Synthesis and anticancer activity of some novel trifluoromethylquinolines carrying a biologically active benzenesulfonamide moiety

Synthesis of novel sulphonamide derivatives from tunable quinolines with computational studies

The synthesis of new quinoline-sulphonamide derivatives was accomplished through a meticulous five-step molecular assembly utilizing Suzuki, acid-amine cross-coupling reactions and N-alkylation. The integrity of each derivative was thoroughly confirmed via comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1H and 13C NMR, DEPT-135, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC NMR and HRMS techniques. Subsequently, the absorbance and emission spectra of the newly synthesized derivatives were thoroughly investigated. Absorbance spectra were determined to be restricted within the range of 337 nm to 341.73 nm, with compound 10j exhibiting the maximum wavelength of 341.73 nm; conversely, emission spectra were uniformly detected within the range of 411.70 nm to 429.90 nm upon excitation at 340 nm, with compound 10f demonstrating the highest wavelength of 429.90 nm. Notably, these fluorophores displayed impressive characteristics, with high intensity and significant molar extinction coefficients; quantum yield ranging from 0.015 to 0.558 along with the highest stokes shifts in 10h compound (0.6237 × 10-4) in acetonitrile solvent. Additionally, compound 10p showed strong binding affinity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties through molecular docking studies and ADMET calculations. The electronic structure of the molecules was elucidated using techniques such as density functional theory (DFT) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) mapping. Additionally, the calculated global reactivity parameters provided valuable insights. Compound 10p exhibited a distinctly low energy gap compared to other compounds, demonstrating its exceptional properties. The comparison between experimental and theoretical UV-vis spectra with major contribution transition in percentage also showcased the remarkable consistency and quality of the synthesized derivatives, highlighting the significant potential of this work in the field of fluorophore and biological application.

Oxazole-Based Compounds As Anticancer Agents

Heterocyclic compounds represent a significant target for anti-cancer research and drug discovery, due to their structural and chemical diversity. Oxazoles, with oxygen and nitrogen atoms present in the core structure, enable various types of interactions with different enzymes and receptors, favoring the discovery of new drugs. Aim of this review is to describe the most recent reports on the use of oxazole-based compounds in anticancer research, with reference to the newly discovered iso/oxazole-based drugs, to their synthesis and to the evaluation of the most biologically active derivatives. The corresponding dehydrogenated derivatives, i.e. iso/oxazolines and iso/oxazolidines, are also reported.

Mechanistic investigations on substituted benzene sulphonamides as apoptosis inducing anticancer agents

In an approach to develop potent cytotoxic compounds with targeted action, a systematic methodology was employed to design and initially synthesize parent compounds A1, A8, A13 and A14 followed by synthesis of further analogs of A1 (A2-A7) and A8 (A9-A12) with characterization by IR, NMR, mass and elemental techniques. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-proliferative activities against DU-145, MCF-7, HCT-15, HT-29 cell lines and apoptosis inducing potential via various mechanistic studies. Compounds A2, A9, A10 exhibited significant cytotoxic activities compared to their parent compounds and standard drug 5-fluorouracil. Compound A2 displayed superior cytotoxicity with IC50 values less than 1 µM in most of the tested cell lines. Further, compound A2 also induced apoptosis in DU-145 cells as exemplified from DAPI staining, Annexin V-FITC assay, ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane alteration studies. The above studies depict the synthesized compound A2 as potent anticancer agent with the ability to induce apoptosis in prostate cancerous cells.

Crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analysis and Pixel energy calculations of three trifluoromethylquinoline derivatives: further analyses of fluorine close contacts in trifluoromethylated derivatives

As many studies have revealed, the introduction of a CF3 group into an organic compound can result in significant enhancement of biological activity. Factors which lead to this enhancement are thus of great interest. To investigate further this area, we have looked at the ability of fluorine to form close contacts with various atoms in organic compounds, e.g. F⋯F, F⋯O/O⋯F, F⋯C/C⋯F, H⋯F/F⋯H, and F⋯N/N⋯F, as indicated from crystal structure determinations and Hirshfeld analysis studies on trifluoromethylated compounds. Herein we first report the crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analyses (HSA), and Pixel energy calculations of three trifluoromethylated quinoline derivatives, namely 2-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-ol, 1, 4-ethoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline, 2, and N 1-(2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine, 3. Of particular interest is the determination of the various fluorine⋯atom close contacts. The total percentages of fluorine⋯atom close contacts in compounds 1–3 were determined to be high at 47, 41.2 and 60.7%, respectively. As relatively few HSA studies on trifluoromethylated compounds have reported the percentages of individual atom⋯atom close contacts, we have also determined the percentages of atom⋯atom close contacts for 20 more trifluoromethylated compounds: the range of total fluorine⋯atom close contacts for these compounds was 20–60%. While these data are based on connections between similar molecules in a crystalline state, they also clearly suggest that a compound containing CF3 group(s) has the potential to make extensive intermolecular connections/close contacts with organic material. Thus a possible factor for the enhanced biological activity of a compound bearing CF3 group(s) could be the propensity of the CF3 group to form many close contacts, thereby aiding binding or interaction with a biological target.

