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Khan NA, Alvi A, Alqassim S, Akbar N, Khatoon B, Kawish M, Faizi S, Shah MR, Alawfi BS, Siddiqui R. Nanomedicine: Patuletin-conjugated with zinc oxide exhibit potent effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Biometals 2024:10.1007/s10534-024-00595-0. [PMID: 38705945 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-024-00595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
With the emergence of drug-resistance, there is a need for novel anti-bacterials or to enhance the efficacy of existing drugs. In this study, Patuletin (PA), a flavanoid was loaded onto Gallic acid modified Zinc oxide nanoparticles (PA-GA-ZnO), and evaluated for antibacterial properties against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Gram-negative (Samonella enterica and Escherichia coli) bacteria. Characterization of PA, GA-ZnO and PA-GA-ZnO' nanoparticles was accomplished utilizing fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, efficiency of drug entrapment, polydispersity index, zeta potential, size, and surface morphology analysis through atomic force microscopy. Using bactericidal assays, the results revealed that ZnO conjugation displayed remarkable effects and enhanced Patuletin's effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the minimum inhibitory concentration observed at micromolar concentrations. Cytopathogenicity assays exhibited that the drug-nanoconjugates reduced bacterial-mediated human cell death with minimal side effects to human cells. When tested alone, drug-nanoconjugates tested in this study showed limited toxic effects against human cells in vitro. These are promising findings, but future work is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of effects of drug-nanoconjugates against bacterial pathogens, in addition to in vivo testing to determine their translational value. This study suggests that Patuletin-loaded nano-formulation (PA-GA-ZnO) may be implicated in a multi-target mechanism that affects both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogen cell structures, however this needs to be ascertained in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Adeelah Alvi
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, 505055, UAE
| | - Saif Alqassim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, 505055, UAE.
| | - Noor Akbar
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
| | - Bushra Khatoon
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kawish
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Faizi
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Bader S Alawfi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, , Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
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2
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Alniss HY, Al-Jubeh HM, Msallam YA, Siddiqui R, Makhlouf Z, Ravi A, Hamdy R, Soliman SSM, Khan NA. Structure-based drug design of DNA minor groove binders and evaluation of their antibacterial and anticancer properties. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116440. [PMID: 38678825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial and chemotherapy resistance are escalating medical problem of paramount importance. Yet, research for novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents remains lagging behind. With their reported medical applications, DNA minor groove binders (MGBs) are worthy of exploration. In this study, the approach of structure-based drug design was implemented to generate 11 MGB compounds including a novel class of bioactive alkyne-linked MGBs. The NCI screening protocol was utilized to evaluate the antitumor activity of the target MGBs. Furthermore, a variety of bactericidal, cytopathogenicity, MIC90, and cytotoxicity assays were carried out using these MGBs against 6 medically relevant bacteria: Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Moreover, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations, DNA melting, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analyses were utilized to explore the binding mode and interactions between the most potent MGBs and the DNA duplex d(CGACTAGTCG)2. NCI results showed that alkyne-linked MGBs (26 & 28) displayed the most significant growth inhibition among the NCI-60 panel. In addition, compounds MGB3, MGB4, MGB28, and MGB32 showed significant bactericidal effects, inhibited B. cereus and S. enterica-mediated cytopathogenicity, and exhibited low cytotoxicity. MGB28 and MGB32 demonstrated significant inhibition of S. pyogenes, whereas MGB28 notably inhibited S. marcescens and all four minor groove binders significantly inhibited B. cereus. The ability of these compounds to bind with DNA and distort its groove dimensions provides the molecular basis for the allosteric perturbation of proteins-DNA interactions by MGBs. This study shed light on the mechanism of action of MGBs and revealed the important structural features for their antitumor and antibacterial activities, which are important to guide future development of MGB derivatives as novel antibacterial and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Y Alniss
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hadeel M Al-Jubeh
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yousef A Msallam
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Zinb Makhlouf
- College of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anil Ravi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed A Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
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3
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Anwar A, Khan NA, Alharbi AM, Alhazmi A, Siddiqui R. Applications of photodynamic therapy in keratitis. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:140. [PMID: 38491335 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Keratitis is corneal inflammatory disease which may be caused by several reason such as an injury, allergy, as well as a microbial infection. Besides these, overexposure to ultraviolet light and unhygienic practice of contact lenses are also associated with keratitis. Based on the cause of keratitis, different lines of treatments are recommended. Photodynamic therapy is a promising approach that utilizes light activated compounds to instigate either killing or healing mechanism to treat various diseases including both communicable and non-communicable diseases. This review focuses on clinically-important patent applications and the recent literature for the use of photodynamic therapy against keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmad M Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Alhazmi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
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Rajendran K, Ahmed U, Meunier AC, Shaikh MF, Siddiqui R, Anwar A. Nanoparticle-Terpene Fusion: A Game-Changer in Combating Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Caused by Naegleria fowleri. ACS Omega 2024; 9:11597-11607. [PMID: 38497026 PMCID: PMC10938409 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri) are opportunistic free-living amoebae and are the causative agents of a very rare but severe brain infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). The fatality rate of PAM in reported cases is more than 95%. Most of the drugs used againstN. fowleri infections are repurposed drugs. Therefore, a large number of compounds have been tested againstN. fowleri in vitro, but most of the tested compounds showed high toxicity and an inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Andrographolide, forskolin, and borneol are important natural compounds that have shown various valuable biological properties. In the present study, the nanoconjugates (AND-AgNPs, BOR-AgNPs, and FOR-AgNPs) of these compounds were synthesized and assessed against both stages (trophozoite and cyst) ofN. fowleri for their antiamoebic and cysticidal potential in vitro. In addition, cytotoxicity and host cell pathogenicity were also evaluated in vitro. FOR-AgNPs were the most potent nanoconjugate and showed potent antiamoebic activity againstN. fowleriwith an IC50 of 26.35 μM. Nanoconjugates FOR-AgNPs, BOR-AgNPs, and AND-AgNPs also significantly inhibit the viability of N. fowleri cysts. Cytotoxicity assessment showed that these nanoconjugates caused minimum damage to human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT cells) at 100 μg/mL, while also effectively reducing the cytopathogenicity of N. fowleri trophozoites to the HaCaT cells. The outcomes of our experiments have unveiled substantial potential for AND-AgNPs, BOR-AgNPs, and FOR-AgNPs in the realm of developing innovative alternative therapeutic agents to combat infections caused by N. fowleri. This study represents a significant step forward in the pursuit of advanced strategies for managing such amoebic infections, laying the foundation for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic modalities in the fight against free-living amoebae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Rajendran
- School
of American Education, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Usman Ahmed
- Department
of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alexia Chloe Meunier
- Department
of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology
Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- School
of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles
Sturt University, Orange 2800, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department
of Microbiota Research Centre, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department
