1
|
Krylova LV, Otvagin VF, Gribova GP, Kuzmina NS, Fedotova EA, Zelepukin IV, Nyuchev AV, Kustov AV, Morshnev PK, Berezin DB, Koifman MO, Vatsadze SZ, Balalaeva IV, Fedorov AY. Developing Chlorin/Arylaminoquinazoline Conjugates with Nanomolar Activity for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy: Design, Synthesis, SAR, and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2025; 68:1901-1923. [PMID: 39743785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
In this report, we developed novel chlorin/arylaminoquinazoline conjugates for targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer. The synthesized photosensitizers consisted of chlorin-e6 metallocomplexes (Zn, In, or Pd) conjugated with arylaminoquinazoline ligands with high affinity for epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). Additionally, the selectivity and antitumor properties of the conjugates were investigated in the EGFR-expressing A431 human tumor cell line in vitro. Among the tested molecules, the In-containing conjugate effectively inhibited tumor cell proliferation at nanomolar concentrations, a rare property for conventional photosensitizers. In in vivo experiments, the conjugates rapidly accumulated at the tumor site in nude mice bearing A431 xenograft tumors. Subsequent distribution analysis among different tissues was carried out using fluorescence imaging and elemental analysis. Finally, we demonstrated that the most promising In-containing conjugate was capable of inhibiting xenograft tumor growth in mice through combinational therapy. This therapeutic approach, combined with the conjugate's confirmed safety profile, highlights its potential for effective and safe cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubov V Krylova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Vasilii F Otvagin
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Galina P Gribova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia S Kuzmina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Fedotova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V Zelepukin
- Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg, 20751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Nyuchev
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Kustov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo 153045, Russian Federation
| | - Philipp K Morshnev
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo 153045, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B Berezin
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo 153012, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail O Koifman
- Institute of Macroheterocyclic Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo 153012, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Z Vatsadze
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Yu Fedorov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang X, Chen R, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhang J. Targeting HSP90 for Cancer Therapy: Current Progress and Emerging Prospects. J Med Chem 2024; 67:15968-15995. [PMID: 39256986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a highly conserved member of the heat shock protein family, regulates various proteins and signaling pathways involved in cancer, making it a promising target for cancer therapy. Traditional HSP90 inhibitors have demonstrated significant antitumor potential in preclinical trials, with over 20 compounds advancing to clinical trials and showing promising results. However, the limited clinical efficacy and shared toxicity of these inhibitors restrict their further clinical use. Encouragingly, developing novel inhibitors using conventional medicinal chemistry approaches─such as selective inhibitors, dual inhibitors, protein-protein interaction inhibitors, and proteolysis-targeting chimeras─is expected to address these challenges. Notably, the selective inhibitor TAS-116 has already been successfully marketed. In this Perspective, we summarize the structure, biological functions, and roles of HSP90 in cancer, analyze the clinical status of HSP90 inhibitors, and highlight the latest advancements in novel strategies, offering insights into their future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Liang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory and Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Ruixian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory and Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory and Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory and Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212 Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory and Institute of Respiratory Health and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212 Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Development of novel porphyrin/combretastatin A-4 conjugates for bimodal chemo and photodynamic therapy: Synthesis, photophysical and TDDFT computational studies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
