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Martins LMOS, Souto FT, Hoye TR, Alvarenga ES. Deciphering molecular structures: NMR spectroscopy and quantum mechanical insights of halogenated 4H-Chromenediones. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024. [PMID: 38557999 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (SL) represent a class of secondary metabolites found in the Asteraceae family, notable for their unique structures. The SL α-santonin (1) and its derivatives are worthy of mention due to their diverse biological properties. Additionally, 4H-chromenes and 4H-chromones are appealing frameworks holding the capability to be used as structural motifs for new drugs. Furthermore, unambiguous structural elucidation is crucial for developing novel compounds for diverse applications. In this context, it is common to find in the literature molecules erroneously assigned. Therefore, the use of quantum mechanical calculations to simulate NMR chemical shifts has emerged as a valuable strategy. In this work, we conceived the synthesis of two halogenated 4H-chromenediones derived from photosantonic acid (2), a photoproduct arising from irradiation of α-santonin (1) in the ultraviolet region. The structure of the chlorinated and brominated products was determined by NMR analysis, with the aid of quantum mechanical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(2d,p)//M062x/6-31 + G(d,p) level of theory. All analyses were in agreement and led to the assignment of the brominated 4H-chromene-2,7-dione as (3S,3aS,5aR,9bS)-5a-(2-bromopropan-2-yl)-3-methyl-3,3a,5,5a,8,9b-hexahydro-4H-furo[2,3-f]chromene-2,7-dione (11b) and of the chlorinated 4H-chromene-2,7-dione as (3S,3aS,5aR,9bS)-5a-(2-chloropropan-2-yl)-3-methyl-3,3a,5,5a,8,9b-hexahydro-4H-furo[2,3-f]chromene-2,7-dione (12b). The diastereoselectivities of the reactions were explained based on products and intermediates formation energy calculated using B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) as the level of theory. Structures 11b and 12b were identified as the thermodynamic and kinetic products of the reaction among all candidates. Consequently, the strategy utilized in this study is robust and successfully illustrates the use of quantum mechanical calculations in the structural elucidation of new compounds with potential applications as novel drugs or products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M O S Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thomas R Hoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elson S Alvarenga
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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2
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Wu Y, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Wang X, Tian XF, Wang Y, Qiu ZJ, Tang ZY, Huang M, Zhao Z. Isoxanthanol alleviates Staphylococcus aureus induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rat model through promotion of miR-145-5p expression. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104880. [PMID: 33905870 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the isoxanthanol against Staphylococcus aureus chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in rat model. The isoxanthanol decreased the parasitic load by almost 99% in the Staphylococcus aureus infected rats. It significantly (P < 0.05) decreased mortality rate of the rats, prevented pulmonary tissue damage and aggregation of inflammatory cytokines. In Staphylococcus aureus infected rats, isoxanthanol treatment inhibited production of interleukin-18, interleukin-1β and TNF-α significantly (P < 0.05) in the BALF and pulmonary tissues. Treatment of the Staphylococcus aureus-infected rats with isoxanthanol inhibited up-regulation of NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 expression. In Staphylococcus aureus-infected rats the expression of miR-145-5p was remarkably increased on treatment with isoxanthanol. In summary, isoxanthanol prevents Staphylococcus aureus-induced COPD in rats through up-regulation of miR-145-5p and suppression of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, isoxanthanol can be of therapeutic importance for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus induced COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wu
- Department of General Practice, Pingjiang Xincheng Community Health Service Center, Sujin Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Zongquan Zhao
- Department of General Practice, Pingjiang New Town Community Health Service Center, Sujin Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Practice, Pingjiang New Town Community Health Service Center, Sujin Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of General Practice, Pingjiang New Town Community Health Service Center, Sujin Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xiang Fan Tian
- Department of General Practice, Pingjiang New Town Community Health Service Center, Sujin Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- Community Health Management Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Zhen Juan Qiu
- Department of Nursing, Pingjiang New Town Community Health Service Center, Sujin Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Zhen Yuan Tang
- Community Health Management Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of General Practice, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Zongquan Zhao
- Department of General Practice, Pingjiang New Town Community Health Service Center, Sujin Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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3