of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rao K, Abdullah M, Ahmed U, Wehelie HI, Shah MR, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Alawfi BS, Anwar A. Self-assembled micelles loaded with itraconazole as anti-Acanthamoeba nano-formulation. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:134. [PMID: 38433145 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii are opportunistic pathogens known to cause infection of the central nervous system termed: granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, that mostly effects immunocompromised individuals, and a sight threatening keratitis, known as Acanthamoeba keratitis, which mostly affects contact lens wearers. The current treatment available is problematic, and is toxic. Herein, an amphiphilic star polymer with AB2 miktoarms [A = hydrophobic poly(ℇ-Caprolacton) and B = hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol)] was synthesized by ring opening polymerization and CuI catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Characterization by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy was accomplished. The hydrophobic drug itraconazole (ITZ) was incorporated in self-assembled micellar structure of AB2 miktoarms through co-solvent evaporation. The properties of ITZ loaded (ITZ-PCL-PEG2) and blank micelles (PCL-PEG2) were investigated through zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Itraconazole alone (ITZ), polymer (DPB-PCL), empty polymeric micelles (PCL-PEG2) alone, and itraconazole loaded in polymeric micelles (ITZ-PCL-PEG2) were tested for anti-amoebic potential against Acanthamoeba, and the cytotoxicity on human cells were determined. The polymer was able to self-assemble in aqueous conditions and exhibited low value for critical micelle concentration (CMC) 0.05-0.06 µg/mL. The maximum entrapment efficiency of ITZ was 68%. Of note, ITZ, DPB, PCL-PEG2 and ITZ-PCL-PEG2 inhibited amoebae trophozoites by 37.34%, 36.30%, 35.77%, and 68.24%, respectively, as compared to controls. Moreover, ITZ-PCL-PEG2 revealed limited cytotoxicity against human keratinocyte cells. These results are indicative that ITZ-PCL-PEG2 micelle show significantly better anti-amoebic effects as compared to ITZ alone and thus should be investigated further in vivo to determine its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rao
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, Karachi University, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, Karachi University, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hashi Isse Wehelie
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, Karachi University, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naveed A Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bader S Alawfi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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6
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Alvi A, Alqassim S, Khan NA, Khatoon B, Akbar N, Kawish M, Faizi S, Shah MR, Alharbi AM, Alfahemi H, Siddiqui R. Antibacterial effects of quercetagetin are significantly enhanced upon conjugation with chitosan engineered copper oxide nanoparticles. Biometals 2024; 37:171-184. [PMID: 37792257 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of antibiotic alternatives that entail distinctive chemistry and modes of action is necessary due to the threat posed by drug resistance. Nanotechnology has gained increasing attention in recent years, as a vehicle to enhance the efficacy of existing antimicrobials. In this study, Chitosan copper oxide nanoparticles (CHI-CuO) were synthesized and were further loaded with Quercetagetin (QTG) to achieve the desired (CHI-CuO-QTG). Size distribution, zeta potential and morphological analysis were accomplished. Next, the developed CHI-CuO-QTG was assessed for synergistic antibacterial properties, as well as cytotoxic attributes. Bactericidal assays revealed that CHI-CuO conjugation showed remarkable effects and enhanced QTG effects against a range of Gram + ve and Gram - ve bacteria. The MIC50 of QTG against S. pyogenes was 107 µg/mL while CHI-CuO-QTG reduced it to 9 µg/mL. Similar results were observed when tested against S. pneumoniae. Likewise, the MIC50 of QTG against S. enterica was 38 µg/mL while CHI-CuO-QTG reduced it to 7 µg/mL. For E. coli K1, the MIC50 of QTG was 42 µg/mL while with CHI-CuO-QTG it was 23 µg/mL. Finally, the MIC50 of QTG against S. marcescens was 98 µg/mL while CHI-CuO-QTG reduced it to 10 µg/mL. Notably, the CHI-CuO-QTG nano-formulation showed limited damage when tested against human cells using lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Importantly, bacterial-mediated human cell damage was reduced by prior treatment of bacteria using drug nano-formulations. These findings are remarkable and clearly demonstrate that drug-nanoparticle formulations using nanotechnology is an important avenue in developing potential therapeutic interventions against microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeelah Alvi
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif Alqassim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Bushra Khatoon
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Noor Akbar
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Kawish
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Faizi
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad M Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Alfahemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, 65799, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Akbar N, Siddiqui R, El-Gamal MI, Zaraei SO, Saeed BQ, Alawfi BS, Khan NA. Potential anti-amoebic activity of sulfonate- and sulfamate-containing carboxamide derivatives against pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the genotype T4. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102814. [PMID: 37806551 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba are ubiquitously distributed in the environment and can cause infection of the central nervous system as well a sight-threatening eye infection. Herein, the potential anti-amoebic activity of a series of sulfonate/sulfamate derivatives against pathogenic A. castellanii was evaluated. These compounds were tested using several assays namely amoebicidal, adhesion, excystation, cytotoxic, and cytopathogenicity. Amoebicidal assays revealed that the selected compounds reduced amoebae viability significantly (P < 0.05), and exhibited IC50 values at two-digit micromolar concentrations. Sulfamate derivatives 1j & 1k inhibited 50% of amoebae at 30.65 μM and 27.21 μM, respectively. The tested compounds blocked amoebae binding to host cells as well as inhibited amoebae excystation. Notably, the selected derivatives exhibited minimal human cell cytotoxicity but reduced parasite-mediated host cell damage. Overall, our study showed that sulfamate derivatives 1j & 1k have anti-amoebic potential and offer a promising avenue in the development of potential anti-amoebic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Akbar
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Balsam Qubais Saeed
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bader Saleem Alawfi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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Shama S, Ranade AV, Qaisar R, Khan NA, Tauseef I, Elmoselhi A, Siddiqui R. Enhancing microbial diversity as well as multi-organ health in hind-limb unloaded mice. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2024; 40:62-71. [PMID: 38245349 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
During space travel, the gut microbiota is changed which can lead to health-related issues. Previously, we utilized the hind-limb unloaded (HU) mouse, which is an established ground-based in-vivo model of microgravity and observed altered gut microbiota. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of novel bacterial conditioned media in HU mice to understand if they can offset the effects of unloading in the HU mouse model. We aimed to explore the influence of bacterial conditioned media on diversity and quantity of intestinal microbes in HU mice, and investigated the microarchitecture of mice retinas and kidneys to evaluate the potential systemic effects of bacterial conditioned media in HU mice. Four-month-old, male C57/Bl6 mice were separated into groups: including the ground-based control group, the HU group mice fed with vehicle as placebo (HU-placebo mice), and the HU group fed with bacterial conditioned media (HU-CP mice) and kept under controlled environmental conditions for three weeks. Next, mice were sacrificed; gut dissections were conducted, and metagenomic analysis of bacterial species was performed via DNA extraction and 16S rRNA analysis. The results revealed an HU-induced reduction in intestinal microbial diversity, and an increase in pathogenic bacteria dominated by Firmicutes (45%). In contrast, supplementation with bacterial conditioned media for three weeks led to a significant increase in gut microbial diversity with noticeable changes in the OTUs abundance in the HU mice. Additionally, HU-induced muscle weakness and structural abnormalities in the retina and kidney were partially prevented with bacterial conditioned media. Moreover, a greater diversity of several bacteria in the HU-CP was observed including, Bacteriodota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actionobacteriota, Verrucomicorbiota, Cyanobacteria, Gemmatimonadota, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Myxococcota, and others. Prospective research involving molecular mechanistic studies are needed to comprehend the systemic effects of bacterial metabolites conditioned media on experimental animal models under chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Shama
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Anu V Ranade
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Isfahan Tauseef
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
| | - Adel Elmoselhi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey; College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
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Siddiqui R, Qaisar R, Al-Dahash K, Altelly AH, Elmoselhi AB, Khan NA. Cardiovascular changes under the microgravity environment and the gut microbiome. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2024; 40:89-96. [PMID: 38245353 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In view of the critical role the gut microbiome plays in human health, it has become clear that astronauts' gut microbiota composition changes after spending time in space. Astronauts are exposed to several risks in space, including a protracted period of microgravity, radiation, and mechanical unloading of the body. Several deleterious effects of such an environment are reported, including orthostatic intolerance, cardiovascular endothelial dysfunction, cellular and molecular changes, and changes in the composition of the gut microbiome. Herein, the correlation between the gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease in a microgravity environment is evaluated. Additionally, the relationship between orthostatic hypotension, cardiac shrinkage and arrhythmias during spaceflight, and cellular alterations during spaceflight is reviewed. Given its impact on human health in general, modifying the gut microbiota may significantly promote astronaut health and performance. This is merited, given the prospect of augmented human activities in future space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khulood Al-Dahash
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Hashem Altelly
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adel B Elmoselhi
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey.