"NIR-triggered ROS storage" photodynamic intraocular implant for high-efficient and safe posterior capsular opacification prevention. Asian J Pharm Sci 2022; 17:838-854. [PMID: 36600895 PMCID: PMC9800949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the leading cause of vision loss after cataract, mainly caused by the adhesion, proliferation and trans-differentiation of post-operative residual lens epithelial cells (LECs). Effective PCO prevention remains a huge challenge to ophthalmologists and researches for decades. Herein, we developed a "NIR-triggered ROS storage" intraocular implant (CTR-Py-PpIX) based on capsular tension ring (CTR), which is concurrently linked with photosensitizer protophorphyrin IX (PpIX) and energy storage 2-pyridone derivative (Py), to guarantee instantaneous and sustainable ROS generation for LECs killing, aiming to achieve more efficient and safer photodynamic therapy (PDT) to effectively prevent PCO. The silylated PpIX-Si and Py-Si were covalently conjugated to the plasma activated CTR surface to obtain CTR-Py-PpIX. Results demonstrated that CTR-Py-PpIX had dual functions of PDT and battery, in which PpIX could generate ROS extracellularly under irradiation, with one part directly inhibiting LECs by lipid peroxidation (LPO) induction of cell membranes. Meanwhile, the excess ROS stored in Py could be continuously released to amplify LPO levels after the irradiation was removed. Ultimately, the proliferation of LECs in capsular bag was completely inhibited under mild irradiation conditions, achieving a sustainable and controlled PDT effect for effective PCO prevention with good biocompatibility. This NIR-triggered ROS storage intraocular implant would provide a more efficient and safer approach for long-term PCO prevention.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rennie CC, Edkins RM. Targeted cancer phototherapy using phthalocyanine-anticancer drug conjugates. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13157-13175. [PMID: 36018269 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy, the use of light to selectively ablate cancerous tissue, is a compelling prospect. Phototherapy is divided into two major domains: photodynamic and photothermal, whereby photosensitizer irradiation generates reactive oxygen species or heat, respectively, to disrupt the cancer microenvironment. Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are prominent phototherapeutics due to their desirable optical properties and structural versatility. Targeting of Pc photosensitizers historically relied on the enhanced permeation and retention effect, but the weak specificity engendered by this approach has hindered bench-to-clinic translation. To improve specificity, antibody and peptide active-targeting groups have been employed to some effect. An alternative targeting method exploits the binding of anticancer drugs to direct the photosensitizer close to essential cellular components, allowing for precise, synergistic phototherapy. This Perspective explores the use of Pc-drug conjugates as targeted anticancer phototherapeutic systems with examples of Pc-platin, Pc-kinase, and Pc-anthracycline conjugates discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Rennie
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Robert M Edkins
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Z, Li H, Tian Z, Liu X, Guo Y, He J, Wang Z, Zhou T, Liu Y. Porphyrin-Based Nanoparticles: A Promising Phototherapy Platform. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200156. [PMID: 35997087 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy, is an emerging form of non-invasive treatment. The combination of imaging technology and phototherapy is becoming an attractive development in the treatment of cancer, as it allows for highly effective therapeutic results through image-guided phototherapy. Porphyrins have attracted significant interest in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer due to their excellent phototherapeutic effects in phototherapy and their remarkable imaging capabilities in fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and photoacoustic imaging. However, porphyrins suffer from poor water solubility, low near-infrared absorption and insufficient tumor accumulation. The development of nanotechnology provides an effective way to improve the bioavailability, phototherapeutic effect and imaging capability of porphyrins. This review highlights the research results of porphyrin-based small molecule nanoparticles in phototherapy and image-guided phototherapy in the last decade and discusses the challenges and directions for the development of porphyrin-based small molecule nanoparticles in phototherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Zejie Tian
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Yu Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ostańska E, Barnaś E, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Dynarowicz K, Szpunar M, Skręt-Magierło J, Aebisher D. Histopathological Analysis of the Effect of Photodynamic Action on Post-Chemotherapy Excised Breast Cancer Tissue. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58060700. [PMID: 35743961 PMCID: PMC9228729 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and its mortality is increasing. Therefore, research to improve treatment is of paramount importance. One method of treatment is photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy selectively stimulates apoptosis in photosensitizer-treated neoplastic breast cells as a result of cytotoxic singlet oxygen generation via collisions between triplet excited state photosensitizer and triplet ground state oxygen upon tissue irradiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of photodynamic action on cancerous breast tissue samples as a model of photodynamic therapy. Materials and Methods: Breast cancer tissue samples were obtained from post-operative material and the patterns of histopathological changes in breast cancer tissue before and after photodynamic action on post-chemotherapy tissue were