Antitumor and antiviral activities of 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazolyl-2,3-dibenzyl-L-ascorbic acid derivatives

Two series of 6-(1,2,3-triazolyl)-2,3-dibenzyl-l-ascorbic acid derivatives with the hydroxyethylene (8a−8u) and ethylidene linkers (10c−10p) were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against seven malignant tumor cell lines and antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Conformationally unrestricted spacer between the lactone and 1,2,3-triazole units in 8a−8u series had a profound effect on antitumor activity. Besides, the introduction of a long side chain at C-4 of 1,2,3-triazole that led to the synthesis of decyl-substituted 2,3-dibenzyl-l-ascorbic acid 8m accounted for a selective and potent antiproliferative activity on breast cancer MCF-7 cells cells in the nM range. Further analysis showed that compound 8m strongly enhanced expression of hypoxia inducible transcription factor 1 α (HIF-1α) and to some extent decreased expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) suggesting its role in regulating HIF-1α signalling pathway. The p-methoxyphenyl-substituted derivative 10g displayed specific anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) potential, whereas aliphatic-substituted derivatives 8l and 8m had the most potent, yet relatively non-specific, anti-varicella-zoster (VZV) activity.

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Two series of 1,2,3-triazolyl 2,3-dibenzyl-l-ascorbic acid conjugates were synthesized.

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Conformationally unrestricted spacer had a major effect on antitumor activities.

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Decyl-substituted l-ascorbic acid 8m caused inhibition of breast cancer MCF-7 cells in the nM range.

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8m increased the expression of hypoxia inducible transcription factor HIF-1α.

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p-Methoxyphenyl-substituted derivative 10g had specific anti-CMV activity.

Therapeutic importance of synthetic thiophene

Thiophene and its substituted derivatives are very important class of heterocyclic compounds which shows interesting applications in the field of medicinal chemistry. It has made an indispensable anchor for medicinal chemists to produce combinatorial library and carry out exhaustive efforts in the search of lead molecules. It has been reported to possess a wide range of therapeutic properties with diverse applications in medicinal chemistry and material science, attracting great interest in industry as well as academia. It has been proven to be effectual drugs in present respective disease scenario. They are remarkably effective compounds both with respect to their biological and physiological functions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-psychotic, anti-arrhythmic, anti-anxiety, anti-fungal, antioxidant, estrogen receptor modulating, anti-mitotic, anti-microbial, kinases inhibiting and anti-cancer. Thus the synthesis and characterization of novel thiophene moieties with wider therapeutic activity is a topic of interest for the medicinal chemist to synthesize and investigate new structural prototypes with more effective pharmacological activity. However, several commercially available drugs such as Tipepidine, Tiquizium Bromides, Timepidium Bromide, Dorzolamide, Tioconazole, Citizolam, Sertaconazole Nitrate and Benocyclidine also contain thiophene nucleus. Therefore, it seems to be a requirement to collect recent information in order to understand the current status of the thiophene nucleus in medicinal chemistry research.

Crystal structure of the co-crystalline adduct 4-((4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)methylamino)-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide - acetic acid (1/1), C21H24N4O4S ⋅ C2H4O2

C23H28N4O6S, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.3612(3) Å, b = 9.2370(4) Å, c = 19.2940(8) Å, α = 94.657(2)°, β = 96.902(2)°, γ = 113.010(2)°, V = 1186.92(9) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0617, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1575, T = 100 K.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel sulfonamide derivatives as apoptosis inducers