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Simau FA, Ahmed U, Khan KM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R, Alharbi AM, Alfahemi H, Anwar A. Lactase can target cellular differentiation of Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:117. [PMID: 38294565 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The free living Acanthamoeba spp. are ubiquitous amoebae associated with potentially blinding disease known as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and a fatal central nervous system infection granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). With the inherent ability of cellular differentiation, it can phenotypically transform to a dormant cyst form from an active trophozoite form. Acanthamoeba cysts are highly resistant to therapeutic agents as well as contact lens cleaning solutions. One way to tackle drug resistance against Acanthamoeba is by inhibiting the formation of cysts from trophozoites. The biochemical analysis showed that the major component of Acanthamoeba cyst wall is composed of carbohydrate moieties such as galactose and glucose. The disaccharide of galactose and glucose is lactose. In this study, we analyzed the potential of lactase enzyme to target carbohydrate moieties of cyst walls. Amoebicidal assessment showed that lactase was ineffective against trophozoite of A. castellanii but enhanced amoebicidal effects of chlorhexidine. The lactase enzyme did not show any toxicity against normal human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) at the tested range. Hence, lactase can be used for further assessment for development of potential therapeutic agents in the management of Acanthamoeba infection as well as formulation of effective contact lens disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathimath Afaaf Simau
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ahmad M Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Alfahemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, 65799, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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11
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Alishba, Ahmed U, Taha M, Khan NA, Salar U, Khan KM, Anwar A, Siddiqui R. Potential anti-amoebic effects of synthetic 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives against Acanthamoeba castellanii. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23258. [PMID: 38205285 PMCID: PMC10776951 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A rare but lethal central nervous system disease known as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and potentially blinding Acanthamoeba keratitis are diseases caused by free-living Acanthamoeba. Currently, no therapeutic agent can completely eradicate or prevent GAE. Synthetic compounds are a likely source of bioactive compounds for developing new drugs. This study synthesized seventeen 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives (I -XVII) by a base-catalyzed one-pot reaction of 2-amino thiophenol with substituted bromo acetophenones. Different spectroscopic techniques, such as EI-MS, 1H-, and 13C NMR (only for the new compounds), were used for the structural characterization and conformation of compounds. These compounds were assessed for the first time against Acanthamoeba castellanii. All compounds showed anti-amoebic potential in vitro against A. castellanii, reducing its ability to encyst and excyst at 100 μM. Compounds IX, X, and XVI showed the most potent activities among all derivatives and significantly reduced the viability to 5.3 × 104 (p < 0.0003), 2 × 105 (p < 0.006), and 2.4 × 105 (p < 0.002) cells/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity profile revealed that these molecules showed lower to moderate cytotoxicity, i.e., 36 %, 2 %, and 21 %, respectively, against human keratinocytes in vitro. These results indicate that 1,4-benzothiazines showed potent in vitro activity against trophozoites and cysts of A. castellanii. Hence, these 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives should be considered to develop new potential therapeutic agents against Acanthamoeba infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alishba
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Taha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Uzma Salar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 3-Constitution Avenue G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Ibrahim Z, Khan NA, Qaisar R, Saleh MA, Siddiqui R, Al-Hroub HM, Giddey AD, Semreen MH, Soares NC, Elmoselhi AB. Serum multi-omics analysis in hindlimb unloading mice model: Insights into systemic molecular changes and potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23592. [PMID: 38187258 PMCID: PMC10770503 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Microgravity, in space travel and prolonged bed rest conditions, induces cardiovascular deconditioning along with skeletal muscle mass loss and weakness. The findings of microgravity research may also aid in the understanding and treatment of human health conditions on Earth such as muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular diseases. Due to the paucity of biomarkers and the unknown underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle deconditioning in these environments, there are insufficient diagnostic and preventative measures. In this study, we employed hindlimb unloading (HU) mouse model, which mimics astronauts in space and bedridden patients, to first evaluate cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function, followed by proteomics and metabolomics LC-MS/MS-based analysis using serum samples. Three weeks of unloading caused changes in the function of the cardiovascular system in c57/Bl6 mice, as seen by a decrease in mean arterial pressure and heart weight. Unloading for three weeks also changed skeletal muscle function, causing a loss in grip strength in HU mice and atrophy of skeletal muscle indicated by a reduction in muscle mass. These modifications were partially reversed by a two-week recovery period of reloading condition, emphasizing the significance of the recovery process. Proteomics analysis revealed 12 dysregulated proteins among the groups, such as phospholipid transfer protein, Carbonic anhydrase 3, Parvalbumin alpha, Major urinary protein 20 (Mup20), Thrombospondin-1, and Apolipoprotein C-IV. On the other hand, metabolomics analysis showed altered metabolites among the groups such as inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthosine, sphinganine, l-valine, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol, and l-Glutamic acid. The joint data analysis revealed that HU conditions mainly impacted pathways such as ABC transporters, complement and coagulation cascades, nitrogen metabolism, and purine metabolism. Overall, our results indicate that microgravity environment induces significant alterations in the function, proteins, and metabolites of these mice. These observations suggest the potential utilization of these proteins and metabolites as novel biomarkers for assessing and mitigating cardiovascular and skeletal muscle deconditioning associated with such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ibrahim
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed A. Khan
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed A. Saleh
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Hamza M. Al-Hroub
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexander D. Giddey
- Center for Applied and Translational Genomics, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Harb Semreen
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, Lisbon, 1649-016, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA School/ Faculdade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adel B. Elmoselhi
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Thomas L, Khan NA, Siddiqui R, Alawfi BS, Lloyd D. Cell death of Acanthamoeba castellanii following exposure to antimicrobial agents commonly included in contact lens disinfecting solutions. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:16. [PMID: 38060008 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Several antimicrobial agents are commonly included in contact lens disinfectant solutions including chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX), polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) or myristamidopropyl dimethylamine (MAPD); however, their mode of action, i.e. necrosis versus apoptosis is incompletely understood. Here, we determined whether a mechanism of cell death resembling that of apoptosis was present in Acanthamoeba castellanii of the T4 genotype (NEFF) following exposure to the aforementioned antimicrobials using the anticoagulant annexin V that undergoes rapid high affinity binding to phosphatidylserine in the presence of calcium, making it a sensitive probe for phosphatidylserine exposure. The results revealed that under the conditions employed in this study, an apoptotic pathway of cell death in this organism at the tested conditions does not occur. Our findings suggest that necrosis is the likely mode of action; however, future mechanistic studies should be accomplished in additional experimental conditions to further comprehend the molecular mechanisms of cell death in Acanthamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Thomas
- Microbiology Research, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, P. O. Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Bader S Alawfi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Lloyd
- Microbiology Research, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, P. O. Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
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14
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Rajendran K, Ahmed U, Meunier AC, Shaikh MF, Siddiqui R, Anwar A. Natural Terpenes Inhibit the Cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri Causing Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in the Human Cell Line Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4105-4114. [PMID: 37983556 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is one of the free-living amoebae and is a causative agent of a lethal and rare central nervous system infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Despite the advancement in antimicrobial chemotherapy, the fatality rate in the reported cases is more than 95%. Most of the treatment drugs used against N. fowleri infection are repurposed drugs. Therefore, a large number of compounds have been tested against N. fowleri in vitro, but most of the compounds showed high toxicity. To overcome this, we evaluated the effectiveness of naturally occurring terpene compounds against N. fowleri. In this study, we evaluated the antiamoebic potential of natural compounds including Thymol, Borneol, Andrographolide, and Forskolin againstN. fowleri. Thymol showed the highest amoebicidal activity with IC50/24 h at 153.601 ± 19.6 μM. Two combinations of compounds Forskolin + Thymol and Forskolin + Borneol showed a higher effect on the viability of trophozoites as compared to compounds alone and hence showed a synergistic effect. The IC50 reported for Forskolin + Thymol was 81.30 ± 6.86 μM. Borneol showed maximum cysticidal activity with IC50/24 h at 192.605 ± 3.01 μM. Importantly, lactate dehydrogenase release testing revealed that all compounds displayed minimal cytotoxicity to human HaCaT, HeLa, and SH-SY5Y cell lines. The cytopathogenicity assay showed that Thymol and Borneol also significantly reduced the host cell cytotoxicity of pretreated amoeba toward the human HaCaT cell line. So, these terpene compounds hold potential as therapeutic agents against infections caused by N. fowleri and are potentially a step forward in drug development against this deadly pathogen as these compounds have also been reported to cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, an in vivo study using animal models is necessary to assess the efficacy of these compounds and the need for further research into the intranasal route of delivery for the treatment of these life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Rajendran
- School of American Education (SAE), Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Alexia Chloe Meunier
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange New South Wales, 2800, Australia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiota Research Centre, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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15
