Bioactive nucleoside analogues possessing selected five-membered azaheterocyclic bases

Synthesis, X-ray diffraction, and computational studies of acyclovir and HBG analogs derived from Triazolyl-1,4-benzothiazine and their oxidized forms for breast cancer and SARS-CoV-2

This study presents a simple and efficient synthetic method for preparing a new series of acyclonucleosides derived from 1,4-benzothiazine and 1,4-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxide. These compounds feature the introduction of a 1,2,3-triazole-4-ylmethyl ring as a spacer between the heterocyclic bases and the pseudosugars of acyclovir (ACV) and hydroxybutylguanine (HBG). The acyclonucleosides were synthesized through copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between azides 8a and 8b and the N4-propargyl base 7. Following this, the deprotection of the acyclic chains and the oxidation of the sulfur to sulfone afforded the acyclonucleosides 9a,b-12a,b in satisfactory yields. The synthesized acyclonucleosides were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the structure of 9b was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The synthesized acyclonucleosides were evaluated through in silico studies, including network pharmacology for bioactivity, toxicity prediction, physicochemical properties, and ADMET analysis. Molecular docking studies revealed significant interactions, highlighting compound 11b's favorable binding with the target protein AKT1, achieving a binding energy of -6.43 kcal/mol, which is close to the Capivasertib standard. Similarly, compound 12b showed interactions akin to hydroxychloroquine, with a binding energy of -6.29 kcal/mol for the SARS-CoV-2 target protein. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the stability of the ligand-protein complexes during 200 ns, as evidenced by acceptable RMSD and RMSF and Rg values. The post-dynamic, MMGBSA, PCA, FEL, PDF, and DCCM analyses of the AKT and SARS-CoV-2 protein-ligand complexes have provided comprehensive insights into their interactions with standard drugs, binding affinities, conformational dynamics, and structural stability. These studies are crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying drug efficacy and resistance, thereby informing the rational design of new inhibitors targeting AKT and SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Finally, the two most promising compounds, 11b and 12b, selected from the docking results, were analyzed using Density Functional Theory (DFT). These analyses revealed significant variations in their electronic properties, providing valuable insights into their reactivity, stability, and polarity.

5-Substituted 1,2,4-Triazole-3-Carboxylates and 5-Substituted Ribavirin Analogs Synthesis

Ribavirin analogs substituted at position 5 of the heterocyclic base are interesting for their biological activity. This protocol describes a synthetic route to several such ribavirin analogs with a wide range of substituents.© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis and purification of 5-substituted ethyl 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates - synthetic precursors of nucleobases Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis and purification of protected 1,2,4-triazole nucleoside analogs Basic Protocol 3: Synthesis and purification of 5-substituted ribavirin analogs.

Antiviral activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives (microreview)

The microreview summarizes data published since 2015 on the antiviral properties and synthesis of compounds containing the 1,2,4-triazole ring.

Synthesis of thiazolidin-4-ones from α-enolic dithioesters and α-halohydroxamates

A facile access to thiazolidin-4-ones from α-enolic dithioesters and α-halohydroxamates in situ derived active 1,3-dipolar aza-oxyallyl cations was achieved under mild conditions.

Novel aryltriazole acyclic C-azanucleosides as anticancer candidates

Nucleoside analogues represent an important class of drug candidates. With the aim of searching for novel bioactive nucleosides, we developed an efficient synthetic way to construct a series of aryl 1,2,3-triazole acyclic C-azanucleosides via Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The aryl 1,2,3-triazole motifs within these azanucleosides showed coplanar features, suggesting they could act as surrogates for large planar aromatic systems or nucleobases. Moreover, several aryltriazole acyclic C-azanucleosides bearing long alkyl chains exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines via induction of apoptosis. Most interestingly, the lead compound significantly down-regulated the key proteins involved in the heat shock response pathway, representing the first anticancer acyclic azanucleoside with such a mode of action. These novel aryl 1,2,3-triazole cyclic C-azanucleosides therefore serve as promising paradigms for further exploring anticancer drug candidates.

A short de novo synthesis of nucleoside analogs

Nucleoside analogs are commonly used in the treatment of cancer and viral infections. Their syntheses benefit from decades of research but are often protracted, unamenable to diversification, and reliant on a limited pool of chiral carbohydrate starting materials. We present a process for rapidly constructing nucleoside analogs from simple achiral materials. Using only proline catalysis, heteroaryl-substituted acetaldehydes are fluorinated and then directly engaged in enantioselective aldol reactions in a one-pot reaction. A subsequent intramolecular fluoride displacement reaction provides a functionalized nucleoside analog. The versatility of this process is highlighted in multigram syntheses of d- or l-nucleoside analogs, locked nucleic acids, iminonucleosides, and C2'- and C4'-modified nucleoside analogs. This de novo synthesis creates opportunities for the preparation of diversity libraries and will support efforts in both drug discovery and development.

Recent Progress in Nitro-Promoted Direct Functionalization of Pyridones and Quinolones

Nitro group is one of the most important functional groups in organic syntheses because its strongly electron-withdrawing ability activates the scaffold, facilitating the reaction with nucleophilic reagents or the Diels-Alder reaction. In this review, recent progress in the nitro-promoted direct functionalization of pyridones and quinolones is highlighted to complement previous reviews.

