1
|
Lu L, Huang Z, Luo H, Yang G, Huang Z, Long C, Majeed I, Zeng Z. Toward High Contrast and Noninvasive Fluorescence Switches via an O-Fused Ring 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2,2,3-triphenylbenzofuran-6(2 H)-one Strategy. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9830-9840. [PMID: 38970810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
An unprecedented O-fused ring 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methyl-2,2,3-triphenylbenzofuran-6(2H)-one (3) was first time synthesized. Further, a series of novel dialkyl/fluoroalkyl derivatives of compound 3, 5,7-dialkoxy/fluoroalkoxy-4-methyl-2,2,3-triphenylbenzofuran-6(2H)-one, were obtained with noninvasive fluorescence switching characteristics and aggregation-induced emission properties. Compared with fluoroalkyl derivatives, the alkyl analogs exhibited a significant bathochromic shift in solid-state fluorescence emission. Notably, these noninvasive fluorescent molecular switches could be facilely tuned through light and heat stimulation, which successfully achieved high contrast and reversible fluorescent emission between orange and yellow endowing them with potential applications in data encryption materials. In addition, the single crystal data of compounds 3 and 7-CF3 displayed weak intermolecular interactions in different directions, resulting in twisted conformation and antiparallel slip stacking. Interestingly, the polymer dimethyl silicone film doped with 7-C3F7 also showed an evident light-responsive behavior, meeting the criterion for fluorescent materials in the optical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhaohao Huang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huaxin Luo
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangzao Yang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunmei Long
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Irfan Majeed
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuo Zeng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hall AV, Gostick IEF, Yufit DS, Marchant GY, Kirubakaran P, Madu SJ, Li M, Steel PG, Steed JW. Integral Role of Water in the Solid-State Behavior of the Antileishmanial Drug Miltefosine. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:6262-6266. [PMID: 36217416 PMCID: PMC9542694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Miltefosine is a repurposed anticancer drug and currently the only orally administered drug approved to treat the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. Miltefosine is hygroscopic and must be stored at subzero temperatures. In this work, we report the X-ray structures of miltefosine monohydrate and methanol solvate, along with 12- and 14-carbon chain analogue hydrates and a solvate. The three hydrates are all isostructural and are conformational isomorphs with Z' = 2. Water bridges the gap between phosphocholine head groups caused by the interdigitated bilayer structure. The two methanol solvates are also mutually isostructural with the head groups adopting a more extended conformation. Again, the solvent bridges the gap between head groups in the bilayer. No anhydrous form of miltefosine or its analogues were isolated, with dehydration resulting in significantly reduced crystallinity. This arises as a result of the integral role that hydrogen-bond donors (in the form of water or solvent molecules) play in the stability of the zwitterionic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy V. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Isobel E. F. Gostick
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Dmitry S. Yufit
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Gloria Y. Marchant
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | | | - Shadrack J. Madu
- School
of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K.
| | - Mingzhong Li
- School
of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K.
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Jonathan W. Steed
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmed U, Anwar A, Ong SK, Anwar A, Khan NA. Applications of medicinal chemistry for drug discovery against Acanthamoeba infections. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:462-512. [PMID: 34472107 DOI: 10.1002/med.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a genus of free-living amoebae, pervasively found in the environment. Most of its pathogenic species are the causative agent of sight-threatening Acanthamoeba keratitis and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Despite the advancements in the field of chemotherapy, treating Acanthamoeba infections is still challenging due to incomplete knowledge of the complicated pathophysiology. In case of infection, the treatment regimen for the patients is often ineffective due to delayed diagnosis, poor specificity, and side-effects. Besides the resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to most of the drugs, the recurrence of infection further complicates the recovery. Thus, it is necessary to develop an effective treatment which can eradicate these rare, but serious infections. Based on various computational and in vitro studies, it has been established that the synthetic scaffolds such as heterocyclic compounds may act as potential drug leads for the development of antiamoebic drugs. In this review, we report different classes of synthetic compounds especially heterocyclic compounds which have shown promising results against Acanthamoeba. Moreover, the antiamoebic activities of synthetic compounds with their possible mode of actions against Acanthamoeba, have been summarized and discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Areeba Anwar
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Synthesis, physicochemical properties and biological activities of novel alkylphosphocholines with foscarnet moiety. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104224. [PMID: 32892068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of alkylphosphocholines with foscarnet moiety was synthesized. The structure of these zwitterionic amphiphiles was modified in both polar and non-polar parts of surfactant molecule. Investigations of physicochemical properties are represented by the determination of critical micelle concentration, the surface tension value at the cmc and the surface area per surfactant head group utilising surface tension measurements. Hydrodynamic diameter of surfactant micelles was determined using the dynamic light scattering technique. Alkylphosphocholines exhibit significant cytotoxic, anticandidal (Candida albicans) and antiamoebal (Acanthamoeba spp. T4 genotype) activity. The relationship between the structure, physicochemical properties and biological activity of the tested compounds revealed that lipophilicity has a significant influence on biological activity of the investigated surfactants. More lipophilic alkylphosphocholines with octadecyl chains show cytotoxic activity against cancer cells which is higher than that of the compounds with shorter alkyl chains. The opposite situation was observed in case of anticandidal and antiamoebal activity of these surfactants. The most active compounds were found to have pentadecyl chains. The foscarnet analogue of miltefosine C15-PFA-C showed the highest anticandidal activity. The minimum value of anticandidal activity of this compound is 1,4 μM thus representing the highest anticandidal activity found within the group of alkylphosphocholines.