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Hur J, Jang J, Sim J. A Review of the Pharmacological Activities and Recent Synthetic Advances of γ-Butyrolactones. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2769. [PMID: 33803380 PMCID: PMC7967234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Butyrolactone, a five-membered lactone moiety, is one of the privileged structures of diverse natural products and biologically active small molecules. Because of their broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities, synthetic methods for γ-butyrolactones have received significant attention from synthetic and medicinal chemists for decades. Recently, new developments and improvements in traditional methods have been reported by considering synthetic efficiency, feasibility, and green chemistry. In this review, the pharmacological activities of natural and synthetic γ-butyrolactones are described, including their structures and bioassay methods. Mainly, we summarize recent advances, occurring during the past decade, in the construction of γ-butyrolactone classified based on the bond formation in γ-butyrolactone between (i) C5-O1 bond, (ii) C4-C5 and C2-O1 bonds, (iii) C3-C4 and C2-O1 bonds, (iv) C3-C4 and C5-O1 bonds, (v) C2-C3 and C2-O1 bonds, (vi) C3-C4 bond, and (vii) C2-O1 bond. In addition, the application to the total synthesis of natural products bearing γ-butyrolactone scaffolds is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonseong Hur
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung 25451, Korea;
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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4
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Chen Y, Xu W, Xie X, Pei M, Lu M, Wang Y, Liu Y. Gold-Catalyzed Spirocyclization of Furan-ynones and Unexpected Skeleton Rearrangement of the Resulting Spirohydrofurans. Org Lett 2021; 23:1090-1095. [PMID: 33428411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A gold-catalyzed cyclization of aniline-tethered furan-ynones has been developed. The reaction proceeds via trapping of the resulting stabilized cationic intermediate with an amide group leading to polycycles featured with a spiro-cyclohexadienone-hydrofuran framework with high efficiency. The resulting N-alkyl products undergo photorearrangements to afford the ring-enlarged benzo[b]azepine derivatives or iron-promoted novel rearrangement to diketone-containing spirocycles involving multiple C-X bond cleavages and formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingduo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Trendafilova A, Moujir LM, Sousa PMC, Seca AML. Research Advances on Health Effects of Edible Artemisia Species and Some Sesquiterpene Lactones Constituents. Foods 2020; 10:E65. [PMID: 33396790 PMCID: PMC7823681 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Artemisia, often known collectively as "wormwood", has aroused great interest in the scientific community, pharmaceutical and food industries, generating many studies on the most varied aspects of these plants. In this review, the most recent evidence on health effects of edible Artemisia species and some of its constituents are presented and discussed, based on studies published until 2020, available in the Scopus, Web of Sciences and PubMed databases, related to food applications, nutritional and sesquiterpene lactones composition, and their therapeutic effects supported by in vivo and clinical studies. The analysis of more than 300 selected articles highlights the beneficial effect on health and the high clinical relevance of several Artemisia species besides some sesquiterpene lactones constituents and their derivatives. From an integrated perspective, as it includes therapeutic and nutritional properties, without ignoring some adverse effects described in the literature, this review shows the great potential of Artemisia plants and some of their constituents as dietary supplements, functional foods and as the source of new, more efficient, and safe medicines. Despite all the benefits demonstrated, some gaps need to be filled, mainly related to the use of raw Artemisia extracts, such as its standardization and clinical trials on adverse effects and its health care efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta Trendafilova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Laila M. Moujir
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Pedro M. C. Sousa
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Ana M. L. Seca
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group & Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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6
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Wang J, Su S, Zhang S, Zhai S, Sheng R, Wu W, Guo R. Structure-activity relationship and synthetic methodologies of α-santonin derivatives with diverse bioactivities: A mini-review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:215-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Zhang Z, Ratnikov M, Spraggon G, Alper PB. Photoinduced Rearrangement of Dienones and Santonin Rerouted by Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:904-908. [PMID: 29266649 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced rearrangement pathways of simple 2,5-dienones and the natural product santonin were found to be effectively rerouted by amines, giving rise to unprecedented products. Either cis olefins or cyclobutenes were obtained from 4,4-disubstituted 2,5-dienone upon irradiation (365 nm) in the presence of various amines depending on the solvent. Previously undescribed [4.4.0] and [5.3.0] fused-ring-containing products were obtained when santonin was irradiated (365 nm) in the presence of methylamine. The amines present in these reactions were incorporated into the products by means of amide-group formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Maxim Ratnikov
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Glen Spraggon
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Phil B Alper
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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8