evaluated. Excised tissue samples were obtained from 48 female breast cancer patients who had previously undergone chemotherapy. Breast cancer tissues for this study were taken from macroscopically visible tumors larger than 10 mm. Histopathological analysis was performed to evaluate any morphological changes prior to and after photodynamic action on the post-chemotherapy tissue samples. Eighteen breast cancer tissue samples were analyzed before chemotherapy, fifteen after chemotherapy, and fifteen samples were analyzed after chemotherapy and application of photodynamic action. The photosensitizer Rose Bengal was applied to the samples subjected to photodynamic action. Results: Photodynamic action on post-chemotherapy neoplastic tissue showed histological changes under a light microscope. The results showed that morphological changes in breast cancer tissues after chemotherapy and photodynamic action were dependent on the concentration of Rose Bengal. In all cases, follow-up imaging showed tumor shrinkage of an average of 35% from baseline size. Conclusions: Histopathological examination revealed photosensitizer-concentration-dependent changes after photodynamic action in excised post-chemotherapy tissue. The effects of photodynamic action observed in this study suggest that the application of photodynamic therapy after chemotherapy can aid in breast cancer cell eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Ostańska
- Clinical Department of Pathology, Frederick Chopin Clinical Provincial Hospital No. 1, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Edyta Barnaś
- Department of Midwifery, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (E.B.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Szpunar
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Joanna Skręt-Magierło
- Department of Midwifery, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (E.B.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aghajanzadeh M, Zamani M, Rajabi Kouchi F, Eixenberger J, Shirini D, Estrada D, Shirini F. Synergic Antitumor Effect of Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy Mediated by Nano Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020322. [PMID: 35214054 PMCID: PMC8880656 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a summary of recent progress in the development of different nano-platforms for the efficient synergistic effect between photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. In particular, this review focuses on various methods in which photosensitizers and chemotherapeutic agents are co-delivered to the targeted tumor site. In many cases, the photosensitizers act as drug carriers, but this review, also covers different types of appropriate nanocarriers that aid in the delivery of photosensitizers to the tumor site. These nanocarriers include transition metal, silica and graphene-based materials, liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, metal–organic frameworks, nano emulsions, and biologically derived nanocarriers. Many studies have demonstrated various benefits from using these nanocarriers including enhanced water solubility, stability, longer circulation times, and higher accumulation of therapeutic agents/photosensitizers at tumor sites. This review also describes novel approaches from different research groups that utilize various targeting strategies to increase treatment efficacy through simultaneous photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Aghajanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 41335-19141, Iran; (M.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mostafa Zamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 41335-19141, Iran; (M.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Fereshteh Rajabi Kouchi
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (F.R.K.); (D.E.)
| | - Josh Eixenberger
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (F.R.K.); (D.E.)
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Correspondence: (J.E.); or (F.S.)
| | - Dorsa Shirini
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - David Estrada
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (F.R.K.); (D.E.)
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Farhad Shirini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 41335-19141, Iran; (M.A.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.E.); or (F.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Otvagin VF, Kuzmina NS, Kudriashova ES, Nyuchev AV, Gavryushin AE, Fedorov AY. Conjugates of Porphyrinoid-Based Photosensitizers with Cytotoxic Drugs: Current Progress and Future Directions toward Selective Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1695-1734. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilii F. Otvagin
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia S. Kuzmina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S. Kudriashova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Nyuchev
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexey Yu. Fedorov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Liu D, You M, Yang H, Ke H. Liposomal cyanine dyes with enhanced nonradiative transition for synergistic phototherapy of tumor. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3016-3022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic photosensitizers are of great interest in cancer diagnose and treatment such as fluorescence imaging, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT). However, their poor aqueous solubility, inadequate photostability and...