Several novel thiazolidinone and fused thiazolidinone derivatives bearing benzenesulfonamide moiety were synthesized and confirmed via spectral and elemental analyses. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on colorectal cancer cell line (Caco-2). All the synthesized compounds showed better activity than the reference standards (Doxorubicin and 5-FU). Investigation of the apoptotic activity of the most active compounds revealed that compounds 3a, 5a, 5c and 6c activate both caspase-3 and Fas-ligand in Caco-2 cell line. Compound 3a was the most active compound with caspase-3 concentration of 0.43 nmol/mL and Fas-ligand concentration of 775.2 pg/mL in treated Caco-2 cells. Compound 3a was radiolabeled with ^99mTc and its biodistribution pattern was evaluated in vivo using normal Swiss Albino mice. ^99mTc-compound 3a complex didn't exhibit any accumulation in any body organs except for its accumulation in the colon; target organ; where it showed 8.97 ± 1.35 %ID/g at 15min p. i. that elevated till 16.02 ± 2.43 %ID/g at 120min p. i.

Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives Carrying a Biologically Active 3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl Moiety as VEGFR-2 Inhibitors

Novel sulfonamides 3-19 with a biologically active 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl moiety were designed and synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established using elemental analyses, IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR spectral data and mass spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines, namely human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human medulloblastoma (Daoy), human cervical cancer (HeLa), and human colon cancer (HT-29), by using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and dasatinib as the reference drug. Among the tested derivatives, compounds 4, 10, 16, and 19 showed good activity as cytotoxic agents. The most active derivatives were evaluated for their ability to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2. Compounds Z-4-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-enylamino)-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-benzenesulfonamide 10 and Z-4-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-enylamino)-N-(1H-indazol-6-yl)-benzenesulfonamide 19 were more active as VEGFR-2 inhibitors than dasatinib. Molecular docking of the most active derivatives on the active site of VEGFR-2 revealed that compound 19 exhibited favorable and promising results.

Crystal Structure of 4-(2-chloroacetamido)pyridinium chloride monohydrate, C7H10Cl2N2O2

C7H10Cl2N2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.8798(3) Å, b = 13.9285(5) Å, c = 7.3161(3) Å, β = 100.512(3)°, V = 989.88(6) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0475, wR ref (F 2 ) = 0.1178, T = 296 K.

Crystal structure of 4-((4,4-dimethyl-2, 6-dioxocyclohexylidine)methylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide, C20H23N3O5S

C20H23N3O5S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 6.7503(2) Å, b = 14.0026(7) Å, c = 21.954(1) Å, β = 96.892(3)°, V = 2060.14(15) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0545, wRref(F2) = 0.1192, T = 100 K.

Crystal structure of (Z)-4-(4-oxopent-2-en-2-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide, C11H14N2O3S

C11H14N2O3S, orthorhombic, P b c a (no. 61), a = 10.1973(3) Å, b = 9.9487(4) Å, c = 23.1332(8) Å, V = 2346.86(14) Å3, Z = 8, R gt (F) = 0.0527, wR ref (F 2 ) = 0.1407, T = 100 K.

Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of some novel thioureido-benzenesulfonamides incorporated biologically active moieties

Background

Many thiourea derivatives have exhibited biological activities including anticancer activity through several mechanisms. On the other hand, benzenesulfonamide derivatives have proven to be good anticancer agents. Hybrids of both moieties could be further developed to explore their biological activity as anticancer.

Results

Novel series of thioureidobenzenesulfonamides incorporating miscellaneous biologically active moieties 3–17 were designed and synthesized utilizing 4-isothiocyanatobenzenesulfonamide 2 as strategic starting material. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and mass spectral data. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines. Most of the synthesized compounds showed good activity, especially compounds 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15 and 16 which exhibited good activity higher than or comparable to the reference drugs, DCF and Doxorubicin, except breast cancer line. As a trial to suggest the mechanism of action of the active compounds, molecular docking on the active site of mitogen kinase enzyme (MK-2) was performed and good results were obtained especially for compound 3.

Conclusion

Compounds 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15 and 16 may represent good candidates for further biological investigations as anticancer agents. Their cytotoxic activity could be due to their action as MK-2 enzyme inhibitors.Graphical abstract

Novel chloroquinoline derivatives incorporating biologically active benzenesulfonamide moiety: synthesis, cytotoxic activity and molecular docking

Background

Quinoline derivatives have diverse biological activities including anticancer activity. On the other hand, many sulfonamide derivatives exhibited good cytotoxic activity. Hybrids of both moieties may present novel anticancer agents.

