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Ebetino FH, Sun S, Cherian P, Roshandel S, Neighbors JD, Hu E, Dunford JE, Sedghizadeh PP, McKenna CE, Srinivasan V, Boeckman RK, Russell RGG. Bisphosphonates: The role of chemistry in understanding their biological actions and structure-activity relationships, and new directions for their therapeutic use. Bone 2022; 156:116289. [PMID: 34896359 PMCID: PMC11023620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bisphosphonates ((HO)2P(O)CR1R2P(O)(OH)2, BPs) were first shown to inhibit bone resorption in the 1960s, but it was not until 30 years later that a detailed molecular understanding of the relationship between their varied chemical structures and biological activity was elucidated. In the 1990s and 2000s, several potent bisphosphonates containing nitrogen in their R2 side chains (N-BPs) were approved for clinical use including alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate. These are now mostly generic drugs and remain the leading therapies for several major bone-related diseases, including osteoporosis and skeletal-related events associated with bone metastases. The early development of chemistry in this area was largely empirical and only a few common structural features related to strong binding to calcium phosphate were clear. Attempts to further develop structure-activity relationships to explain more dramatic pharmacological differences in vivo at first appeared inconclusive, and evidence for mechanisms underlying cellular effects on osteoclasts and macrophages only emerged after many years of research. The breakthrough came when the intracellular actions on the osteoclast were first shown for the simpler bisphosphonates, via the in vivo formation of P-C-P derivatives of ATP. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a large number of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates in the 1980s and 1990s led to the key discovery that the antiresorptive effects of these more complex analogs on osteoclasts result mostly from their potency as inhibitors of the enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS/FPPS). This key branch-point enzyme in the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis is important for the generation of isoprenoid lipids that are utilized for the post-translational modification of small GTP-binding proteins essential for osteoclast function. Since then, it has become even more clear that the overall pharmacological effects of individual bisphosphonates on bone depend upon two key properties: the affinity for bone mineral and inhibitory effects on biochemical targets within bone cells, in particular FDPS. Detailed enzyme-ligand crystal structure analysis began in the early 2000s and advances in our understanding of the structure-activity relationships, based on interactions with this target within the mevalonate pathway and related enzymes in osteoclasts and other cells have continued to be the focus of research efforts to this day. In addition, while many members of the bisphosphonate drug class share common properties, now it is more clear that chemical modifications to create variations in these properties may allow customization of BPs for different uses. Thus, as the appreciation for new potential opportunities with this drug class grows, new chemistry to allow ready access to an ever-widening variety of bisphosphonates continues to be developed. Potential new uses of the calcium phosphate binding mechanism of bisphosphonates for the targeting of other drugs to the skeleton, and effects discovered on other cellular targets, even at non-skeletal sites, continue to intrigue scientists in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Ebetino
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA; Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Shuting Sun
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Philip Cherian
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Hu
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - James E Dunford
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Parish P Sedghizadeh
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA
| | - R Graham G Russell
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Franco MS, Saba S, Rafique J, Braga AL. KIO
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‐mediated Selective Hydroxymethylation/Methylenation of Imidazo‐Heteroarenes: A Greener Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Straesser Franco
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC Florianópolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG Goiânia 74690-900 GO-Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS Campo Grande 79074-460 MS-Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Braga
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC Florianópolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
- Department of Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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Franco MS, Saba S, Rafique J, Braga AL. KIO 4 -mediated Selective Hydroxymethylation/Methylenation of Imidazo-Heteroarenes: A Greener Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18454-18460. [PMID: 34097781 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a KIO4 -mediated, sustainable and chemoselective approach for the one-pot C(sp2 )-H bond hydroxymethylation or methylenation of imidazo-heteroarenes with formaldehyde, generated in situ via the oxidative cleavage of ethylene glycol or glycerol (renewable reagents) through the Malaprade reaction. In the presence of ethylene glycol, a series of 3-hydroxymethyl-imidazo-heteroarenes was obtained in good to excellent yields. These compounds are important intermediates to access pharmaceutical drugs, e.g., Zolpidem. Furthermore, by using glycerol, bis(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)methane derivatives were selectively obtained in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Straesser Franco