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang P, Zhang S, Wang K, Qi H. Synthesis of pH-responsive cyclometalated iridium(III) complex and its application in the selective killing of cancerous cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17338-17345. [PMID: 34788356 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes are promising candidates as photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The challenge in PDT is the selective killing of cancerous cells over the neighboring normal cells. In this work, a pH-responsive cyclometalated iridium(III) complex (probe 1) was designed and synthesized as an effective PS to selectively kill cancerous cells, with 3-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde used as the main ligand and 1-(2-pyridyl)-β-carboline used as an ancillary ligand. Probe 1 shows enhanced photoluminescence emission and higher 1O2 quantum yield in an acidic environment compared to a neutral solution, which led to remarkable phototoxicity toward cancerous cells and high selectivity for killing cancerous cells over normal cells within 10 min. This work demonstrates that the cyclometalated iridium(III) complex with acidic pH-responsive photoluminescence emission and high 1O2 generation is an effective alternative PS for selectively killing cancerous cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gholizadeh M, Doustvandi MA, Mohammadnejad F, Shadbad MA, Tajalli H, Brunetti O, Argentiero A, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. Photodynamic Therapy with Zinc Phthalocyanine Inhibits the Stemness and Development of Colorectal Cancer: Time to Overcome the Challenging Barriers? Molecules 2021; 26:6877. [PMID: 34833970 PMCID: PMC8621355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based cancer therapy approach that has shown promising results in treating various malignancies. Growing evidence indicates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor recurrence, metastasis, and cancer therapy resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC); thus, targeting these cells can ameliorate the prognosis of affected patients. Based on our bioinformatics results, SOX2 overexpression is significantly associated with inferior disease-specific survival and worsened the progression-free interval of CRC patients. Our results demonstrate that zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially decrease tumor migration via downregulating MMP9 and ROCK1 and inhibit the clonogenicity of SW480 cells via downregulating CD44 and SOX2. Despite inhibiting clonogenicity, ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 irradiation fails to downregulate CD44 expression in SW480 cells. Our results indicate that ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially reduce the cell viability of SW480 cells and stimulate autophagy in the tumoral cells. Moreover, our results show that ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially arrest the cell cycle at the sub-G1 level, stimulate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway via upregulating caspase-3 and caspase-9 and downregulating Bcl-2. Indeed, our bioinformatics results show considerable interactions between the studied CSC-related genes with the studied migration- and apoptosis-related genes. Collectively, the current study highlights the potential role of ZnPc-PDT in inhibiting stemness and CRC development, which can ameliorate the prognosis of CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Gholizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mohammad Amin Doustvandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Fateme Mohammadnejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran
| | - Habib Tajalli
- Biophotonic Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz 51579-44533, Iran;
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonella Argentiero
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pagliarone AC, Castañeda ED, Santana JPP, de Oliveira CAB, Robeldo TA, Teixeira FR, Borra RC. Mitochondrial heat shock protein mortalin as potential target for therapies based on oxidative stress. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102256. [PMID: 33737220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments based on production of reactive oxygen species for bladder cancer such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been marginalized due to low specificity and the existence of resistance mainly associated with the up-regulation of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs). To overcome these barriers, the establishment of strategies combining PDTs with HSP inhibitors may be promising and the identification of HSPs involved with oxidative stress from bladder tumors in animal models represents a key step in this direction. MATERIALS Thus, the present study aims to identify cytosolic and mitochondrial HSPs up expressed in murine bladder tumors and in the urothelial carcinoma cell line MB49 by qRT-PCR screening, and to analyze the importance of the activity of the HSPs associated with oxidative stress protection in the survival of the MB49 using strategy of inhibition in vitro. RESULTS Results showed that both tumor tissues and MB49 cells in culture had significant overexpression of the mitochondrial HSPA9 (mortalin) and HSP60 mRNAs, while the cytosolic HSP90 was overexpressed only in the tumor. The effect of mortalin in the MB49 cells survival under oxidative stress was evaluated in vitro in presence of the specific inhibitor MKT-077 and H2O2. The findings showed that MB49 viability was permanently reduced by the MKT-077 in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis or necrosis, mainly under oxidative stress conditions. CONCLUSION Results suggest that mortalin is preferentially expressed in the MB49 cancer model and plays a key role in tumoral survival, especially under oxidative stress, making this HSP a potential target for an alternative treatment combining PDT with HSP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Pagliarone
