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Bhardwaj A, Jaiswal S, Verma K, Bhardwaj K, Sharma M, Jain S, Dwivedi J, Sharma S. Green Synthesis and Biological Aspect of Seven-Membered Azepine Hybrids: A Recent Update". CHEM REC 2025; 25:e202400156. [PMID: 39803800 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 12/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Seven-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles, particularly azepine-based compounds, represent an intriguing class of molecules with vast arrays of applications. These compounds have garnered considerable attention in synthetic and medicinal chemistry due to their non-planar, non-aromatic features, which offer structural flexibility and diversity to design new drugs with improved pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthesis of azepine derivatives, including eco-friendly methodologies that align with the principles of green chemistry, which emphasize atom economy, sustainability, and waste reduction. Besides, the present article highlights diverse biological activities, viz. anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of azepine derivatives. Additionally, the review discusses key aspects such as molecular docking studies, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and mode of action evident through preclinical and clinical trials. The information presented in the current review article would assist researchers in designing and developing novel azepine-based leads for varied therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Kanika Verma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Manali Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonika Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
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Dorababu A. Update of Recently (2016–2020) Designed Azepine Analogs and Related Heterocyclic Compounds with Potent Pharmacological Activities. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2041677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Hamid AMA, Assy MG, Farid W, El-Azim MHMA. Functionalization of 2-Amino-6-thioxouracil as a Precursor for
the Synthesis of Some Novel Pyrimidine Heterocycles. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221050212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Synthesis of new hexahydropyrimido[1,2- a]azepine derivatives bearing functionalized aryl and heterocyclic moieties as anti-inflammatory agents. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:625-641. [PMID: 33624540 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New hexahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine derivatives bearing functionalized aryl and heterocyclic moieties were synthesized as anti-inflammatory agents with better safety profiles. All synthesized compounds were assessed in vitro for their COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition activities. The most selective compounds, 2f, 5 and 6, were further evaluated for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and PGE2 inhibitory activity. To rationalize their selectivity, molecular docking within COX-1 and COX-2 binding sites was performed. Their physicochemical properties and drug-like nature profile were also calculated. The good activity and selectivity of compounds 2f, 5 and 6 were rationalized using a molecular docking study and supported by in vivo studies. These promising findings are encouraging for performing future investigations of these derivatives.
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5
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Molecular docking and synthesis of caffeic acid analogous and its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenic studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 33:127743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Alizadeh A, Bagherinejad A. Synthesis of 2‐
O
‐Functionalized‐5‐salicyloyl Pyridine Derivatives Catalyzed by 2‐Mercaptobenzimidazole. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolali Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Akram Bagherinejad
- Department of Chemistry Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
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Shehta W, Hamid AMA. Heterocyclization of a Thiouracil Derivative as a Synthetic Entry to Novel Condensed Pyrimidines of Biological Interest. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Redzicka A, Szczukowski Ł, Kochel A, Wiatrak B, Gębczak K, Czyżnikowska Ż. COX-1/COX-2 inhibition activities and molecular docking study of newly designed and synthesized pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole Mannich bases. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3918-3928. [PMID: 31345747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper we describe the biological activity of newly designed and synthesized series of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole Mannich bases (7a-n). The Mannich bases were obtained in good yields by one-pot, three-component condensation of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole scaffold (6a-c) with secondary amines and an excess of formaldehyde solution in C2H5OH. The chemical structures of the compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and elemental analysis. Moreover, single crystal X-ray diffraction has been recorded for compound 7l. All synthesized derivatives were investigated for their potencies to inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes by colorimetric inhibitor screening assay. In order to analyse the intermolecular interactions between theligands and cyclooxygenase, experimental data were supported with the results of molecular docking simulations. According to the results, all of the tested compounds inhibited the activity of COX-1 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Redzicka
- Department of Chemistry of Drugs, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Szczukowski
- Department of Chemistry of Drugs, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kochel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 54-234, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gębczak
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Żaneta Czyżnikowska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
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Maddili SK, Chowrasia R, Kannekanti VK, Gandham H. 1,3-Di-n-butylimidazolium tribromide [BBim]Br 3: An efficient recyclable catalyst mediated synthesis of N-substituted azepines and their biological evaluation-interaction study with human serum albumin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:101-107. [PMID: 29128705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A majority of previously reported methods suffer from insufficient yields as well as more complicated experimental procedures, a smaller amount of isolated yields involving time-consuming and tiresome work-up with the use of metal catalyst and restricted scope of substrates. To overcome these issues, an environmentally benign, ionic liquid endorsed multi-component protocol to N-substituted azepines has been exploited by means of coupling aromatic amines, dimethyl/diethyl acetylene dicarboxylate, 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran using 1,3-Di-n-butylimidazolium tribromide [BBim]Br3. The catalyst can be recycled and reused for subsequent reactions. The reactivated ionic liquid could be further reused twice as an accelerator All the synthesized compounds were further screened for their antimicrobial properties against three gram positive, four gram negative, and five fungal strains with chloromycin, norflaxacin, and fluconazole as reference drugs. Most of the tested compounds presented significant potency, especially, compound 4e displayed significant antibacterial activity (MIC=1-16μg/mL) whereas compound 4k showed momentous antifungal efficacy (MIC=2-32μg/mL). In addition binding behavior of compound 4e was investigated by binding study between calf thymus DNA and compound 4e by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy and further research about HSA interactions were carried out. The observed wavelength showed a constancy thus revealing the occurrence of non-covalent π-π stacking interactions of compound 4e and HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha K Maddili
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, AUCE (A), Andhra University, Vishakapatnam 530 003, India
| | - Rakhi Chowrasia
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500004, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Kannekanti
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, AUCE (A), Andhra University, Vishakapatnam 530 003, India; Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Himabindu Gandham
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, AUCE (A), Andhra University, Vishakapatnam 530 003, India.
