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Synthesis of 3-(2-Alkylthio-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-2-(1-phenyl-3-arylprop-2-enylideneamino)guanidine Derivatives with Pro-Apoptotic Activity against Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054436. [PMID: 36901869 PMCID: PMC10002375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The untypical course of reaction between chalcones and benzenesulfonylaminoguanidines led to the new 3-(2-alkylthio-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-2-(1-phenyl-3-arylprop-2-enylideneamino)guanidine derivatives 8-33. The new compounds were tested in vitro for their impact on the growth of breast cancer cells MCF-7, cervical cancer cells HeLa and colon cancer cells HCT-116 by MTT assay. The results revealed that the activity of derivatives is strongly related to the presence of hydroxy group in the benzene ring at the 3-arylpropylidene fragment. The most cytotoxic compounds 20 and 24 displayed mean IC50 values of 12.8 and 12.7 μM, respectively, against three tested cell lines and were almost 3- and 4-fold more active toward MCF-7 and HCT-116 when compared with non-malignant HaCaT cells. Furthermore, compound 24 induced apoptosis in cancer cells and caused a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as an increase of cells in sub-G1 phase in contrast to its inactive analog 31. The strongest activity against the most sensitive HCT-116 cell line was found for compound 30 (IC50 = 8 μM), which was 11-fold more effective in the growth inhibition of HCT-116 cells than those of HaCaT cells. Based on this fact, the new derivatives may be promising leading structures for the search for agents for the treatment of colon cancer.
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New 2-[(4-Amino-6-N-substituted-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)methylthio]-N-(imidazolidin-2-ylidene)-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonamide Derivatives, Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137178. [PMID: 35806186 PMCID: PMC9267128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for new compounds with antitumor activity, new potential anticancer agents were designed as molecular hybrids containing the structures of a triazine ring and a sulfonamide fragment. Applying the synthesis in solution, a base of new sulfonamide derivatives 20–162 was obtained by the reaction of the corresponding esters 11–19 with appropriate biguanide hydrochlorides. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by spectroscopy (IR, NMR), mass spectrometry (HRMS or MALDI-TOF/TOF), elemental analysis (C,H,N) and X-ray crystallography. The cytotoxic activity of the obtained compounds toward three tumor cell lines, HCT-116, MCF-7 and HeLa, was examined. The results showed that some of the most active compounds belonged to the R1 = 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl and R1 = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl series and exhibited IC50 values ranging from 3.6 µM to 11.0 µM. The SAR relationships were described, indicating the key role of the R2 = 4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl substituent for the cytotoxic activity against the HCT-116 and MCF-7 lines. The studies regarding the mechanism of action of the active compounds included the assessment of the inhibition of MDM2-p53 interactions, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis induction examination. The results indicated that the studied compounds did not inhibit MDM2-p53 interactions but induced G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest in a p53-independent manner. Furthermore, the active compounds induced apoptosis in cells harboring wild-type and mutant p53. The compound design was conducted step by step and assisted by QSAR models that correlated the activity of the compounds against the HCT-116 cell line with molecular descriptors.