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC-Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO-Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química, Universidade, Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, 79074-460, MS-Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC-Brazil.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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4
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Kusy D, Marchwicka A, Małolepsza J, Justyna K, Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Błażewska KM. Synthesis of the 6-Substituted Imidazo[1,2-a]Pyridine-3-yl-2- Phosphonopropionic Acids as Potential Inhibitors of Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase. Front Chem 2021; 8:596162. [PMID: 33490034 PMCID: PMC7815931 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.596162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve phosphonopropionates derived from 2-hydroxy-3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-2-phosphonopropionic acid (3-IPEHPC) were synthesized and evaluated for their activity as inhibitors of protein geranylgeranylation. The nature of the substituent in the C6 position of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring was responsible for the compound's activity against Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RGGT). The most active inhibitors disrupted Rab11A prenylation in the human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line. The esterification of carboxylic acid in the phosphonopropionate moiety turned the inhibitor into an inactive analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kusy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Marchwicka
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Małolepsza
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Justyna
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland.,Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
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Rogers MJ, Mönkkönen J, Munoz MA. Molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates and new insights into their effects outside the skeleton. Bone 2020; 139:115493. [PMID: 32569873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BP) are a class of calcium-binding drug used to prevent bone resorption in skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease. They act by selectively targeting bone-resorbing osteoclasts and can be grouped into two classes depending on their intracellular mechanisms of action. Simple BPs cause osteoclast apoptosis after cytoplasmic conversion into toxic ATP analogues. In contrast, nitrogen-containing BPs potently inhibit FPP synthase, an enzyme of the mevalonate (cholesterol biosynthesis) pathway. This results in production of a toxic metabolite (ApppI) and the loss of long-chain isoprenoid lipids required for protein prenylation, a process necessary for the function of small GTPase proteins essential for the survival and activity of osteoclasts. In this review we provide a state-of-the-art overview of these mechanisms of action and a historical perspective of how they were discovered. Finally, we challenge the long-held dogma that BPs act only in the skeleton and highlight recent studies that reveal insights into hitherto unknown effects on tumour-associated and tissue-resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jukka Mönkkönen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
| | - Marcia A Munoz
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
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6
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Kusy D, Wojciechowska A, Małolepsza J, Błażewska KM. Functionalization of the imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine ring in α-phosphonoacrylates and α-phosphonopropionates via microwave-assisted Mizoroki-Heck reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:15-21. [PMID: 31976012 PMCID: PMC6964661 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of new phosphonocarboxylates containing an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring has been synthesized via the microwave-assisted Mizoroki–Heck reaction. The efficient modification of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring has been achieved as late-stage functionalization, enabling and accelerating the generation of a library of compounds from a common precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kusy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Wojciechowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Małolepsza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Manaswiyoungkul P, de Araujo ED, Gunning PT. Targeting prenylation inhibition through the mevalonate pathway. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:51-71. [PMID: 33479604 PMCID: PMC7485146 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a critical mediator in several diseases including cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therapeutic intervention has focused primarily on directly targeting the prenyltransferase enzymes, FTase and GGTase I and II. To date, several drugs have advanced to clinical trials and while promising, they have yet to gain approval in a medical setting due to off-target effects and compensatory mechanisms activated by the body which results in drug resistance. While the development of dual inhibitors has mitigated undesirable side effects, potency remains sub-optimal for clinical development. An alternative approach involves antagonizing the upstream mevalonate pathway enzymes, FPPS and GGPPS, which mediate prenylation as well as cholesterol synthesis. The development of these inhibitors presents novel opportunities for dual inhibition of cancer-driven prenylation as well as cholesterol accumulation. Herein, we highlight progress towards the development of inhibitors against the prenylation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimyupa Manaswiyoungkul
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Elvin D de Araujo
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Rd N. , Mississauga , Ontario L5L 1C6 , Canada .