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Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Is the gut microbiome of insects a potential source to meet UN sustainable development goals to eliminate plastic pollution? Environ Microbiol Rep 2023; 15:455-458. [PMID: 37688332 PMCID: PMC10667635 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
As insects such as cockroaches can endure high radiation, flourish in unsanitary circumstances, thrive on germ-infested feed, and can even digest the organic polymer cellulose, the gut microbiota of these species likely produces enzymes contributing to their ability to digest a variety of materials. The use of cockroaches as a bio-resource to eliminate plastic is discussed. We explore whether species such as cockroaches are a potential bio-resource to eliminate plastic pollution and contribute to the sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations as well as the global community to reduce and/or eliminate plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and SciencesAmerican University of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of MedicineIstinye UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of MedicineIstinye UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of MedicineUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
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16
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Siddiqui R, El-Gamal MI, Sajeev S, Zaraei SO, Khan NA. Novel anti-Acanthamoebic properties of raloxifene sulfonate/sulfamate derivatives. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 256:111582. [PMID: 37562558 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba are known to cause a vision threatening eye infection typically due to contact lens wear, and an infection of the central nervous system. The ability of these amoebae to switch phenotypes, from an active trophozoite to a resistant cyst form is not well understood; the cyst stage is often resistant to chemotherapy, which is of concern given the rise of contact lens use and the ineffective disinfectants available, versus the cyst stage. Herein, for the first time, a range of raloxifene sulfonate/sulfamate derivatives which target nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase enzymes, were assessed using amoebicidal and excystation tests versus the trophozoite and cyst stage of Acanthamoeba. Moreover, the potential for cytopathogenicity inhibition in amoebae was assessed. Each of the derivatives showed considerable anti-amoebic activity as well as the ability to suppress phenotypic switching (except for compound 1a). Selected raloxifene derivatives reduced Acanthamoeba-mediated host cell damage using lactate dehydrogenase assay. These findings suggest that pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase enzymes may be valuable targets against Acanthamoeba infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Sreedevi Sajeev
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, Unites Arab Emirates
| | - Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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17
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Ahmed U, Ong SK, Tan KO, Khan KM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R, Alawfi BS, Anwar A. Alpha-Mangostin and its nano-conjugates induced programmed cell death in Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype. Int Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00450-1. [PMID: 38015290 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba are free living amoebae that are the causative agent of keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Alpha-Mangostin (AMS) is a significant xanthone; that demonstrates a wide range of biological activities. Here, the anti-amoebic activity of α-Mangostin and its silver nano conjugates (AMS-AgNPs) were evaluated against pathogenic A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts in vitro. Amoebicidal assays showed that both AMS and AMS-AgNPs inhibited the viability of A. castellanii dose-dependently, with an IC50 of 88.5 ± 2.04 and 20.2 ± 2.17 μM, respectively. Both formulations inhibited A. castellanii-mediated human keratinocyte cell cytopathogenicity. Functional assays showed that both samples caused apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cytochrome-c reductase in the cytosol. Whole transcriptome sequencing of A. castellanii showed the expression of 826 genes, with 447 genes being up-regulated and 379 genes being down-regulated post treatment. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the majority of genes were linked to apoptosis, autophagy, RAP1, AGE-RAGE and oxytocin signalling pathways. Seven genes (PTEN, H3, ARIH1, SDR16C5, PFN, glnA GLUL, and SRX1) were identified as the most significant (Log2 (FC) value 4) for molecular mode of action in vitro. Future in vivo studies with AMS and nanoconjugates are needed to realize the clinical potential of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Onn Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bader Saleem Alawfi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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18
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Elmoselhi AB, Bouzid A, Allah MS, Ibrahim Z, Bajbouj K, Abou Assaleh RS, Venkatachalam T, Madkour M, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Hamoudi RA. Unveiling the molecular Culprit of arterial stiffness in vitamin D deficiency and obesity: Potential for novel therapeutic targets. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22067. [PMID: 38027669 PMCID: PMC10658375 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are highly associated with both vitamin D deficiency and obesity, two prevalent health conditions worldwide. Arterial stiffness, an independent predictor of CVDs, is particularly elevated in both conditions, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive, hindering effective management of CVDs in this population. We recruited 20 middle-aged Emiratis, including 9 individuals with vitamin D deficiency (Vit D level ≤20 ng) and obesity (BMI ≥30) and 11 individuals as control with Vit D level >20 ng and BMI <30. We measured arterial stiffness using pulse wave velocity (PWV) and performed whole transcriptome sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched pathways. We validated these findings using qRT-PCR, Western blot, and multiplex analysis. PWV was significantly higher in the vitamin D deficient and obese group relative to controls (p ≤ 0.05). The DEG analysis revealed that pathways related to interleukin 1 (IL-1), nitrogen metabolism, HIF-1 signaling, and MAPK signaling were over-activated in the vitamin D deficient and obese group. We found that HIF-1alpha, NOX-I, NOX-II, IL-1b, IL-8, IL-10, and VEGF were significantly upregulated in the vitamin D deficient and obese group (p < 0.05). Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of arterial stiffness in vitamin D deficiency and obesity, demonstrating the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in this process. Our findings suggest that these biomarkers may serve as potential therapeutic targets for early prevention of CVDs. Further studies are needed to investigate these pathways and biomarkers with larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel B. Elmoselhi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Bouzid
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Seif Allah
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zeinab Ibrahim
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khuloud Bajbouj
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rebal S. Abou Assaleh
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thenmozhi Venkatachalam
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Madkour
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Rifat A. Hamoudi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Akbar N, Siddiqui R, El-Gamal MI, Zaraei SO, Alawfi BS, Khan NA. The anti-amoebic potential of carboxamide derivatives containing sulfonyl or sulfamoyl moieties against brain-eating Naegleria fowleri. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2539-2548. [PMID: 37665414 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07953-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living thermophilic flagellate amoeba that causes a rare but life-threatening infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), with a very high fatality rate. Herein, the anti-amoebic potential of carboxamide derivatives possessing sulfonyl or sulfamoyl moiety was assessed against pathogenic N. fowleri using amoebicidal, cytotoxicity and cytopathogenicity assays. The results from amoebicidal experiments showed that derivatives dramatically reduced N. fowleri viability. Selected derivatives demonstrated IC50 values at lower concentrations; 1j showed IC50 at 24.65 μM, while 1k inhibited 50% amoebae growth at 23.31 μM. Compounds with significant amoebicidal effects demonstrated limited cytotoxicity against human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, some derivatives mitigated N. fowleri-instigated host cell death. Ultimately, this study demonstrated that 1j and 1k exhibited potent anti-amoebic activity and ought to be looked at in future studies for the development of therapeutic anti-amoebic pharmaceuticals. Further investigation is required to determine the clinical relevance of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Akbar
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bader S Alawfi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Ahmed U, Ong SK, Khan KM, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Shaikh MF, Alawfi BS, Anwar A. Effect of embelin on inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:360. [PMID: 37898989 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is the causative agent of fatal encephalitis and blinding keratitis. Current therapies remain a challenge, hence there is a need to search for new therapeutics. Here, we tested embelin (EMB) and silver nanoparticles doped with embelin (EMB-AgNPs) against A. castellanii. Using amoebicidal assays, the results revealed that both compounds inhibited the viability of Acanthamoeba, having an IC50 of 27.16 ± 0.63 and 13.63 ± 1.08 μM, respectively, while causing minimal cytotoxicity against HaCaT cells in vitro. The findings suggest that both samples induced apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated pathway. Differentially expressed genes analysis showed that 652 genes were uniquely expressed in treated versus untreated cells, out of which 191 were significantly regulated in the negative control vs. conjugate. Combining the analysis, seven genes (ARIH1, RAP1, H3, SDR16C5, GST, SRX1, and PFN) were highlighted as the most significant (Log2 (FC) value ± 4) for the molecular mode of action in vitro. The KEGG analysis linked most of the genes to apoptosis, the oxidative stress signaling pathway, cytochrome P450, Rap1, and the oxytocin signaling pathways. In summary, this study provides a thorough framework for developing therapeutic agents against microbial infections using EMB and EMB-AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bader Saleem Alawfi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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Siddiqui R, Khodja A, Ibrahim T, Khamis M, Anwar A, Khan NA. The increasing importance of novel deep eutectic solvents as potential effective antimicrobials and other medicinal properties. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:330. [PMID: 37792153 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of antibiotic resistance globally, coupled with evolving and emerging infectious diseases, there is an urgent need for the development of novel antimicrobials. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are a new generation of eutectic mixtures that depict promising attributes with several biological implications. DES exhibit unique properties such as low toxicity, biodegradability, and high thermal stability. Herein, the antimicrobial properties of DES and their mechanisms of action against a range of microorganisms, including bacteria, amoebae, fungi, viruses, and anti-cancer properties are reviewed. Overall, DES represent a promising class of novel antimicrobial agents as well as possessing other important biological attributes, however, future studies on DES are needed to investigate their underlying antimicrobial mechanism, as well as their in vivo effects, for use in the clinic and public at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelhamid Khodja