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Ulenberg S, Bączek T. Metabolic stability studies of lead compounds supported by separation techniques and chemometrics analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:373-386. [PMID: 33006800 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With metabolism being one of the main routes of drug elimination from the body (accounting for removal of around 75% of known drugs), it is crucial to understand and study metabolic stability of drug candidates. Metabolically unstable compounds are uncomfortable to administer (requiring repetitive dosage during therapy), while overly stable drugs increase risk of adverse drug reactions. Additionally, biotransformation reactions can lead to formation of toxic or pharmacologically active metabolites (either less-active than parent drug, or even with different action). There were numerous approaches in estimating metabolic stability, including in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and high-throughput screening to name a few. This review aims at describing separation techniques used in in vitro metabolic stability estimation, as well as chemometric techniques allowing for creation of predictive models which enable high-throughput screening approach for estimation of metabolic stability. With a very low rate of drug approval, it is important to understand in silico methods that aim at supporting classical in vitro approach. Predictive models that allow assessment of certain biological properties of drug candidates allow for cutting not only cost, but also time required to synthesize compounds predicted to be unstable or inactive by in silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Ohui K, Stepanenko I, Besleaga I, Babak MV, Stafi R, Darvasiova D, Giester G, Pósa V, Enyedy EA, Vegh D, Rapta P, Ang WH, Popović-Bijelić A, Arion VB. Triapine Derivatives Act as Copper Delivery Vehicles to Induce Deadly Metal Overload in Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091336. [PMID: 32961653 PMCID: PMC7564244 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones continue to attract the interest of researchers as potential anticancer drugs. For example, 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, or triapine, is the most well-known representative of this class of compounds that has entered multiple phase I and II clinical trials. Two new triapine derivatives HL1 and HL2 were prepared by condensation reactions of 2-pyridinamidrazone and S-methylisothiosemicarbazidium chloride with 3-N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl) amino-pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, followed by a Boc-deprotection procedure. Subsequent reaction of HL1 and HL2 with CuCl2·2H2O in 1:1 molar ratio in methanol produced the complexes [CuII(HL1)Cl2]·H2O (1·H2O) and [CuII(HL2)Cl2] (2). The reaction of HL2 with Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O in 2:1 molar ratio in the presence of triethylamine afforded the complex [FeIII(L2)2]NO3∙0.75H2O (3∙0.75H2O), in which the isothiosemicarbazone acts as a tridentate monoanionic ligand. The crystal structures of HL1, HL2 and metal complexes 1 and 2 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The UV-Vis and EPR spectroelectrochemical measurements revealed that complexes 1 and 2 underwent irreversible reduction of Cu(II) with subsequent ligand release, while 3 showed an almost reversible electrochemical reduction in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Aqueous solution behaviour of HL1 and 1, as well as of HL2 and its complex 2, was monitored as well. Complexes 1−3 were tested against ovarian carcinoma cells, as well as noncancerous embryonic kidney cells, in comparison to respective free ligands, triapine and cisplatin. While the free ligands HL1 and HL2 were devoid of antiproliferative activity, their respective metal complexes showed remarkable antiproliferative activity in a micromolar concentration range. The activity was not related to the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) R2 protein, but rather to cancer cell homeostasis disturbance—leading to the disruption of cancer cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Ohui
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.O.); (I.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Iryna Stepanenko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.O.); (I.B.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (V.B.A.)
| | - Iuliana Besleaga
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.O.); (I.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria V. Babak
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Radu Stafi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.O.); (I.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Denisa Darvasiova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.D.); (P.R.)
| | - Gerald Giester
- Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography, University of Vienna, Althan Strasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Vivien Pósa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (V.P.); (E.A.E.)
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eva A. Enyedy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (V.P.); (E.A.E.)
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Daniel Vegh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.D.); (P.R.)
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
| | - Ana Popović-Bijelić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir B. Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.O.); (I.B.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (V.B.A.)
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Fang WY, Ravindar L, Rakesh KP, Manukumar HM, Shantharam CS, Alharbi NS, Qin HL. Synthetic approaches and pharmaceutical applications of chloro-containing molecules for drug discovery: A critical review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:117-153. [PMID: 30995567 PMCID: PMC7111421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At present more than 250 FDA approved chlorine containing drugs were available in the market and many pharmaceutically important drug candidates in pre-clinical trials. Thus, it is quite obvious to expect that in coming decades there will be an even greater number of new chlorine-containing pharmaceuticals in market. Chlorinated compounds represent the family of compounds promising for use in medicinal chemistry. This review describes the recent advances in the synthesis of chlorine containing heterocyclic compounds as diverse biological agents and drugs in the pharmaceutical industries for the inspiration of the discovery and development of more potent and effective chlorinated drugs against numerous death-causing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - L Ravindar
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - K P Rakesh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - H M Manukumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - C S Shantharam
- Department of Chemistry, Pooja Bhagavath Memorial Mahajana Education Centre, Mysuru, 570016, Karnataka, India
| | - Njud S Alharbi
- Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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