Nucleoside dimers analogues with a 1,2,3-triazole linkage: conjugation of floxuridine and thymidine provides novel tools for cancer treatment. Part II

The fluorinated nucleoside dimers with a 1,2,3-triazole linkage are novel compounds within the field of bioorganic chemistry. We report on the synthesis and properties of two groups of nucleoside dimers analogs possessing a different arrangement of the 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole linkage. Based on analysis of the ³J_HH, ³J_H1'C2, and ³J_H1'C6 we estimated conformational preferences of sugar part and orientation around glycosidic bond. These compounds show moderate anticancer activity, with cytostatic studies in three different cancer cell lines.

Asymmetric Mannich Reaction: Synthesis of Novel Chiral 5-(substituted aryl)-1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives with Anti-Plant-Virus Potency

A series of novel chiral 5-(substituted aryl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives was synthesized in an enantioselective three-component Mannich reaction using cinchona alkaloid squaramide catalyst with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% enantiomeric excess (ee)). The bioassay results showed that these derivatives possessed good to excellent activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

Chemical ribosylation of 5-substituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates

The chemical ribosylation pathways of 5-substituted-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates are discussed. For the products of the chemical synthesis of the 3(5)-alkyl- or 3(5)-aryl-substituted ribavirin analogues the anomer configuration and isomer composition were determined.

Isosteric ribavirin analogues: Synthesis and antiviral activities

The novel isosteric ribavirin analogues were synthesized by two different ways. Some of them showed significant antiviral action against hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simplex (HCV-1) and influenza A virus comparable to that of ribavirin itself. The data obtained confirm the proposed theory of the ribavirin possible antiviral activity mechanism related with bioisosterism.

Acyclonucleosides bearing coplanar arylethynyltriazole nucleobases: synthesis, structural analysis, and biological evaluation

The efficient synthesis of acyclonucleosides bearing coplanar 3-arylethynyltriazole motifs was established and several compounds displayed antiproliferative activity against cancer cells.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel hybrids β-carboline-4-thiazolidinones as potential antitumor and antiviral agents

A series of novel hybrids β-carboline-4-thiazolidinones were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity against human cancer cell lines and for antiviral activity towards Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). From the N'-(2-ylidene-4-thiazolidinone)-β-carboline-3-carbohydrazide series (9-11), compounds 9c and 11d were the most active, showing growth inhibition 50% (GI₅₀) values less than 5 μM for all cell lines tested. Compound 9c, bearing the 4-dimethylaminophenyl group at C-1 of β-carboline was selected for further investigation concerning cell death and cell cycle profile, focusing on the human renal adenocarcinoma cell line 786-0. Treatments with 25 μM of compound 9c induced cell death after 15 h of treatment, characterized by phosphatidylserine exposure and loss of membrane integrity. Moreover, treatment with 12.5 μM promoted a sub-G1 arrest, which indicates cell death. Derivatives of the N-(2-substituted-aryl-4-thiazolidinone)-β-carboline-3-carboxamide series (18-23) showed a potent activity and high selectivity for glioma (U251) and ovarian (OVCAR-3) cancer cell lines. Also, some β-carboline-4-thiazolidinone hybrids showed potent antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type-1. The N-(2-substituted-aryl-4-thiazolidinone)-carboxamide moiety in 18, 19 and 22 confer a potent anti-HSV-1 activity for these derivatives, which presented EC₅₀ values of 0.80, 2.15 and 2.02 μM, respectively. The assay results showed that the nature of 4-thiazolidinone moiety and of the substituent attached at the 3- and 1- position of β-carboline nucleus influenced the antitumor and antiviral activities.

Modification of the length and structure of the linker of N(6)-benzyladenosine modulates its selective antiviral activity against enterovirus 71

Very recently, we demonstrated that N(6)-isopentenyladenosine, a cytokinin nucleoside, exerts a potent and selective antiviral effect on the replication of human enterovirus 71. The present study is devoted to the structure optimization of another natural compound: N(6)-benzyladenosine. We mainly focused on the exploration of the size and nature of the linker between the adenine and the phenyl ring, as well as on the necessity of the D-ribose residue. More than 30 analogues of N(6)-benzyladenosine were prepared and their antiviral properties were evaluated. Two main methodologies were used for preparation: N(6)-acetyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine can be regioselectively alkylated either by alkyl halides under base promoted conditions or by alcohols in Mitsunobu reactions. After deacylation with 4 M PrNH2 in MeOH at room temperature for one day, the desired products were obtained in overall high yields. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship clearly shows that the optimal size of the linker is limited to 2 or 3 atoms (compounds 4-7). 2'-Deoxyadenosine derivatives did not elicit any inhibitory or cytotoxic effect, while 5'-deoxynucleosides still induced some cell protective antiviral activity. Based on these observations, it can be hypothesized that there may be another mechanism that is at the base of the antiviral activity of these compounds against enterovirus 71 besides a possible 5'-triphosphorylation followed by a putative inhibitory effect on RNA synthesis.

Improved preparation of 4(5)-aryl-2-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-imidazoles, the most efficient glucose analogue inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase

Large scale (up to 20 g) preparation ofIandIIallowed the best inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylaseIIIto be synthesized in close to 60% overall yields fromI.