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mustafa Khamis
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
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22
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Siddiqui R, Akbar N, Maciver SK, Alharbi AM, Alfahemi H, Khan NA. Gut microbiome of Crocodylus porosus and cellular stress: inhibition of nitric oxide, interleukin 1-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and prostaglandin E2 in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:344. [PMID: 37768360 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Crocodiles are renowned for their resilience and capacity to withstand environmental stressors, likely influenced by their unique gut microbiome. In this study, we determined whether selected gut bacteria of Crocodylus porosus exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in response to stress, by measuring nitric oxide release, interleukin 1-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and prostaglandin E2 in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Using the Griess assay, the findings revealed that among several C. porosus gut bacterial isolates, the conditioned media containing the metabolites of two bacterial strains (CP27 and CP36) inhibited nitric oxide production significantly, in response to the positive control, i.e., taxol-treatment. Notably, CP27 and CP36 were more potent at reducing nitric oxide production than senloytic compounds (fisetin, quercetin). Using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2), was markedly reduced by treatment with CP27 and CP36, in response to stress. Both CP27 and CP36 contain a plethora of metabolites to exact their effects [(3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, 5-methoxytryptophan, nifedipine, 4-chlorotestosterone-17-acetate, 3-phenoxypropionic acid, lactic acid, f-Honaucin A, l,l-Cyclo(leucylprolyl), 3-hydroxy-decanoic acid etc.], indicative of their potential in providing protection against cellular stress. Further high-throughput bioassay-guided testing of gut microbial metabolites from crocodiles, individually as well as in combination, together with the underlying molecular mechanisms, in vitro and in vivo will elucidate their value in the rational development of innovative therapies against cellular stress/gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Noor Akbar
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sutherland K Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ahmad M Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Alfahemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, 65799, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
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23
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Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Brain-eating Amoebae, Nasal Cleansing, and Water Quality Monitoring Programmes. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2023; 111:35. [PMID: 37702760 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
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Siddiqui R, Badran Z, Boghossian A, Alharbi AM, Alfahemi H, Khan NA. The increasing importance of the oral microbiome in periodontal health and disease. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO856. [PMID: 37621848 PMCID: PMC10445586 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, the aim is to discuss the current knowledge of microbiome and periodontal diseases. Current treatment strategies include mechanical therapy such as root planing, scaling, deep pocket debridement and antimicrobial chemotherapy as an adjuvant therapy. Among promising therapeutic strategies, dental probiotics and oral microbiome transplantation have gained attention, and may be used to treat bacterial imbalances by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and adhesion surfaces, as well as probiotics targeting the gut microbiome. Development of strategies to prevent and treat periodontal diseases are warranted as both are highly prevalent and can affect human health. Further studies are necessary to better comprehend the microbiome in order to develop innovative preventative measures as well as efficacious therapies against periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Zahi Badran
- Periodontology Unit, Department of Preventive & Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anania Boghossian
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad M Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Alfahemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, 65799, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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25
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Abdul Halim R, Mohd Hussain RH, Aazmi S, Halim H, Ahmed Khan N, Siddiqui R, Shahrul Anuar T. Molecular characterisation and potential pathogenicity analysis of Acanthamoeba isolated from recreational lakes in Peninsular Malaysia. J Water Health 2023; 21:1342-1356. [PMID: 37756200 PMCID: wh_2023_186 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to identify the Acanthamoeba genotypes and their pathogenic potential in three recreational lakes in Malaysia. Thirty water samples were collected by purposive sampling between June and July 2022. Physical parameters of water quality were measured in situ while chemical and microbiological analyses were performed in the laboratory. The samples were vacuum filtered through nitrate filter, cultured onto non-nutrient agar and observed microscopically for amoebic growth. DNAs from positive samples were extracted and made to react with polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. Physiological tolerance tests were performed for all Acanthamoeba-positive samples. The presence of Acanthamoeba was found in 26 of 30 water samples by PCR. The highest rate in lake waters contaminated with amoeba was in Biru Lake (100%), followed by Titiwangsa Lake (80%) and Shah Alam Lake (80%). ORP, water temperature, pH and DO were found to be significantly correlated with the presence of Acanthamoeba. The most common genotype was T4. Temperature- and osmo-tolerance tests showed that 8 (30.8%) of the genotypes T4, T9 and T11 were highly pathogenic. The presence of genotype T4 in habitats related to human activities supports the relevance of this amoeba as a potential public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohaya Abdul Halim
- Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia E-mail:
| | - Rosnani Hanim Mohd Hussain
- Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shafiq Aazmi
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Microbiome Health and Environment (MiHeaRT), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasseri Halim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey; College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tengku Shahrul Anuar
- Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Microbiome Health and Environment (MiHeaRT), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Siddiqui R, Elmoselhi AB, Khan NA. Space medicine: gut microbiome of hardy species is a potential source to counter disorders during space travel. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO868. [PMID: 37485442 PMCID: PMC10357397 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is proposed that gut microbiome of species like cockroaches may offer a potential source of novel mechanisms/molecules that can be translated into humans to safeguard astronauts against stressors of the space environment during deep space exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, UAE
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Adel B Elmoselhi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
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27
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Siddiqui R, Yee Ong TY, Maciver S, Khan NA. Can Amphotericin B-mediated effects be limited using intranasal versus intravenous route? Ther Deliv 2023; 14:485-490. [PMID: 37691579 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: CNS infections due to parasites often prove fatal. In part, this is due to inefficacy of drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier. Methods: Here, we tested intranasal and intravenous route and compared adverse effects of Amphotericin B administration, through blood biochemistry, liver, kidney and brain histopathological evidence of toxicities in vivo post-administration. Results: It was observed that intranasal route limits the adverse side effects of Amphotericin B, in contrast to intravenous route. Conclusion: As parasites such as Naegleria fowleri exhibit unequivocal affinity toward the olfactory bulb and frontal lobe in the central nervous system, intranasal administration would directly reach amoebae bypassing the blood-brain barrier selectivity and achieve the minimum inhibitory concentration at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah - United Arab Emirates
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Timothy Yu Yee Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science & Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Sutherland Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
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Siddiqui R, Maciver SK, Anuar TS, Khan NA. Bacterial flora varies throughout the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) gastrointestinal tract. Am J Vet Res 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37353216 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.03.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine bacterial flora throughout the gastrointestinal tract of a saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) using 16S rRNA gene analysis. ANIMALS A convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES) of wild fauna and flora registered crocodile farm, provided a healthy male saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus for this study. PROCEDURES Three samples were taken from the oral cavity, 3 samples from the proximal region of the small intestine (jejunum), and 3 samples from the distal part of the large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract of C. porosus were obtained using sterile cotton swabs. Next, swabs were placed in 15 mL sterile centrifuge tubes, individually, and kept on ice for immediate transportation to the laboratory. This was followed by 16S rRNA gene analysis using specific primers (341F-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG, and 806R-GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT). Amplicons were sequenced on Illumina paired-end platform, and bacterial gastrointestinal communities, the relative abundance of taxa, and principal component and coordinate analysis were performed. RESULTS The findings revealed that bacterial community structures from differing regions exhibited several differences. The number of observed bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was 153 in the oral cavity, 239 in the small intestine, and 119 in the large intestine of C. porosus. The small intestine reflects the highest richness. In contrast, the large intestine exhibited the least richness of microbial communities. Relative abundance of taxa showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were dominant in all 3 sample sites. Pseudomonas differed in the oral cavity and the large intestine, with the latter exhibiting less distribution of Pseudomonas. Stenotrophomonas and Castellaniella were higher in the oral cavity, while the relative abundance of Comamonas and Salmonella was higher in the small intestine. Conversely, the relative abundance of Salmonella and Pannonibacter was augmented in the large intestine. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For the first time, this study demonstrates the bacterial diversity along the segments of the gastrointestinal tract of C. porosus. Bacterial flora varies throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Although further studies using large cohorts are warranted; however, our findings suggest that microbiome composition may have the potential as a biomarker in determining the overall health and well-being of C. porosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sutherland K Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tengku Shahrul Anuar
- Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Siddiqui R, Akbar N, Soares NC, Al-Hroub HM, Semreen MH, Maciver SK, Khan NA. Mass spectrometric analysis of bioactive conditioned media of bacteria isolated from reptilian gut. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO861. [PMID: 37180607 PMCID: PMC10167718 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine whether selected gut bacteria of crocodile exhibit antibacterial properties. Materials & methods Two bacteria isolated from Crocodylus porosus gut were used, namely: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas dhakensis. Conditioned media were tested against pathogenic bacteria and metabolites were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results & conclusion Antibacterial assays revealed that conditioned media showed potent effects against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. LC-MS revealed identity of 210 metabolites. The abundant metabolites were, N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine, Acetaminophen, Trans-Ferulic acid, N, N-Dimethylformamide, Pyrocatechol, Cyclohexanone, Diphenhydramine, Melatonin, Gamma-terpinene, Cysteamine, 3-phenoxypropionic acid, Indole-3-carbinol, Benzaldehyde, Benzocaine, 2-Aminobenzoic acid, 3-Methylindole. These findings suggest that crocodile gut bacteria are potential source of novel bioactive molecules that can be utilized as pre/post/antibiotics for the benefit of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Noor Akbar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson Cruz Soares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamza Mohammad Al-Hroub
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Harb Semreen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sutherland K Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Patents, pharmaceutical industry and healthcare. Pharm Pat Anal 2023. [PMID: 37140356 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, UAE
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed A Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
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Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Contact lens disinfectants against Acanthamoeba keratitis: an overview of recent patents and future needs. Pharm Pat Anal 2023; 12:87-89. [PMID: 37650775 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2023-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed A Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
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Akbar N, Khan NA, Giddey AD, Soares NC, Alharbi AM, Alfahemi H, Siddiqui R. Selected Gut Bacteria from Water Monitor Lizard Exhibit Effects against Pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii Belonging to the T4 Genotype. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041072. [PMID: 37110494 PMCID: PMC10142573 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Water monitor lizards (WMLs) reside in unhygienic and challenging ecological surroundings and are routinely exposed to various pathogenic microorganisms. It is possible that their gut microbiota produces substances to counter microbial infections. Here we determine whether selected gut bacteria of water monitor lizards (WMLs) possess anti-amoebic properties using Acanthamoeba castellanii of the T4 genotype. Conditioned media (CM) were prepared from bacteria isolated from WML. The CM were tested using amoebicidal, adhesion, encystation, excystation, cell cytotoxicity and amoeba-mediated host cell cytotoxicity assays in vitro. Amoebicidal assays revealed that CM exhibited anti-amoebic effects. CM inhibited both excystation and encystation in A. castellanii. CM inhibited amoebae binding to and cytotoxicity of host cells. In contrast, CM alone showed limited toxic effects against human cells in vitro. Mass spectrometry revealed several antimicrobials, anticancer, neurotransmitters, anti-depressant and other metabolites with biological functions. Overall, these findings imply that bacteria from unusual places, such as WML gut, produce molecules with anti-acanthamoebic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Akbar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Alexander D Giddey
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C Soares
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad M Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Alfahemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, P.O. Box. 1988, Al-Baha 65799, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
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Jabri T, Khan NA, Makhlouf Z, Akbar N, Gul J, Shah MR, Siddiqui R. Antibacterial Properties of Ethacridine Lactate and Sulfmethoxazole Loaded Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040755. [PMID: 37107117 PMCID: PMC10135308 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains that reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents has become a major ongoing health concern in recent years. It is therefore necessary to find new antibacterials with broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and/or to use nanotechnology to boost the potency of already available medications. In this research, we examined the antibacterial efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and ethacridine lactate loaded two-dimensional glucosamine functionalized graphene-based nanocarriers against a range of bacterial isolates. Graphene oxide was first functionalized with glucosamine, which as a carbohydrate moiety can render hydrophilic and biocompatible characters to the GO surface, and subsequently loaded with ethacridine lactate and sulfamethoxazole. The resulting nanoformulations had distinct, controllable physiochemical properties. By analyzing the formulation using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (PXRD), a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zetasizer, and a morphological analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy, researchers were able to confirm the synthesis of nanocarriers. Both nanoformulations were tested against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli K1, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, as well as Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Importantly, ethacridine lactate and its nanoformulations exhibited significant antibacterial properties against all bacteria tested in this study. When tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the results were remarkable and revealed that ethacridine lactate presented MIC90 at 9.7 µg/mL against S. enteric, and MIC90 at 6.2 µg/mL against B. cereus. Notably, ethacridine lactate and its nanoformulations showed limited toxicity effects against human cells using lactate dehydrogenase assays. Overall, the results revealed that ethacridine lactate and its nanoformulations possess antibacterial activities against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and that nanotechnology can be employed for the targeted delivery of effective drugs without harming the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Jabri
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Zinb Makhlouf
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor Akbar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasra Gul
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
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Akbar N, Hussain K, Khalid M, Siddiqui R, Shah MR, Khan NA. Azole and 5-nitroimidazole based nanoformulations are potential antiamoebic drug candidates against brain eating amoebae. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:7110405. [PMID: 37024269 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Herein, the anti-parasitic activity of azoles (fluconazole and itraconazole) and 5-nitroimdazole (metronidazole) against brain eating amoebae: Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris was elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS Azoles and 5-nitroimdazole based nanoformulations were synthesized and characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometer, atomic force microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. H1-NMR, EI-MS and ESI-MS were performed to determine their molecular mass and elucidate their structures. Their size, zeta potential, size distribution and polydispersity index were assessed. Amoebicidal assays revealed that all the drugs and their nanoformulations, (except itraconazole) presented significant anti-amoebic effects against B. mandrillaris, while all the treatments indicated notable amoebicidal properties against N. fowleri. Amoebicidal effects were radically enhanced upon conjugating the drugs with nanoparticles. The IC50 values for KM-38-AgNPs-F, KM-20-AgNPs-M and KM-IF were 65.09 µg.mL-1, 91.27 µg.mL-1 and 72.19 µg.mL-1 respectively against B. mandrillaris. Whereas against N. fowleri, IC50 values were: 71.85 µg.mL-1, 73.95 µg.mL-1, and 63.01 µg.mL-1 respectively. Additionally, nanoformulations significantly reduced N. fowleri mediated host cell death, while nanoformulations along with fluconazole and metronidazole considerably reduced Balamuthia mediated human cell damage. Finally, all the tested drugs and their nanoformulations revealed limited cytotoxic activity against human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell (HBEC-5i) cells. CONCLUSION These compounds should be developed into novel chemotherapeutic options for use against these distressing infections due to free-living amoebae, as currently there are no effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Akbar
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University, City, Sharjah, 27272, Unites Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University, City, Sharjah, 27272, Unites Arab Emirates
| | - Kashif Hussain
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Maria Khalid
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University, City, Sharjah, 27272, Unites Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
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Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Acute stress and gut microbiome: a potential in vivo rodent model to study molecular and pathological mechanisms. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO852. [PMID: 37090489 PMCID: PMC10116369 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, UAE
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
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Siddiqui R, Boghossian A, Kawish M, Jabri T, Shah MR, Anuar TS, Al-Shareef Z, Khan NA. Nanocarrier Drug Conjugates Exhibit Potent Anti-Naegleria fowleri and Anti-Balamuthia mandrillaris Properties. Diseases 2023; 11:diseases11020058. [PMID: 37092440 PMCID: PMC10123729 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the opportunity and access, pathogenic protists (Balamuthia mandrillaris and Naegleria fowleri) can produce fatal infections involving the central nervous system. In the absence of effective treatments, there is a need to either develop new antimicrobials or enhance the efficacy of existing compounds. Nanocarriers as drug delivery systems are gaining increasing attention in the treatment of parasitic infections. In this study, novel nanocarriers conjugated with amphotericin B and curcumin were evaluated for anti-amoebic efficacy against B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri. The results showed that nanocarrier conjugated amphotericin B exhibited enhanced cidal properties against both amoebae tested compared with the drug alone. Similarly, nanocarrier conjugated curcumin exhibited up to 75% cidal effects versus approx. 50% cidal effects for curcumin alone. Cytopathogenicity assays revealed that the pre-treatment of both parasites with nanoformulated-drugs reduced parasite-mediated host cellular death compared with the drugs alone. Importantly, the cytotoxic effects of amphotericin B on human cells alone were reduced when conjugated with nanocarriers. These are promising findings and further suggest the need to explore nanocarriers as a means to deliver medicine against parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Anania Boghossian
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Kawish
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Jabri
