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Lu JM, Xu X, Aosai F, Zhang MY, Zhou LL, Piao LX. Protective effect of arctiin against Toxoplasma gondii HSP70-induced allergic acute liver injury by disrupting the TLR4-mediated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 and platelet-activating factor. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111254. [PMID: 37995571 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii)-derived heat shock protein 70 (T.g.HSP70) is a toxic protein that downregulates host defense responses against T. gondii infection. T.g.HSP70 was proven to induce fatal anaphylaxis in T. gondii infected mice through cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activated-platelet-activating factor (PAF) production via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling. In this study, we investigated the effect of arctiin (ARC; a major lignan compound of Fructus arctii) on allergic liver injury using T.g.HSP70-stimulated murine liver cell line (NCTC 1469) and a mouse model of T. gondii infection. Localized surface plasmon resonance, ELISA, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of action of ARC on T. gondii-induced allergic acute liver injury. The results showed that ARC suppressed the T.g.HSP70-induced allergic liver injury in a dose-dependent manner. ARC could directly bind to T.g.HSP70 or TLR4, interfering with the interaction between these two factors, and inhibiting activation of the TLR4/mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling, thereby inhibiting the overproduction of cPLA2, PAF, and interferon-γ. This result suggested that ARC ameliorates T.g.HSP70-induced allergic acute liver injury by disrupting the TLR4-mediated activation of inflammatory mediators, providing a theoretical basis for ARC therapy to improve T.g.HSP70-induced allergic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Mei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Fumie Aosai
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ming-Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lian-Xun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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Duan SF, Song L, Guo HY, Deng H, Huang X, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Yin XM. Research status of indole-modified natural products. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2535-2563. [PMID: 38107170 PMCID: PMC10718587 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00560g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole is a heterocyclic compound formed by the fusion of a benzene ring and pyrrole ring, which has rich biological activity. Many indole-containing compounds have been sold on the market due to their excellent pharmacological activity. For example, vincristine and reserpine have been widely used in clinical practice. The diverse structures and biological activities of natural products provide abundant resources for the development of new drugs. Therefore, this review classifies natural products by structure, and summarizes the research progress of indole-containing natural product derivatives, their biological activities, structure-activity relationship and research mechanism which has been studied in the past 13 years, so as to provide a basis for the development of new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Fang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Lei Song
- Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
| | - Xiu-Mei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University Yanji 133002 China +86 0433 243 6020 +86 0433 243 6019
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Huang X, Liu Z, Quan ZS, Guo HY, Shen QK. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of fusidic acid derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents for acute lung injury. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106885. [PMID: 37804700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) are severe forms of diffuse lung disease that impose a substantial health burden all over the world. In the United States, approximately 190,000 cases per year of ALI each year, with an associated 74,500 deaths per year. Anti-inflammatory therapy has become a reasonable approach for the treatment of patients with ALI. In this study, fusidic acid derivatives were used to design new anti-inflammatory compounds with high pharmacological activity and low toxicity. A total of 30 new fusidic acid derivatives were discovered, synthesized, and screened for their anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells. Of them, b2 was found to be the most active, with a higher efficiency compared with fusidic acid and celecoxib in 10 μM. In vitro, we further measured b2 inhibited inflammatory factor NO (IC50 = 5.382 ± 0.655 μM), IL-6 (IC50 = 7.767 ± 0.871 μM), and TNF-α (IC50 = 7.089 ± 0.775 μM) and b2 inhibited inflammatory cytokines COX-2 and iNOS, ROS production, NF-κB/MAPK and Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathway pathway. In vivo,b2 attenuated ALI pathological changes and inhibited inflammatory cytokines COX-2 and iNOS in lung tissue and NF-κB/MAPK and Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, b2 may be a promising anti-inflammatory lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
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Li M, Jiang H, Wang Y, Xu Z, Xu H, Chen Y, Zhu J, Lin Z, Zhang M. Effect of arctigenin on neurological diseases: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 315:116642. [PMID: 37236381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arctium lappa L. is a common specie of Asteraceae. Its main active ingredient, Arctigenin (AG), in mature seeds exerts pharmacological effects on the Central Nervous System (CNS). AIM OF THE STUDY To review studies on the specific effects of the AG mechanism on various CNS diseases and elucidate signal transduction mechanisms and their pharmacological actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS This investigation reviewed the essential role of AG in treating neurological disorders. Basic information on Arctium lappa L. was retrieved from the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. The related articles from 1981 to 2022 on the network database (including CNKI, PubMed, and Wan Fang and so on) were reviewed using AG and CNS diseases-related terms such as Arctigenin and Epilepsy. RESULTS It was confirmed that AG has a therapeutic effect on Alzheimer's disease, Glioma, infectious CNS diseases (such as Toxoplasma and Japanese Encephalitis Virus), Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy, etc. In these diseases, related experiments such as a Western blot analysis revealed that AG could alter the content of some key factors (such as the reduction of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease). However, in-vivo AG's metabolic process and possible metabolites are still undetermined. CONCLUSION Based on this review, the existing pharmacological research has indeed made objective progress to elucidate how AG prevents and treats CNS diseases, especially senile degenerative disease such as Alzheimer's diseases. It was revealed that AG could be used as a potential nervous system drug as it has a wide range of effects in theory with markedly high application value, especially in the elder group. However, the existing studies are limited to in-vitro experiments; therefore, little is known about how AG metabolizes and functions in-vivo, limiting its clinical application and requiring further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mopu Li