| | - Patrick T Gunning
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Rd N. , Mississauga , Ontario L5L 1C6 , Canada .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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8
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Bhuiyan NH, Varney ML, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. Novel benzimidazole phosphonates as potential inhibitors of protein prenylation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126757. [PMID: 31699606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole carboxyphosphonates and bisphosphonates have been prepared and evaluated for their activity as inhibitors of protein prenylation or isoprenoid biosynthesis. The nature of the phosphonate head group was found to dictate enzyme specificity. The lead carboxyphosphonate inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase II while its corresponding bisphosphonate analogue potently inhibits farnesyl diphosphate synthase. The most active inhibitors effectively disrupted protein prenylation in human multiple myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul H Bhuiyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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10
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Joachimiak Ł, Marchwicka A, Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Błażewska KM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Imidazole-Bearing α-Phosphonocarboxylates as Inhibitors of Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase (RGGT). ChemMedChem 2018; 13:842-851. [PMID: 29498238 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RGGT) is an interesting therapeutic target, as it ensures proper functioning of Rab GTPases, a class of enzymes responsible for the regulation of vesicle trafficking. Relying on our previous studies, we synthesized a set of new α-phosphonocarboxylic acids as potential RGGT inhibitors, with emphasis on the elaboration of imidazole-containing analogues. We identified two compounds with activity similar to that of previously reported RGGT inhibitors, showing structural similarity to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-containing analogues in terms of their substitution pattern. Interestingly, analogues of the N-series, derived from another phosphonocarboxylate RGGT inhibitor, 2-fluoro-3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-phosphonopropanoic acid, turned out to be inactive in our model, indicating that an additional substituent localized at positions C2 or C4 of the imidazole ring, may adversely affect the potency against the targeted enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Joachimiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Żeromskiego Str. 116, 90-924, Łódź, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Marchwicka
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Stefanowskiego Str. 4/10, 90-924, Łódź, Poland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Stefanowskiego Str. 4/10, 90-924, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Żeromskiego Str. 116, 90-924, Łódź, Poland
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11
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Kaźmierczak A, Kusy D, Niinivehmas SP, Gmach J, Joachimiak Ł, Pentikäinen OT, Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Błażewska KM. Identification of the Privileged Position in the Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Ring of Phosphonocarboxylates for Development of Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase (RGGT) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8781-8800. [PMID: 28953373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Rab GTPase family are master regulators of vesicle trafficking. When disregulated, they are associated with a number of pathological states. The inhibition of RGGT, an enzyme responsible for post-translational geranylgeranylation of Rab GTPases represents one way to control the activity of these proteins. Because the number of molecules modulating RGGT is limited, we combined molecular modeling with biological assays to ascertain how modifications of phosphonocarboxylates, the first reported RGGT inhibitors, rationally improve understanding of their structure-activity relationship. We have identified the privileged position in the core scaffold of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring, which can be modified without compromising compounds' potency. Thus modified compounds are micromolar inhibitors of Rab11A prenylation, simultaneously being inactive against Rap1A/Rap1B modification, with the ability to inhibit proliferation of the HeLa cancer cell line. These findings were rationalized by molecular docking, which recognized interaction of phosphonic and carboxylic groups as decisive in phosphonocarboxylate localization in the RGGT binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaźmierczak
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego Street 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Damian Kusy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Sanna P Niinivehmas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science & Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joanna Gmach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Joachimiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Olli T Pentikäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science & Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego Street 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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12
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Merino P, Maiuolo L, Delso I, Algieri V, De Nino A, Tejero T. Chemical approaches to inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis: targeting farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Merino
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas
- ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Loredana Maiuolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende
- Italy
| | - Ignacio Delso
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas
- ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Vincenzo Algieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende
- Italy
| | - Antonio De Nino
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Rende
- Italy
| | - Tomas Tejero
- Departamento de Síntesis y Estructura de Biomoléculas
- ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
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Abstract
Background:
Bisphosphonates are drugs commonly used for the medication and prevention of diseases caused by decreased mineral density. Despite such important medicinal use, they display a variety of physiologic activities, which make them promising anti-cancer, anti-protozoal, antibacterial and antiviral agents.
Objective:
To review physiological activity of bisphosphonates with special emphasis on their ongoing and potential applications in medicine and agriculture.
Method:
Critical review of recent literature data.
Results:
Comprehensive review of activities revealed by bisphosphonates.