Results

Chloroquinoline incorporating a biologically active benzene-sulfonamide moieties 5–21 and diarylsulfone derivatives 22 and 23 were prepared using (E)-1-(4-((E)-7-chloro-1-methylquinolin-4(1H)-ylideneamino)phenyl)-3-(dimethyl-amino)prop-2-en-1-one 4 as strategic starting material. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses and spectral data. Compound 4 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The prepared compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against Lung, HeLa, Colorectal and breast cancer cell lines. Compounds 2, 4, 7, 11, 14 and 17 showed better or comparable activity to 2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) as reference drug. Molecular docking of the active compounds on the active site of PI3K enzyme was performed in order to explore the binding mode of the newly synthesized compounds.

Conclusion

Compounds 2, 4, 7, 11, 14 and 17 are novel quinoline derivatives that may represent good candidates for further evaluations as anticancer agents. The mechanism of action of these compounds could be through inhibition of PI3K enzyme.Graphical abstract

Compound 17 on the active site of PI3K

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In-Vitro Anticancer Evaluation of Some Novel Thioureido-Benzensulfonamide Derivatives

A novel series of sulfonamide derivatives (14 compounds) bearing thiourea moieties were efficiently synthesized and evaluated for their possible in vitro anticancer activity against four human tumor cell lines. The results indicated that compound 6 was the most potent, showing effectiveness on all the tested cell lines. Compounds 7 and 10 also showed promising results.

Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Quinazoline-Sulfonamide Hybrids

By combining the structural features of quinazoline and sulfonamides, novel hybrid compounds 2-21 were synthesized using a simple and convenient method. Evaluation of these compounds against different cell lines identified compounds 7 and 17 as most active anticancer agents as they showed effectiveness on the four tested cell lines. The anticancer screening results of the tested compounds provides an encouraging framework that could lead to the development of potent new anticancer agents.

Synthesis, anticancer and radiosensitizing evaluation of some novel sulfonamide derivatives

In this study, novel series of sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized starting from 2-cyanoacetyl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide 4a and 2-cyanoacetyl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide 4b. Different biologically active moieties as pyrazol, thiophene, pyridine and pyrimidines were introduced in order to investigate their in-vitro anticancer activity, in addition to a novel series of sulfonamide chalcones were synthesized from the reported 4-acetyl-N-(P-tolyl) benzenesulfonamide 3b. The newly synthesized sulfonamide derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analyses and were tested for their in-vitro anticancer activity against human tumor liver cell line (HEPG-2). The most potent compounds in this study were compounds 4a, 4b, 5a, 6a, 6b, 8, 9, 11, 13, 18 and 19 which showed higher activity than doxorubicin with IC50 ranging from 11.0 to 31.8 μM. Additionally, eight compounds among the most potent were evaluated for their ability to enhance the cell killing effect of γ-radiation.

A new series of diarylamides possessing quinoline nucleus: Synthesis, in vitro anticancer activities, and kinase inhibitory effect

Synthesis of a new series of diarylamides possessing 6,7-dimethoxy(dihydroxy)quinoline scaffold is described. Their in vitro antiproliferative activities against NCI-58 human cancer cell lines of nine different cancer types were tested. Compounds 1a and 1d-g showed the highest mean %inhibition values over the 58 cell line panel at 10 μM, and they were further tested in 5-dose testing mode to determine their IC50 values. The five compounds were more potent than Imatinib against all the cell lines of nine different cancer types. Compound 1g showed the highest potencies. It showed inhibitory effect against C-RAF kinase (76.65% at 10 μM concentration).

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Synthesis, molecular docking, cytotoxic and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX, XII with novel benzenesulfonamides incorporating pyrrole, pyrrolopyrimidine and fused pyrrolopyrimidine moieties

A series of novel pyrroles, pyrrolopyrimidines, pyrazolopyrrolopyrimidine, triazolopyrrolopyrimidines, tetrazolopyrrolopyrimidine, triazinopyrrolopyrimidines and pyrrolopyrimidotriazepines bearing the biologically active benzenesulfonamide moiety were synthesized by using pyrrole-o-amino-carbonitrile as key intermediate. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory effects against the human (h) isoforms hCA I, II, IX and XII. Among the tested derivatives, compounds 16, 18 and 20-24 showed potent activity as inhibitors for the tumor associated transmembrane isoforms (hCA IX and XII) in the nanomolar and subnanomolar range, with high selectivity. All compounds underwent cytotoxic activity assays on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) showing effective activity, comparable to that of the clinically used drug doxorubicin.