- Lab. of Applied Immunology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edwin David Castañeda
- Lab. of Applied Immunology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jhonne Pedro Pedott Santana
- Lab. of Applied Immunology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thaiane Alcarde Robeldo
- Lab. of Applied Immunology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Roberti Teixeira
- Lab. of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Lab. of Applied Immunology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao X, Liu J, Fan J, Chao H, Peng X. Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4185-4219. [PMID: 33527104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic mode involving light triggering, has been recognized as an attractive oncotherapy treatment. However, nonnegligible challenges remain for its further clinical use, including finite tumor suppression, poor tumor targeting, and limited therapeutic depth. The photosensitizer (PS), being the most important element of PDT, plays a decisive role in PDT treatment. This review summarizes recent progress made in the development of PSs for overcoming the above challenges. This progress has included PSs developed to display enhanced tolerance of the tumor microenvironment, improved tumor-specific selectivity, and feasibility of use in deep tissue. Based on their molecular photophysical properties and design directions, the PSs are classified by parent structures, which are discussed in detail from the molecular design to application. Finally, a brief summary of current strategies for designing PSs and future perspectives are also presented. We expect the information provided in this review to spur the further design of PSs and the clinical development of PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liang X, Xie Y, Wu J, Wang J, Petković M, Stepić M, Zhao J, Ma J, Mi L. Functional titanium dioxide nanoparticle conjugated with phthalocyanine and folic acid as a promising photosensitizer for targeted photodynamic therapy in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 215:112122. [PMID: 33433386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment that can be implemented using various agents. The conventional photosensitizer Al (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid (Pc) has limitations of selectivity in tumor targeting, low affinity to cancer cells, and low two-photon absorption. This study presents a novel photosensitizer FA-TiO2-Pc, which has the TiO2 nanoparticle conjugated with a tumor targeting agent of folic acid (FA), and Pc. FA-TiO2-Pc possessed high targeted photodynamic therapeutic activity and excellent biocompatibility. This promising photosensitizer showed high therapeutic drug efficiency in vitro at a low concentration dose and short incubation time under one-photon excitation (OPE). In vivo, when treated with a low dose of FA-TiO2-Pc and low light irradiation, the tumor growth was depressed in mice bearing HeLa xenograft tumors with minimal side effects. In addition, the two-photon absorption of FA-TiO2-Pc was also enhanced compared to Pc, proving that FA-TiO2-Pc system has a great potential to be used for the therapy of the folate receptor positive cancer cells in both OPE-PDT and two-photon excitation (TPE)-PDT agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yonghui Xie
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Junxin Wu
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 390 Qinghe Road, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Marijana Petković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milutin Stepić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jinzhuo Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jiong Ma
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Academy for Engineer and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, The Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems (MRICS), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lan Mi
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Application of a polyelectrolyte complex based on biocompatible polysaccharides for colorectal cancer inhibition. Carbohydr Res 2020; 499:108194. [PMID: 33234262 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for incorporating water-insoluble photosensitisers (PS) in drug delivery systems have been extensively studied. In this work, we evaluate the formation, characterisation, drug sorption studies, and cytotoxicity of chitosan (CHT)/chondroitin sulphate (CS) polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) coated with polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (AlClPc). The PECs were characterised by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PS-b-PAA NPs on the PEC surface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, optical images distinguished the PEC structures containing PS-b-PAA or PS-b-PAA/AlClPc from the unloaded PEC. Kinetic and equilibrium studies investigate the sorption capacity of the PEC/PS-b-PAA toward AlClPc. The encapsulation efficiency reached 95% at 190 μg mL-1 AlClPc after only 15 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic fitted well to the experimental data. The PS-b-PAA NPs on the PEC surfaces increase the AlClPc bioavailability and the PEC structure stabilizes the PS-b-PAA/AlClPc nanostructures. The materials were cytocompatible upon healthy VERO (kidney epithelial cells), and cytotoxic against colorectal cancerous cells (HT-29 cells). For the first time, we associate PS-b-PAA/AlClPc with a hydrophilic and cytocompatible polysaccharide matrix. We suggest the use of these materials in strategies to treat cancer by using photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu C, Xu W, Shah H, Liu B, Xu W, Sun L, Qian SY, Sun W. In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Iridium(III) Bis(terpyridine) Complexes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6865-6875. [PMID: 