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Tengku Shahrul Anuar
- Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, PuncakAlam Campus, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - Zainab Al-Shareef
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Siddiqui R, Boghossian A, Alqassim SS, Kawish M, Gul J, Jabri T, Shah MR, Khan NA. Anti-Balamuthia mandrillaris and anti-Naegleria fowleri effects of drugs conjugated with various nanostructures. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:170. [PMID: 37017767 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Balamuthia mandrillaris and Naegleria fowleri are protist pathogens that can cause fatal infections. Despite mortality rate of > 90%, there is no effective therapy. Treatment remains problematic involving repurposed drugs, e.g., azoles, amphotericin B and miltefosine but requires early diagnosis. In addition to drug discovery, modifying existing drugs using nanotechnology offers promise in the development of therapeutic interventions against these parasitic infections. Herein, various drugs conjugated with nanoparticles were developed and evaluated for their antiprotozoal activities. Characterizations of the drugs' formulations were accomplished utilizing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, efficiency of drug entrapment, polydispersity index, zeta potential, size, and surface morphology. The nanoconjugates were tested against human cells to determine their toxicity in vitro. The majority of drug nanoconjugates exhibited amoebicidal effects against B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri. Amphotericin B-, Sulfamethoxazole-, Metronidazole-based nanoconjugates are of interest since they exhibited significant amoebicidal effects against both parasites (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Sulfamethoxazole and Naproxen significantly diminished host cell death caused by B. mandrillaris by up to 70% (p < 0.05), while Amphotericin B-, Sulfamethoxazole-, Metronidazole-based drug nanoconjugates showed the highest reduction in host cell death caused by N. fowleri by up to 80%. When tested alone, all of the drug nanoconjugates tested in this study showed limited toxic effects against human cells in vitro (less than 20%). Although these are promising findings, prospective work is warranted to comprehend the mechanistic details of nanoconjugates versus amoebae as well as their in vivo testing, to develop antimicrobials against the devastating infections caused by these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Anania Boghossian
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif S Alqassim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Kawish
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jasra Gul
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Jabri
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Siddiqui R, Niyyati M, Abouleish MY, Khamis M, Ibrahim T, Khan NA. COVID-19: Acanthamoeba Creeps into the Brain. Iran J Parasitol 2023; 18:272-274. [PMID: 37583628 PMCID: PMC10423902 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v18i2.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The Article Abstract is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Maryam Niyyati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mustafa Khamis
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb Ibrahim
- College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Siddiqui R, Makhlouf Z, Akbar N, Khamis M, Ibrahim T, Khan AS, Khan NA. Antiamoebic properties of Methyltrioctylammonium chloride based deep eutectic solvents. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101758. [PMID: 36243521 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This aim of this study was to assess anti-parasitic properties of deep eutectic solvents against eye pathogen, Acanthamoeba, often associated with the use of contact lens. METHODS Assays were performed to investigate the effects of various Methyltrioctylammonium chloride-based deep eutectic solvents on Acanthamoeba castellanii, comprising amoebicidal assays, encystment assays, excystment assays, cytotoxicity assays by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release from human cells, and cytopathogenicity assays to determine parasite-mediated host cell death. RESULTS In a 2 h incubation period, DES-B, DES-C, DES-D, and DES-E exhibited up to 85 % amoebicidal activity at micromolar doses, which was enhanced further following 24 h incubation. When tested in encystment assays, selected deep eutectic solvents abolished cyst formation and were able to block excystment of A. castellanii. All solvents exhibited minimal human cell cytotoxicity except DES-D. Finally, all tested deep eutectic solvents inhibited amoeba-mediated cytopathogenicity, except DES-B. CONCLUSIONS Deep eutectic solvents show potent antiamoebic effects. These findings are promising and could lead to the development of novel contact lens disinfectants, as well as opening several avenues to explore the molecular mechanisms, various doses and incubation periods, and use of different bases against Acanthamoeba castellanii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; Istinye Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zinb Makhlouf
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor Akbar
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mustafa Khamis
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amir Sada Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology, Banuu 28100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, C
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University, City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Istinye Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey..
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Siddiqui R, Muhammad JS, Alharbi AM, Alfahemi H, Khan NA. Can Acanthamoeba Harbor Monkeypox Virus? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040855. [PMID: 37110278 PMCID: PMC10146756 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is well known to host a variety of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and yeast. Given the recent number of cases of monkeypox infection, we speculate that amoebae may be aiding viral transmission to the susceptible hosts. Although there is no confirmatory evidence to suggest that Acanthamoeba is a host to monkeypox (a double-stranded DNA virus), the recent discovery of mimivirus (another double-stranded DNA virus) from Acanthamoeba, suggests that amoebae may shelter monkeypox virus. Furthermore, given the possible spread of monkeypox virus from animals to humans during an earlier outbreak, which came about after patients came in contact with prairie dogs, it is likely that animals may also act as mixing vessel between ubiquitously distributed Acanthamoeba and monkeypox virus, in addition to the environmental habitat that acts as an interface in complex interactions between diverse microorganisms and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmad M. Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Alfahemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65799, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-65057722
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Elmoselhi AB, Seif Allah M, Bouzid A, Ibrahim Z, Venkatachalam T, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Hamoudi RA. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of early vascular damage in vitamin D deficiency, obese, and diabetic patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283608. [PMID: 36952563 PMCID: PMC10035929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 deficiency, obesity, and diabetes mellitus (DM) have been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the early detection of vascular damage in those patients is still difficult to ascertain. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized to play a critical role in initiation and pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction. Herein, we aimed to identify circulating miRNA biomarkers of vascular dysfunction as early predictors of CVDs. We have recruited 23 middle-aged Emiratis patients with the following criteria: A healthy control group with vitamin D ≥ 20ng, and BMI < 30 (C1 group = 11 individuals); A vitamin D deficiency (Vit D level ≤ 20 ng) and obese (BMI ≥ 30) group (A1 group = 9 patients); A vitamin D deficiency, obese, plus DM (A2 group = 3 patients). Arterial stiffness via pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured and the whole transcriptome analysis with qPCR validation for miRNA in plasma samples were tested. PWV relative to age was significantly higher in A1 group 19.4 ± 4.7 m/s and A2 group 18.3 ± 1.3 m/s compared to controls 14.7 ± 2.1 m/s (p < 0.05). Similar patterns were also observed in the Augmentation pressure (AP) and Alx%. Whole RNA-Sequencing revealed miR-182-5p; miR-199a-5p; miR-193a-5p; and miR-155-5p were differentially over-expressed (logFC > 1.5) in high-risk patients for CVDs vs healthy controls. Collectively, our result indicates that four specific circulating miRNA signature, may be utilized as non-invasive, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for early vascular damage in patients suffering from vitamin D deficiency, obesity and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel B. Elmoselhi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohamed Seif Allah
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Amal Bouzid
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Zeinab Ibrahim
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Thenmozhi Venkatachalam
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Rifat A. Hamoudi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Abdelnasir S, Mungroo MR, Chew J, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Ahmad I, Shahabuddin S, Anwar A. Applications of Polyaniline-Based Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticles against Brain-Eating Amoebae. ACS Omega 2023; 8:8237-8247. [PMID: 36910978 PMCID: PMC9996588 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis are distressing infections of the central nervous system caused by brain-eating amoebae, namely, Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba spp., respectively, and present mortality rates of over 90%. No single drug has been approved for use against these infections, and current therapy is met with an array of obstacles including high toxicity and limited specificity. Thus, the development of alternative effective chemotherapeutic agents for the management of infections due to brain-eating amoebae is a crucial requirement to avert future mortalities. In this paper, we synthesized a conducting polymer-based nanocomposite entailing polyaniline (PANI) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and explored its anti-trophozoite and anti-cyst potentials against Acanthamoeba castellanii and Naegleria fowleri. The intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ultrastructural appearances of amoeba were also evaluated with treatment. Throughout, treatment with the 1:2 and 1:5 ratios of PANI/MoS2 at 100 μg/mL demonstrated significant anti-amoebic effects toward A. castellanii as well as N. fowleri, appraised to be ROS mediated and effectuate physical alterations to amoeba morphology. Further, cytocompatibility toward human keratinocyte skin cells (HaCaT) and primary human corneal epithelial cells (pHCEC) was noted. For the first time, polymer-based nanocomposites such as PANI/MoS2 are reported in this study as appealing options in the drug discovery for brain-eating amoebae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayah Abdelnasir
- Department
of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Ridwane Mungroo
- Department
of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department
of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department
of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts
and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty
of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department
of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Syed Shahabuddin
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382426, India
- Faculty of
Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus
Kuala Pilah, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department