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Zhang Z, Ratnikov M, Spraggon G, Alper PB. Photoinduced Rearrangement of Dienones and Santonin Rerouted by Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation; San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Maxim Ratnikov
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation; San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Glen Spraggon
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation; San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Phil B. Alper
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation; San Diego CA 92121 USA
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9
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Zhu RY, Liu LY, Park HS, Hong K, Wu Y, Senanayake CH, Yu JQ. Versatile Alkylation of (Hetero)Aryl Iodides with Ketones via β-C(sp 3)-H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16080-16083. [PMID: 29086554 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report Pd(II)-catalyzed β-C(sp3)-H (hetero)arylation of a variety of ketones using a commercially available 2,2-dimethyl aminooxyacetic acid auxiliary. Facile installation and removal of the auxiliary as well as its superior scope for both ketones and (hetero)aryl iodides overcome the significant limitations of the previously reported β-C(sp3)-H arylation of ketones. The ready availability of ketones renders this reaction a broadly useful method for alkyl-(hetero)aryl coupling involving both primary and secondary alkyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Luo-Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Han Seul Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kai Hong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yongwei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chris H Senanayake
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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10
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Isolation of isoxanthanol and synthesis of novel derivatives as potential cytotoxic agents. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Dangroo NA, Singh J, Rath SK, Gupta N, Qayum A, Singh S, Sangwan PL. A convergent synthesis of novel alkyne-azide cycloaddition congeners of betulinic acid as potent cytotoxic agent. Steroids 2017; 123:1-12. [PMID: 28435038 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In an endeavour to develop potent anti-tumor agents from betulinic acid (BA), a series of C-28 derived 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives were designed and synthesized by employing Cu(I) catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. All the derivatives were evaluated for cytotoxic activity by MTT assay against five different human cancer cell lines: lung (A549), colon (HCT116), prostate (PC3), pancreatic (MIA PaCa-2) and breast (T47D). The data revealed that compounds 11c, 11d, 11g, 11h and 13a possess most promising cytotoxic potential. The compound 11h was one of the most active compounds, with IC50 values in the range of 4-6µM against all the five cancer cell lines. The results of this study suggested that derivatives with free -OH (11c, 11d and 11g) and free -COOH (11h and 13a) substitutions in the triazole moiety introduced at the C-28 position significantly improved the anti-tumor activity and may be the favourable position to synthesize potent anticancer leads from BA. Introduction of a non polar alkyl groups at C-28 position (10, 12 and 14) resulted in the significant loss of the activity. Further, DAPI staining, ROS generation and wound healing experiments revealed that compound 11h induces apoptosis in HCT-116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar A Dangroo
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IIIM Campus, Jammu, India
| | - Santosh K Rath
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IIIM Campus, Jammu, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Arem Qayum
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IIIM Campus, Jammu, India
| | - Shashank Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IIIM Campus, Jammu, India.
| | - Payare L Sangwan
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IIIM Campus, Jammu, India.
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12
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Wang B, Huang W, Zhou J, Tang X, Chen Y, Peng C, Han B. Drug design based on pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase: synthesis and antibacterial activity of Pogostone derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6548-6556. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01429e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We performed molecular docking studies of Pogostone with PETNR and analyzed structure–activity relationships, which guided the structure design and the subsequent facile organocatalytic synthesis of Pogostone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research
- Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu 611137
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine
- School of Pharmacy
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu 611137
- China
| | - Jin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research
- Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu 611137
- China
| | - Xue Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research
- Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu 611137
- China
| | - Yang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine
- School of Pharmacy
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu 611137
- China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research
- Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu 611137
- China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research
- Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu 611137
- China
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