Conclusion:
although bisphosphonates are mostly recognized by their profound effects on bone physiology their medicinal potential has not been fully evaluated yet. Literature data considering enzyme inhibition suggest possibilities of far more wide application of these compounds. These applications are, however, limited by their low bioavailability and therefore intensive search for new chemical entities overcoming this shortage are carried out.
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14
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Joachimiak Ł, Janczewski Ł, Ciekot J, Boratyński J, Błażewska K. Applying the prodrug strategy to α-phosphonocarboxylate inhibitors of Rab GGTase--synthesis and stability studies. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:6844-56. [PMID: 26018626 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00281h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen novel prodrug-like analogs of two highly ionic phosphonocarboxylate inhibitors of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase were synthesized and preliminary assessment of their chemical and enzymatic stability was evaluated in buffers (pH 6.5 and 7.4) and rat intestinal homogenate (pH 6.5). Both acidic groups in phosphonocarboxylates were subject to modification. Phosphonic acid was protected either as bis(acyloxyalkyl) ester or phosphonodiamidate derived from amino acids. The carboxylic acid group was either left unchanged or was studied as ethyl ester. The compounds exhibited favorable stability in physiologically relevant pH (t1/2 above 18 h), while in intestinal homogenate they showed a large variety of half-lives (from 5 minutes to over 150 hours). LC MS studies have shown that the main product of decomposition under studied conditions resulted from cleavage of one of the ester (for acyloxyalkyl analogs) or amide (for phosphonodiamidate) bonds with phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Joachimiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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15
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Maji B, Yamamoto H. Use of In Situ Generated Nitrosocarbonyl Compounds in Catalytic Asymmetric α-Hydroxylation and α-Amination Reactions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Maji
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University
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16
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Maji B, Yamamoto H. Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary α-Hydroxy Phosphonic Acid Derivatives with In Situ Generated Nitrosocarbonyl Compounds as the Oxygen Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary α-Hydroxy Phosphonic Acid Derivatives with In Situ Generated Nitrosocarbonyl Compounds as the Oxygen Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14472-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gmach J, Huben K, Błażewska KM. α-Fluoro Phosphonocarboxylates: the NMR Analysis of the Heteronuclear ABMX Spin System. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.909427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gmach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Huben
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M. Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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Coxon FP, Joachimiak L, Najumudeen AK, Breen G, Gmach J, Oetken-Lindholm C, Way R, Dunford JE, Abankwa D, Błażewska KM. Synthesis and characterization of novel phosphonocarboxylate inhibitors of RGGT. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:77-89. [PMID: 25016230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonocarboxylate (PC) analogs of the anti-osteoporotic drugs, bisphosphonates, represent the first class of selective inhibitors of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RabGGTase, RGGT), an enzyme implicated in several diseases including ovarian, breast and skin cancer. Here we present the synthesis and biological characterization of an extended set of this class of compounds, including lipophilic derivatives of the known RGGT inhibitors. From this new panel of PCs, we have identified an inhibitor of RGGT that is of similar potency as the most active published phosphonocarboxylate, but of higher selectivity towards this enzyme compared to prenyl pyrophosphate synthases. New insights into structural requirements are also presented, showing that only PC analogs of the most potent 3rd generation bisphosphonates inhibit RGGT. In addition, the first phosphonocarboxylate-derived GGPPS inhibitor is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P Coxon
- Musculoskeletal Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - Lukasz Joachimiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Arafath Kaja Najumudeen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - George Breen
- Musculoskeletal Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - Joanna Gmach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Rebecca Way
- Musculoskeletal Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - James E Dunford
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Center, UK
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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Downey AM, Cairo CW. Synthesis of α-brominated phosphonates and their application as phosphate bioisosteres. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A review of the synthesis and biological activity of α-bromo-phosphonate groups as phosphate bioisosteres.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Michael Downey
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
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21
