:837-40. [PMID: 20333620 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Sen Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, RR China
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41
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La Regina G, Coluccia A, Silvestri R. Looking for an active conformation of the future HIV type-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Chem Chemother 2010; 20:213-37. [PMID: 20710063 DOI: 10.3851/imp1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV type-1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are key drugs of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the clinical management of AIDS/HIV infection. NNRTI-based HAART regimes effectively suppress viral reproduction, are not cytotoxic and show favourable pharmacokinetic properties. First-generation NNRTIs suffer the rapid selection of viral variants, hampering the binding of inhibitors into the reverse transcriptase (RT) non-nucleoside binding site (NNBS). Efforts to improve these first inhibitors led to the discovery of second-generation NNRTIs that proved to be effective against the drug-resistant mutant HIV-1 strains. The success of such agents launched a new season of NNRTI design and synthesis. This paper reviews the characteristics of second-generation NNRTIs, including etravirine, rilpivirine, RDEA-806, UK-453061, BIRL 355 BS, IDX 899, MK-4965 and HBY 097. In particular, the binding modes of these inhibitors into the NNBS of the HIV-1 RT and the most clinically relevant mutant RTs are analysed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Regina
- Department of Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Qin B, Jiang X, Lu H, Tian X, Barbault F, Huang L, Qian K, Chen CH, Huang R, Jiang S, Lee KH, Xie L. Diarylaniline derivatives as a distinct class of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4906-16. [PMID: 20527972 DOI: 10.1021/jm1002952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By using structure-based drug design and isosteric replacement, diarylaniline and 1,5-diarylbenzene-1,2-diamine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated against wild type HIV-1 and drug-resistant viral strains, resulting in the discovery of diarylaniline derivatives as a distinct class of next-generation HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) agents. The most promising compound 37 showed significant EC(50) values of 0.003-0.032 microM against HIV-1 wild-type strains and of 0.005-0.604 microM against several drug-resistant strains. Current results also revealed important structure-activity relationship (SAR) conclusions for diarylanilines and strongly support our hypothesis that an NH(2) group on the central benzene ring ortho to the aniline moiety is crucial for interaction with K101 of the NNRTI binding site in HIV-1 RT, likely by forming H-bonds with K101. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies with molecular mechanism/general Born surface area (MM/GBSA) technology demonstrated the rationality of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Qin
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 2-naphthyl substituted DAPY analogues as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:4601-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Feng XQ, Zeng ZS, Liang YH, Chen FE, Pannecouque C, Balzarini J, Clercq ED. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(hydroxyimino)arylmethyl diarylpyrimidine analogues as potential non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against HIV. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2370-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pharmacokinetics and disposition of rilpivirine (TMC278) nanosuspension as a long-acting injectable antiretroviral formulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2042-50. [PMID: 20160045 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01529-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The next-generation human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine (TMC278) was administered in rats and dogs as single intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injections, formulated as a 200-nm nanosuspension. The plasma pharmacokinetics, injection site concentrations, disposition to lymphoid tissues, and tolerability were evaluated in support of its potential use as a once-monthly antiretroviral agent in humans. Rilpivirine plasma concentration-time profiles showed sustained and dose-proportional release over 2 months in rats and over 6 months in dogs. The absolute bioavailability approached 100%, indicating a complete release from the depot, in spite of rilpivirine concentrations still being high at the injection site(s) 3 months after administration in dogs. For both species, IM administration was associated with higher initial peak plasma concentrations and a more rapid washout than SC administration, which resulted in a stable plasma-concentration profile over at least 6 weeks in dogs. The rilpivirine concentrations in the lymph nodes draining the IM injection site exceeded the plasma concentrations by over 100-fold 1 month after administration, while the concentrations in the lymphoid tissues decreased to 3- to 6-fold the plasma concentrations beyond 3 months. These observations suggest uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages, which generates secondary depots in these lymph nodes. Both SC and IM injections were generally well tolerated and safe, with observations of a transient inflammatory response at the injection site. The findings support clinical investigations of rilpivirine nanosuspension as a long-acting formulation to improve adherence during antiretroviral therapy and for preexposure prophylaxis.