35019348 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three mononuclear or dinuclear bis(terpyridine) (tpy) iridium(III) complexes bearing pyren-1-yl (pyr) group(s) were synthesized. Their photophysical properties in water and in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects toward the human lung epithelial cancer cell line A549 and the human epidermal skin cancer cell line A431 were investigated to evaluate the effects of dinuclear versus mononuclear complexes and the impact of the oligoether substituent at the ligand. All complexes possessed pyr-tpy ligand-associated charge transfer (1CT)/1π,π* absorption bands at 350-550 nm, with the dinuclear complex Ir3 showing the much enhanced absorptivity of this band. These complexes exhibited dual emission upon excitation at >430 nm in most cases, with the emitting states being ascribed to 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) and 3π,π*/3CT states, respectively. All complexes exhibited relatively weak to moderate cytotoxicity in the dark but high photocytotoxicity upon broadband visible light irradiation. Among them, the dinuclear complex Ir3 showed the highest intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and PDT efficiency compared to its mononuclear counterpart Ir1. Introducing an oligoether substituent on one of the tpy ligands in Ir2 also improved its intracellular ROS generation and PDT efficacy compared to those induced by Ir1. Ir3 induced both mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage upon light activation toward both cell lines, whereas Ir1 and Ir2 caused both mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage in A431 cells but only lysosomal damage in A549 cells. The dominant cell death pathway induced by Ir1-Ir3 PDT is apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organochemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Liya Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhu S, Shen Q, Gao Y, Wang L, Fang Y, Chen Y, Lu W. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of HSP90 Inhibitor–SN38 Conjugates for Targeted Drug Accumulation. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5421-5441. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Qianqian Shen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yinglei Gao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Yanfen Fang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu S, Li Y, Huang Y, Zhang M, Gu X, He Y, Liu H, Ma M, Lu W. Optimized HSP90 mediated fluorescent probes for cancer-specific bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:1878-1896. [PMID: 32037409 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02505g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-specific bioimaging has been correlated with fluorescence-guided tumor therapy, garnering extensive interest from researchers. Herein, a highly efficient tumor-targeting fluorescent probe (NP-001), which is integrated with 4-hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide and NVP-AUY922, for tumor imaging has been established. 4-Hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide is a fluorescent molecule with remarkable imaging compatibility. NVP-AUY922 is a heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor with preferential tumor selectivity that is conjugated to 4-hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide as a tumor-targeting ligand. NP-002, a resorcinol-blocked probe which prevented binding with an amino acid residue of the HSP90 ATP binding pocket, was also synthesized as a control. In vitro and ex vivo assays showed that NP-001 could arrest cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and accumulate to inhibit HSP90. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) also confirmed that NP-001 could be selectively internalized by tumor cells for cancer-specific bioimaging. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies and histological analysis also indicated that NP-001 had a relatively longer retention time and showed no major organ-related toxicities. Overall, these encouraging data suggest that NP-001 is a promising new candidate for the early diagnosis of metastatic disease as well as targeted tumor imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Yalei Li
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yushu Huang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Minmin Zhang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Yang He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Hongchun Liu
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics-Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Miretti M, Tempesti TC, Prucca CG, Baumgartner MT. Zn phthalocyanines loaded into liposomes: Characterization and enhanced performance of photodynamic activity on glioblastoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115355. [PMID: 32067893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. PDT utilizes light in combination with a photosensitizer (PS) to induce several phototoxic reactions. Phthalocyanines (Pcs), a second generation of photosensitizers, have been studied in several cancer models. Among these, Pcs, have become of interest for the treatment of glioblastomas which are one of the most common and aggressive forms of tumors of the central nervous system. Due to the lipophilic nature of Pcs and their limited solubility in water, Pcs can be loaded in liposomes. In this work, we characterized liposomes of ZnPc and TAZnPc and their effectiveness to photoinactivate glioblastoma cells, was evaluated. Both Pcs show an increase in their photosensitizing activity when they were administrated in Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol liposomes compared to Pcs administrated in dimethylformamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Miretti
- INFIQC (CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Tomas C Tempesti
- INFIQC (CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - César G Prucca