of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Intranasal route for the delivery of antiamebic drugs against brain-eating amoeba. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:175-177. [PMID: 37191013 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tweetable abstract Nebulized emanator for intranasal delivery of antiamebic drugs to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts & Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
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44
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Akbar N, Kawish M, Jabri T, Khan NA, Shah MR, Siddiqui R. Cinnamic acid and lactobionic acid based nanoformulations as a potential antiamoebic therapeutics. Exp Parasitol 2023; 246:108474. [PMID: 36708943 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, an uncommon but severe brain infection and sight-threatening Acanthamoeba keratitis. Most of the currently used anti-amoebic treatments are not always effective, due to persistence of the cyst stage, and recurrence can occur. Here in this study we synthesize cinnamic acid and lactobionic acid-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using co-precipitation technique. These nanoformulations were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Atomic form microscopy. The drugs alone (Hesperidin, Curcumin and Amphotericin B), magnetic NPs alone, and drug-loaded nano-formulations were evaluated at a concentration of 100 μg/mL for antiamoebic activity against a clinical isolate of A. castellanii. Amoebicidal assays revealed that drugs and conjugation of drugs and NPs further enhanced amoebicidal effects of drug-loaded nanoformulations. Drugs and drug-loaded nanoformulations inhibited both encystation and excystation of amoebae. In addition, drugs and drug-loaded nanoformulations inhibited parasite binding capability to the host cells. Neither drugs nor drug-loaded nanoformulations showed cytotoxic effects against host cells and considerably reduced parasite-mediated host cell death. Overall, these findings imply that conjugation of medically approved drugs with MNPs produce potent anti-Acanthamoebic effects, which could eventually lead to the development of therapeutic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Akbar
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Muhammad Kawish
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Jabri
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
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Muhammad JS, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Monkeypox virus-induced upregulation of interleukin-10 signaling: could epigenetics be involved in long-term viral persistence? Hosp Pract (1995) 2023; 51:51-53. [PMID: 36772924 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2023.2179770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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46
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Maciver SK, Abdelnasir S, Anwar A, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Modular nanotheranostic agents for protistan parasitic diseases: Magic bullets with tracers. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 253:111541. [PMID: 36603708 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protistan parasitic infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, causing more than 2 billion human infections annually. However, current treatments are often limited; due to ineffective drugs and drug resistance, thus better options are urgently required. In the present context, theranostics agents are those that offer simultaneous detection, diagnosis and even treatment of protistan parasitic diseases. "Nanotheranostics" is the term used to describe such agents, that are around 100 nm or less in size. Anti-parasitic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) has been reported, and many have useful intrinsic imaging properties, but it is perhaps their multifunctional nature that offers the greatest potential. NPs may be used as adapters onto which various subunits with different functions may be attached. These subunits may facilitate targeting parasites, coupled with toxins to eradicate parasites, and probe subunits for detection of particles and/or parasites. The modular nature of nano-platforms promises a "mix and match" approach for the construction of tailored agents by using combinations of these subunits against different protistan parasites. Even though many of the subunits have shown promise alone, these have not yet been put together convincingly enough to form working theranostics against protistan parasites. Although the clinical application of nanotheranostics to protistan parasitic infections in humans requires more research, we conclude that they offer not just a realisation of Paul Ehrlich's long imagined "magic bullet" concept, but potentially are magic bullets combined with tracer bullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutherland Kester Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sumayah Abdelnasir
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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47
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Akbar N, El-Gamal MI, Zaraei SO, Saeed BQ, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Anti-amoebic activity of a series of benzofuran/benzothiophene derivatives against Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:6947815. [PMID: 36626774 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the anti-amoebic activity of benzofuran/benzothiophene-possessing compounds against Acanthamoeba castellanii of the T4 genotype. METHOD AND RESULTS A series of benzofuran/benzothiophene-possessing compounds were tested for their anti-amoebic activities, in particular, to block encystation and excystation processes in amoebae. Cytotoxicity of the compounds were evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. The amoebicidal assay results revealed significant anti-amoebic effects against A. castellanii. Compounds 1p and 1e showed the highest amoebicidal activity, eliminating 68% and 64% of the amoebae, respectively. These compounds remarkably repressed both the encystation and excystation processes in A. castellanii. Furthermore, the selected compounds presented minimal cytotoxic properties against human cells, as well as considerably abridged amoeba-mediated cytopathogenicity when compared to the amoebae alone. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that benzofuran/benzothiophene derivatives depict potent anti-amoebic activities; thus these compounds should be used as promising and novel agents in the rationale development of therapeutic strategies against Acanthamoeba infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Akbar
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, Unites Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Balsam Qubais Saeed
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
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48
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Siddiqui R, Elmashak Y, Khan NA. Cockroaches: a potential source of novel bioactive molecule(s) for the benefit of human health. Appl Entomol Zool 2022; 58:1-11. [PMID: 36536895 PMCID: PMC9753028 DOI: 10.1007/s13355-022-00810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches are one of the hardiest insects that have survived on this planet for millions of years. They thrive in unhygienic environments, are able to survive without food for up to 30 days, without air for around 45 min and being submerged under water for 30 min. Cockroaches are omnivorous and feed on a variety of foods, including cellulose and plastic, to name a few. It is intriguing that cockroaches are able to endure and flourish under conditions that are harmful to Homo sapiens. Given the importance of the gut microbiome on its' host physiology, we postulate that the cockroach gut microbiome and/or its metabolites, may be contributing to their "hardiness", which should be utilized for the discovery of biologically active molecules for the benefit of human health. Herein, we discuss the biology, diet/habitat of cockroaches, composition of gut microbiome, cellular senescence, and resistance to infectious diseases and cancer. Furthermore, current knowledge of the genome and epigenome of these remarkable species is considered. Being one of the most successful and diverse insects, as well as their extensive use in traditional and Chinese medicine, the lysates/extracts and gut microbial metabolites of cockroaches may offer a worthy resource for novel bioactive molecule(s) of therapeutic potential for the benefit of human health and may be potentially used as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, 26666 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yara Elmashak
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, 26666 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
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49
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Siddiqui R, Ghimire A, Muhammad JS, Khan NA. Increasing importance of breast cancer in Nepal. Hosp Pract (1995) 2022; 50:347-355. [PMID: 36106506 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2022.2125724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, breast cancer cases in Nepal are on the rise, accounting for approximately 16% of all cancer cases, making it the second most common malignancy. Given the dependence of the Nepalese on agriculture, the rampant use of pesticides as well as the presence of arsenic in water supplies might be contributing to this huge rise in cancer cases. Herein, we provide a brief overview of the status of breast cancer, its burden, risk factors, screening and modes of treatment in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ajnish Ghimire
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, UAE
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50
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Siddiqui R, Makhlouf Z, Alharbi AM, Alfahemi H, Khan NA. The Gut Microbiome and Female Health. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:1683. [PMID: 36421397 PMCID: PMC9687867 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The possession of two X chromosomes may come with the risk of various illnesses, females are more likely to be affected by osteoarthritis, heart disease, and anxiety. Given the reported correlations between gut microbiome dysbiosis and various illnesses, the female gut microbiome is worthy of exploration. Herein, we discuss the composition of the female gut microbiota and its dysbiosis in pathologies affecting the female population. Using PubMed, we performed a literature search, using key terms, namely: "gut microbiome", "estrogen", "menopause", "polycystic ovarian syndrome", "pregnancy", and "menstruation". In polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus, Firmicutes, Streptococcus, and the ratio of Escherichia/Shigella was found to be increased while that of Tenericutes ML615J-28, Tenericutes 124-7, Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae, and Bacteroidetes S24-7 was reduced. In breast cancer, the abundance of Clostridiales was enhanced, while in cervical cancer, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Dialister were enhanced but Bacteroides, Alistipes, and members of Lachnospiracea, were decreased. In ovarian cancer, Prevotella abundance was increased. Interestingly, the administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus fermentum ameliorated PCOS symptoms while that of a mix of Bifidobacterium lactis W51, Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactococcus lactis W19, Lactobacillus casei W56, and Lactococcus lactis W58 alleviated vascular malfunction and arterial stiffness in obese postmenopausal women, and finally, while further research is needed, Prevotella maybe protective against postmenopausal bone mass loss. As several studies report the therapeutic potential of probiotics and since the gut microbiota of certain female pathological states has been relatively characterized, we speculate that the administration of certain bacterial species as probiotics is warranted, as novel independent or adjunct therapies for various female pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Zinb Makhlouf
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad M. Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Alfahemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65799, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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