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Leenders R, Heeres J, Guillemont J, Lewi P. A novel route to 2,4-dianilino-substituted pyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Adams J, Patel N, Mankaryous N, Tadros M, Miller CD. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance and the role of the second-generation agents. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 44:157-65. [PMID: 19996323 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1m359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current state of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance, discuss the promising role of second-generation NNRTIs, and provide insight into their clinical utility. DATA SOURCES Articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE (May 2000-August 2009) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (May 1998-August 2009), using the key words etravirine, rilpivirine, TMC125, TMC278, diarylpyrimidine, NNRTI, and resistance. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Clinical trials, resistance studies, and pharmacokinetic data were selected for review. DATA SYNTHESIS NNRTIs are an integral class of antiretroviral agents utilized for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. These agents have become preferred therapy options for treatment-naïve individuals per treatment guideline recommendations and have gained increased popularity over protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. However, available NNRTIs possess inherent characteristics, such as low genetic barrier to resistance and high degree of cross-resistance, that limit their use in HIV therapy. Due to the growing utilization of this highly efficacious antiretroviral class and the increased capability for resistance development, many HIV-infected patients have experienced treatment failure of an NNRTI. Cross-resistance makes other first-generation NNRTI agents unavailable for future use. Etravirine and rilpivirine are second-generation NNRTIs that are not significantly hampered by cross-resistance and possess potent antiretroviral activity against current NNRTI-resistant viral strains. These agents provide new and important therapy options for many HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS NNRTI resistance is an increasing problem that may impair the chances for therapeutic success in HIV-infected patients. Novel agents such as etravirine and rilpivirine provide new, sensitive options for patients and significantly improve the rate of virologic suppression when appropriately applied.
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Liang YH, Feng XQ, Zeng ZS, Chen FE, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E. Design, Synthesis, and SAR of Naphthyl-Substituted Diarylpyrimidines as Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1537-45. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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De Clercq E. Another ten stories in antiviral drug discovery (part C): "Old" and "new" antivirals, strategies, and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:611-45. [PMID: 19260077 DOI: 10.1002/med.20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ten stories told here deal with (i) ribavirin as an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase and (ii) ribavirin, in combination with pegylated interferon, as the present "standard of care" for hepatitis C; (iii) S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors as antiviral agents; (iv) new adamantadine derivatives for the treatment of influenza A virus infections; (v) 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines (i.e. IDU, TFT) for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections; (vi) acyclic guanosine analogues (e.g. acyclovir) for the treatment of HSV infections; (vii) OMP decarboxylase inhibitors (i.e. pyrazofurin) and CTP synthetase inhibitors (i.e. cyclopentenylcytosine) as possible antiviral agents; (viii) the future of cidofovir (and alkoxyalkyl esters thereof) and ST-246 as potential antipoxvirus agents; (ix) the two decade journey from tivirapine to rilpivirine in the ultimate therapy of HIV infections; and (x) the extension of the therapeutic application of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread) to the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection, in addition to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Baert L, van 't Klooster G, Dries W, François M, Wouters A, Basstanie E, Iterbeke K, Stappers F, Stevens P, Schueller L, Van Remoortere P, Kraus G, Wigerinck P, Rosier J. Development of a long-acting injectable formulation with nanoparticles of rilpivirine (TMC278) for HIV treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72:502-8. [PMID: 19328850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting parenteral formulations of antiretrovirals could facilitate maintenance and prophylactic treatment in HIV. Using the poorly water- and oil-soluble non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) TMC278 (rilpivirine) as base or hydrochloride (HCl), nanosuspensions were prepared by wet milling (Elan NanoCrystal technology) in an aqueous carrier. Laser diffraction showed that the average particles size were (1) close to the targeted size proportionality (200-400-800 nm), with increasing distributions the larger the average particle size, and (2) were stable over 6 months. Following single-dose administration, the plasma concentration profiles showed sustained release of TMC278 over 3 months in dogs and 3 weeks in mice. On comparison of intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of 5mg/kg (200 nm) in dogs, the subcutaneous route resulted in the most stable plasma levels (constant at 25 ng/mL for 20 days, after which levels declined slowly to 1-3 ng/mL at 3 months); 200 nm nanosuspensions achieved higher and less variable plasma concentration profiles than 400 and 800 nm nanosuspensions. In mice, the pharmacokinetic profiles after a single 20mg/kg dose (200 nm) were similar with two different surfactants used (poloxamer 338, or d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate). In conclusion, this study provides proof-of-concept that 200-nm sized TMC278 nanosuspensions may act as long-acting injectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Baert
- Tibotec bvba, Gen. De Wittelaan L11B 3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium.
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