- CIQUIBIC (CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwell Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria T Baumgartner
- INFIQC (CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cheng YJ, Hu JJ, Qin SY, Zhang AQ, Zhang XZ. Recent advances in functional mesoporous silica-based nanoplatforms for combinational photo-chemotherapy of cancer. Biomaterials 2020; 232:119738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
22
|
Lo PC, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Pandey RK, Ng DKP, Torres T, Dumoulin F. The unique features and promises of phthalocyanines as advanced photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 49:1041-1056. [PMID: 31845688 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines exhibit superior photoproperties that make them a surely attractive class of photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Several derivatives are at various phases of clinical trials, and efforts have been put continuously to improve their photodynamic efficacy. To this end, various strategies have been applied to develop advanced phthalocyanines with optimised photoproperties, dual therapeutic actions, tumour-targeting properties and/or specific activation at tumour sites. The advantageous properties and potential of phthalocyanines as advanced photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy of cancer are highlighted in this tutorial review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gao YH, Zhu XX, Zhu W, Wu D, Chen DY, Yan YJ, Wu XF, O'Shea DF, Chen ZL. Synthesis and evaluation of novel chlorophyll a derivatives as potent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111959. [PMID: 31846830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a exhibits excellent photosensitive activity in photosynthesis. The unstability limited its application as photoensitizer drug in photodynamic therapy. Here a series of novel chlorophyll a degradation products pyropheophorbide-a derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for lung cancer in PDT. These compounds have strong absorption in 660-670 nm with high molar extinction coefficient, and fluorescence emission in 660-675 nm upon excitation with 410-415 nm light. They all have much higher ROS yields than pyropheophorbide-a, and compound 10 was even higher than [3-(1-hexyloxyethyl)]-pyrophoeophorbide a (HPPH). Distinctive phototoxicity was observed in vitro and the inhibition effect was in light dose-dependent and drug dose-dependent style. They can effectively inhibit the growth of lung tumor in vivo. Among them, compound 8 and 11 have outstanding photodynamic anti-tumor effects without obvious skin photo-toxicity, so they can act as new drug candidates for photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Gao
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xue-Xue Zhu
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dan-Ye Chen
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yi-Jia Yan
- Shanghai Xianhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Shanghai Xianhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Donal F O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Miretti M, Juri L, Cosiansi MC, Tempesti TC, Baumgartner MT. Antimicrobial Effects of ZnPc Delivered into Liposomes on Multidrug Resistant (MDR)‐
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Miretti
- INFIQC (CONICET). Dpto. de Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| | - Leticia Juri
- Laboratorio Regional de TuberculosisHospital Transito Cáceres de Allende. Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| | - María C. Cosiansi
- Laboratorio Regional de TuberculosisHospital Transito Cáceres de Allende. Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| | - Tomas C. Tempesti
- INFIQC (CONICET). Dpto. de Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| | - María T. Baumgartner
- INFIQC (CONICET). Dpto. de Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Córdoba 5000) Córdoba Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gao YH, Lovreković V, Kussayeva A, Chen DY, Margetić D, Chen ZL. The photodynamic activities of dimethyl 13 1-[2-(guanidinyl)ethylamino] chlorin e 6 photosensitizers in A549 tumor. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 177:144-152. [PMID: 31132530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Effective photosensitizers are particularly important factor in clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, there is a scarcity of photosensitizers for simultaneous cancer photo-diagnosis and targeted PDT. Herein, two novel dimethyl 2-(guanidinyl)ethylamino chlorin e6 photosensitizers were synthesized and their efficacy in PDT in A549 tumor was investigated. It was shown that compounds 3 and 4 have a long absorption wavelength in the near infrared region and strong fluorescence emission with slow photo-bleaching rate and markedly strong ability of 1O2 generation. They exhibited lower cytotoxicity and higher photo-cytotoxicity in vitro compared to the known anticancer drug m-THPC in MTT assay in A549 lung cancer cell lines. Compound 4 exhibit better inhibition effect than compound 3 and the IC50 value of compound 4 was 0.197 μM/L under 2 J/cm2 laser irradiation, while compound 3 showed better anti-tumor effects compared to compound 4 in vivo. Intracellular ROS generation was found to be responsible for apoptotic cell death in DCFDA assay. Subcellular localization confirmed the damage site of compounds 3 and 4 in PDT. These findings suggest that the two novel photosensitizers might serve as potential photosensitizers for improved therapeutic efficiency of PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Vanda Lovreković
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Croatia
| | - Akmaral Kussayeva
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Croatia
| | - Dan-Ye Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Davor Margetić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Croatia.