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Kauthale S, Tekale S, Damale M, Sangshetti J, Pawar R. Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking, and ADMET studies of some isoxazole-based amides. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ramesh N, Gangadhara Rao M, Vasu Babu A, Nagababu P, Umamaheswara Rao V, Hari Babu B. Synthesis, antibacterial activity, and docking studies of some novel N′-benzylidene-2-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)acetohydrazides. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-2864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nazarbahjat N, Kadir FA, Ariffin A, Abdulla MA, Abdullah Z, Yehye WA. Antioxidant Properties and Gastroprotective Effects of 2-(Ethylthio)Benzohydrazones on Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156022. [PMID: 27272221 PMCID: PMC4896442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of new 2-(ethylthio)benzohydrazone derivatives (1-6) were prepared and characterised by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The newly prepared compounds were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activities using free radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Among them, most powerful antioxidant, compound 1 has been selected in order to illustrate anti-ulcer effect on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were respectively treated with 10% Tween 20 as ulcer control group, 20 mg/kg omeprazole as reference group, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg compound 1 as experimental animals. Macroscopically, ulcer control group showed extensive hemorrhagic lesions of gastric mucosa compared with omeprazole or compound 1. Rats pre-treated with compound 1 showed increased in gastric pH and gastric mucus. Histologically, ulcer control group showed severe damage to gastric mucosa with edema and leucocytes infiltration of submucosal layer. In immunohistochemical analysis, rats which were pre-treated with compound 1 showed up-regulation of HSP70 and down-regulation of Bax proteins. In conclusion, the gastroprotective effect of compound 1 may be due to its antioxidant activity, and/or due to up-regulation of HSP70 and down-regulation of Bax protein in stained tissue section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafal Nazarbahjat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farkaad A. Kadir
- Division of Human Biology, Faculty of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Ariffin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood A. Abdulla
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zanariah Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wageeh A. Yehye
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Block 3A, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Roman G. Mannich bases in medicinal chemistry and drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:743-816. [PMID: 25462280 PMCID: PMC7115492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The biological activity of Mannich bases, a structurally heterogeneous class of chemical compounds that are generated from various substrates through the introduction of an aminomethyl function by means of the Mannich reaction, is surveyed, with emphasis on the relationship between structure and biological activity. The review covers extensively the literature reports that have disclosed Mannich bases as anticancer and cytotoxic agents, or compounds with potential antibacterial and antifungal activity in the last decade. The most relevant studies on the activity of Mannich bases as antimycobacterial agents, antimalarials, or antiviral candidates have been included as well. The review contains also a thorough coverage of anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of Mannich bases. In addition, several minor biological activities of Mannich bases, such as their ability to regulate blood pressure or inhibit platelet aggregation, their antiparasitic and anti-ulcer effects, as well as their use as agents for the treatment of mental disorders have been presented. The review gives in the end a brief overview of the potential of Mannich bases as inhibitors of various enzymes or ligands for several receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Roman
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Polymers, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Vodă, Iaşi 700487, Romania.
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Meng N, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ma K, Zhao J, Tang G. Experimental and DFT studies on the vibrational and electronic spectra and NBO analysis of 2-amino-3-((E)-(9-p-tolyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl) methyleneamino) maleonitrile. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 121:494-507. [PMID: 24291425 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-3-((E)-(9-p-tolyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl) methyleneamino) maleonitrile (ACMM) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV-Vis spectra. The X-ray diffraction study showed that ACMM has a Z-configuration, due to the intramolecular C18H18A⋯N2, N3H3A⋯N2 and C20H20A⋯N4 hydrogen bonds and intermolecular C10H10A⋯N4, N3H3B⋯N9 (2-x, 2-y, 2-z) and N3H8C⋯N4 (2-x, 1-y, 2-z) hydrogen bonds. The benzene ring including methyl is twisted from the mean plane of the carbazole group by 59.7(3)°. Vibrational spectra and electronic spectra measurements were made for the compound. Optimized geometrical structure and harmonic vibrational frequencies were computed with DFT (B3-based B3P86, B3LYP, B3PW91 and B-based BP86, BLYP, BPW91) methods and ab initio RHF method using 6-311++G(d, p) basis set. Assignments of the observed spectra were proposed. The equilibrium geometries computed by all of the methods were compared with X-ray diffraction results. The absorption spectra of the title compound were computed both in gas phase and in DMF solution using TD-B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) and PCM-B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) approaches, respectively. The calculated results provide a good description of positions of the bands maxima in the observed electronic spectrum. Temperature dependence of thermodynamic parameters in the range of 100-1000K were determined. The bond orbital occupancies, contribution from parent natural bond orbital (NBO), the natural atomic hybrids was calculated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Meng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 210009, PR China; Huaian Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Huaian Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Huaian Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kuirong Ma
- Huaian Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianying Zhao
- Huaian Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guodong Tang
- Huaian Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, PR China
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Sztanke K, Maziarka A, Osinka A, Sztanke M. An insight into synthetic Schiff bases revealing antiproliferative activities in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3648-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and investigation of anti-inflammatory activity of novel nitric oxide donating hybrid drugs. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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New quinazolinone–pyrimidine hybrids: Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenicity studies. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:141-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Potential anti-inflammatory activity and ulcerogenicity study of some novel pyrimido[4′,5′:4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]azepine derivatives. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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