Collapse
|
5
|
Anwar A, Yi YP, Fatima I, Khan KM, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Anwar A. Antiamoebic activity of synthetic tetrazoles against Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to T4 genotype and effects of conjugation with silver nanoparticles. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1943-1954. [PMID: 32385711 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba causes diseases such as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) which leads to permanent blindness and granulomatous Acanthamoeba encephalitis (GAE) where there is formation of granulomas in the brain. Current treatments such as chlorhexidine, diamidines, and azoles either exhibit undesirable side effects or require immediate and prolonged treatment for the drug to be effective or prevent relapse. Previously, antifungal drugs amphotericin B, nystatin, and fluconazole-conjugated silver with nanoparticles have shown significantly increased activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii. In this study, two functionally diverse tetrazoles were synthesized, namely 5-(3-4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazole and 1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenoxy-1H-tetrazole, denoted by T1 and T2 respectively. These compounds were evaluated for anti-Acanthamoeba effects at different concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 μM. Furthermore, these compounds were conjugated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance their efficacy. Particle size analysis showed that T1-AgNPs and T2-AgNPs had an average size of 52 and 70 nm respectively. After the successful synthesis and characterization of tetrazoles and tetrazole-conjugated AgNPs, they were subjected to anti-Acanthamoeba studies. Amoebicidal assay showed that at concentration 10 μM and above, T2 showed promising antiamoebic activities between the two compounds while encystation and excystation assays reveal that both T1 and T2 have inhibited differentiation activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii. Conjugation of T1 and T2 to AgNP also increased efficacy of tetrazoles as anti-Acanthamoeba agents. This may be due to the increased bioavailability as AgNP allows better delivery of treatment compounds to A. castellanii. Human cell cytotoxicity assay revealed that tetrazoles and AgNPs are significantly less toxic towards human cells compared with chlorhexidine which is known to cause undesirable side effects. Cytopathogenicity assay also revealed that T2 conjugated with AgNPs significantly reduced cytopathogenicity of A. castellanii compared with T2 alone, suggesting that T2-conjugated AgNP is an effective and safe anti-Acanthamoeba agent. The use of a synthetic azole compound conjugated with AgNPs can be an alternative strategy for drug development against A. castellanii. However, mechanistic and in vivo studies are needed to explore further translational values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areeba Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yim Pei Yi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Itrat Fatima
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alkyl-carbon chain length of two distinct compounds and derivatives are key determinants of their anti-Acanthamoeba activities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6420. [PMID: 32286337 PMCID: PMC7156471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen, Acanthamoeba castellanii is the causative agent for the sight threatening infection Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). It is commonly associated with contact lens wearers, and prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate due to an inadequate preventive strategy to protect the lens from this protist. This problem is compounded by the lack of an effective acanthamoebocide, particularly with cysticidal activity in the contact lens solutions. We have used cytotoxicity assays and a variety of biophysical approaches to show that two molecules with tails made of alkyl carbon, alkylphosphocholines (APCs) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) had significant chain-length dependent efficacy against A. castellanii trophozoites, the latter producing death via permeabilization, and DNA complexing. QACs were more effective than APCs and had activity against cysts. Conversely, the QAC with 12 alkyl carbon chain, was non toxic, its presence increased A. castellanii trophozoites biomass and delayed encystation by 96 h. Interestingly, it was unable to induce excystation and increased trophozoite sensitivity to APC16. These results present a mono- and multi-inhibitor management strategy effective against trophozoites and cysts that may be useful for formulating into contact lense cleaning solutions and reducing AK incidence.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jeffries B, Wang Z, Graton J, Holland SD, Brind T, Greenwood RDR, Le Questel JY, Scott JS, Chiarparin E, Linclau B. Reducing the Lipophilicity of Perfluoroalkyl Groups by CF2–F/CF2–Me or CF3/CH3 Exchange. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10602-10618. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jeffries
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Jérôme Graton
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière—BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Simon D. Holland
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Thomasin Brind
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Ryan D. R. Greenwood
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Jean-Yves Le Questel
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière—BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - James S. Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Elisabetta Chiarparin
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lorenzo-Morales J, Reyes-Batlle M, Sifaoui I, Arnalich-Montiel F, López-Arencibia A, Wagner C, Rocha-Cabrera P, del Castillo-Remiro A, Martínez-Carretero E, Piñero JE, Valladares B. Therapeutic targets and investigated treatment strategies inAcanthamoebakeratitis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1230060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|