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Quijia Quezada C, Azevedo CS, Charneau S, Santana JM, Chorilli M, Carneiro MB, Bastos IMD. Advances in nanocarriers as drug delivery systems in Chagas disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6407-6424. [PMID: 31496694 PMCID: PMC6691952 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s206109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most important public health problems in Latin America due to its high mortality and morbidity levels. There is no effective treatment for this disease since drugs are usually toxic with low bioavailability. Serious efforts to achieve disease control and eventual eradication have been unsuccessful to date, emphasizing the need for rapid diagnosis, drug development, and a reliable vaccine. Novel systems for drug and vaccine administration based on nanocarriers represent a promising avenue for Chagas disease treatment. Nanoparticulate systems can reduce toxicity, and increase the efficacy and bioavailability of active compounds by prolonging release, and therefore improve the therapeutic index. Moreover, nanoparticles are able to interact with the host's immune system, modulating the immune response to favour the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, new advances in diagnostic assays, such as nanobiosensors, are beneficial in that they enable precise identification of the pathogen. In this review, we provide an overview of the strategies and nanocarrier-based delivery systems for antichagasic agents, such as liposomes, micelles, nanoemulsions, polymeric and non-polymeric nanoparticles. We address recent progress, with a particular focus on the advances of nanovaccines and nanodiagnostics, exploring new perspectives on Chagas disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Quijia Quezada
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clênia S Azevedo
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaime M Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcella B Carneiro
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Izabela Marques Dourado Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Morais FAP, Enumo A, Gonçalves RS, Cesar GB, Miranda N, Vilsinski BH, da Silva Junior RC, Nakamura CV, Hioka N, Caetano W. Hypericin photodynamic activity. Part III: in vitro evaluation in different nanocarriers against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:487-494. [PMID: 30534717 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00444g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas is a parasitic endemic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It represents a strong threat to public health due to its strong resistance against commonly available drugs. We studied the in vitro ability to inactivate the trypomastigote form of this parasite using photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (or antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, aPDT). For this, we chose to use the photosensitizer hypericin (Hyp) formulated in ethanol/water (1% v/v) and Hyp loaded in the dispersion of different aqueous nanocarrier systems. These included polymeric micelles of F-127 and P-123 (both Pluronic™ surfactants), and liposomal vesicles of phospholipid 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). These systems with Hyp had their activity compared against trypomastigote forms under light and in the dark. Hyp revealed a high level of effectiveness to eradicate protozoa in vitro. Samples at concentrations higher than 0.8 μmol L-1 of Hyp in Pluronic micelles showed efficacy even in the dark, with the EC50 around (6-8) μmol L-1. Therefore, Hyp/Pluronics can be used also as a chemotherapeutic agent. The best result for EC50 is at approximately 0.31 μmol L-1 for illuminated systems of Hyp in F-127 micelles. For Hyp in P-123 micelles under light, the results also led to a low EC50 value of 0.36 μmol L-1. The highest value of EC50 was 2.22 μmol L-1, which was found for Hyp/DPPC liposomes under light. For the Hyp-free (ethanol/water, 1% v/v)/illuminated group, the EC50 value was 0.37 μmol L-1, which also is a value that shows effectiveness. However, in free-form, Hyp is not protected against blood components, unlike when Hyp is loaded into the nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adalberto Enumo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Batista Cesar
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Nathielle Miranda
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Purushothaman B, Choi J, Park S, Lee J, Samson AAS, Hong S, Song JM. Biotin-conjugated PEGylated porphyrin self-assembled nanoparticles co-targeting mitochondria and lysosomes for advanced chemo-photodynamic combination therapy. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:65-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the chemo-drug doxorubicin (DOX) was successfully encapsulated in PEG–biotin conjugated porphyrin SANs (DOX@TPP–PEG–biotin) and had synergistic effects after PDT action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinhyeok Choi
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| | - Solji Park
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| | | | - Sera Hong
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| | - Joon Myong Song
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li K, Dong W, Liu Q, Lv G, Xie M, Sun X, Qiu L, Lin J. A biotin receptor-targeted silicon(IV) phthalocyanine for in vivo tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 190:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
30
|
Formulation of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine incorporated into PS-b-PAA diblock copolymer nanomicelles. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|