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Uccello-Barretta G, Balzano F. Chiral NMR Solvating Additives for Differentiation of Enantiomers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 341:69-131. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ebetino FH, Hogan AML, Sun S, Tsoumpra MK, Duan X, Triffitt JT, Kwaasi AA, Dunford JE, Barnett BL, Oppermann U, Lundy MW, Boyde A, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE, Russell RGG. The relationship between the chemistry and biological activity of the bisphosphonates. Bone 2011; 49:20-33. [PMID: 21497677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bisphosphonates ((HO)(2)P(O)CR(1)R(2)P(O)(OH)(2)) to inhibit bone resorption has been known since the 1960s, but it is only recently that a detailed molecular understanding of the relationship between chemical structures and biological activity has begun to emerge. The early development of chemistry in this area was largely empirical and based on modifying R(2) groups in a variety of ways. Apart from the general ability of bisphosphonates to chelate Ca(2+) and thus target the calcium phosphate mineral component of bone, attempts to refine clear structure-activity relationships had led to ambiguous or seemingly contradictory results. However, there was increasing evidence for cellular effects, and eventually the earliest bisphosphonate drugs, such as clodronate (R(1)=R(2)=Cl) and etidronate (R(1)=OH, R(2)=CH(3)), were shown to exert intracellular actions via the formation in vivo of drug derivatives of ATP. The observation that pamidronate, a bisphosphonate with R(1)=OH and R(2)=CH(2)CH(2)NH(2), exhibited higher potency than previously known bisphosphonate drugs represented the first step towards the later recognition of the critical importance of having nitrogen in the R(2) side chain. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a large number of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates took place particularly in the 1980s, but still with an incomplete understanding of their structure-activity relationships. A major advance was the discovery that the anti-resorptive effects of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (including alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate) on osteoclasts appear to result from their potency as inhibitors of the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key branch-point enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. FPPS generates isoprenoid lipids utilized in sterol synthesis and for the post-translational modification of small GTP-binding proteins essential for osteoclast function. Effects on other cellular targets, such as osteocytes, may also be important. Over the years many hundreds of bisphosphonates have been synthesized and studied. Interest in expanding the structural scope of the bisphosphonate class has also motivated new approaches to the chemical synthesis of these compounds. Recent chemical innovations include the synthesis of fluorescently labeled bisphosphonates, which has enabled studies of the biodistribution of these drugs. As a class, bisphosphonates share common properties. However, as with other classes of drugs, there are chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological differences among the individual compounds. Differences in mineral binding affinities among bisphosphonates influence their differential distribution within bone, their biological potency, and their duration of action. The overall pharmacological effects of bisphosphonates on bone, therefore, appear to depend upon these two key properties of affinity for bone mineral and inhibitory effects on osteoclasts. The relative contributions of these properties differ among individual bisphosphonates and help determine their clinical behavior and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Ebetino
- Warner Chilcott Ltd., Discovery, Research & Development, Dundalk, Ireland.
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Sun S, McKenna CE. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase modulators: a patent review (2006 - 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1433-51. [PMID: 21702715 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.593511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS, also known as farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS)) is one of the key enzymes involved in the mevalonate pathway and as such is widely expressed. FPPS modulators, specifically FPPS inhibitors, are useful in treating a number of diseases, including bone-related disorders characterized by excessive bone resorption, for example, osteoporosis, cancer metathesis to bone and infectious diseases caused by certain parasites. AREAS COVERED This review covers structures and applications of novel FPPS modulators described in the patent literature from 2006 to 2010. Patents disclosing new formulations and uses of existing FPPS inhibitors are also reviewed. Thirty-three patents retrieved from the USPTO, EP and WIPO databases are examined with the goal of defining current trends in drug discovery related to FPPS inhibition, and its therapeutic effects. EXPERT OPINION Bisphosphonates (BPs) continue to dominate in this area, although other types of modulators are making their appearance. Remarkable for their high bone mineral affinity, BPs are structural mimics of the dimethylallyl pyrophosphate substrate of FPPS, and constitute the major type of FPPS inhibitor currently used in the clinic for treatment of bone-related diseases. Lipophilic BPs and new classes of non-BP FPPS inhibitors (salicylic acid and quinoline derivatives) have been introduced as possible alternatives for treatment of soft tissue diseases, such as some cancers. Novel formulations, fluorescent diagnostic probes and new therapeutic applications of existing FPPS inhibitors are also areas of significant patent activity, demonstrating growing recognition of the versatility and underdeveloped potential of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Sun
- University of Southern California, Department of Chemistry , Los Angeles, CA 90089 0744 , USA
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