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zidi Xu
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang Xu
- The First School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuetong Chen
- The First School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianghu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang YL, Jin LL, Cheng X, Yan WF, Deng H, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Jin CM, Zhang CH. Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti -Toxoplasma gondii activity of tetraoxane-substituted ursolic acid derivatives. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3654-3662. [PMID: 35834719 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2098497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of derivatives of ursolic acid (UA) were synthesised, the anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity was tested, and the selectivity index (SI) of these compounds was calculated to determine the derivative with the best anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity. Compound A7 showed the best activity against the Toxoplasma gondii (IC50 in T. gondii infected GES-1 cells: 9.1 ± 7.2 μM), better than the lead compound UA and the positive control drug Spiramycin. Compound A7 was selected for further in vivo research: A7 was tested for its effect on the inhibition rate of tachyzoites in mice and its biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde were determined. Compound A7 was evaluated for its anti-Toxoplasma activity and partial damage to the liver. Therefore, the results show that compound A7 could be a potential lead compound for developing a novel anti-Toxoplasma gondii molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Li-Li Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chang-Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
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Jin X, Liu S, Chen S, Wang L, Cui Y, He J, Fang S, Li J, Chang Y. A systematic review on botany, ethnopharmacology, quality control, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Arctium lappa L. fruit. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116223. [PMID: 36781057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arctium lappa L., is a biennial plant that grows around the Eurasia. Many parts of Arctium lappa L. (roots, leaves and fruits, etc.) are medically used in different countries. Arctium lappa L. fruit, also called Arctii Fructus, is traditionally applied to dispel wind-heat, ventilate lung to promote eruption, remove toxicity substance and relieve sore throat. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to integrate the botany, ethnopharmacology, quality control, phytochemistry, pharmacology, derivatives and toxicity information of Arctii Fructus, so as to facilitate future research and explore the potential of Arctii Fructus as an agent for treating diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related knowledge about Arctii Fructus were acquired from Science Direct, GeenMedical, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, Doctoral and Master's thesis, ancient books, etc. RESULTS: Arctii Fructus as an herb used for medicine and food was pervasively distributed and applicated around the world. It was traditionally used to treat anemopyretic cold, dyspnea and cough, sore throat, etc. To date, more than 200 compounds have been isolated and identified from Arctii Fructus. It contained lignans, phenolic acids and fatty acids, terpenoids, volatile oils and others. Lignans, especially arctigenin and arctiin, had the extensive pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activities. The ester derivatives of arctigenin had the anti-cancer, anti-Alzheimer's disease and immunity enhancing effects. Although Arctii Fructus extract had no toxicity, arctigenin was toxic at a certain dose. The alleviating effects of Arctii Fructus on chronic inflammation and ageing have been demonstrated by clinical studies. CONCLUSION Arctii Fructus is regarded as a worthy herb with many chemical components and various pharmacological effects. Several traditional applications have been supported by modern pharmacological research. However, their action mechanisms need to be further studied. Although many chemical components were isolated from Arctii Fructus, the current research mainly focused on lignans, especially arctiin and arctigenin. Therefore, it is very important to deeply clarify the pharmacological activities and action mechanism of the compounds and make full medicinal use of the resources of Arctii Fructus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Suyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shiming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Wang G, Ge L, Liu T, Zheng Z, Chen L. The therapeutic potential of arctigenin against multiple human diseases: A mechanistic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 110:154647. [PMID: 36628833 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arctigenin (ATG), a dibenzyl butyrolactone lignan compound, is one of the major bioactive components from the medicinal plant Arctium lappa. ATG possesses remarkable therapeutic potential against a wide range of human diseases, such as cancers, immune disorders and chronical diseases. The molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects of ATG have been intensively studied. PURPOSE This review aims to systematically summarize the updated knowledge of the proteins and signaling pathways behind the curative property of ATG, and further analyze the potential connections between them. METHOD SciFinder, Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were queried for publications reporting the therapeutic properties of ATG. "Arctigenin", "disease", "cancer", "inflammation", "organ damage", "infection", "toxicity" and "pharmacokinetics" were used as the searching titles. RESULT 625 publications were identified and 95 met the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. 42 studies described the molecular mechanisms implicated in ATG treatments. Several proteins including phosphodiesterase subtype 4D (PDE4D), estrogen receptor (ER) β, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) are targeted by ATG in different settings. The frequently described signaling pathways are TLR4/NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) signalings. CONCLUSION Inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway and activation of AMPK signaling play the pivotal roles in the therapeutic effects of ATG. PI3K/AKT and AMPK signaling widely link to other signaling pathways, modulating various biological processes such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-fibrosis, anti-ER stress, anti-steatosis and pro-apoptosis, which constitute the curative mechanisms of ATG against multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Wang
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Li Ge
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Zhihui Zheng
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China.
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Wu D, Jin L, Huang X, Deng H, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Zhang C, Guo HY. Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2452-2477. [PMID: 36093586 PMCID: PMC9481144 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctium lappa L. is a prevalent medicinal herb and a health supplement that is commonly used in Asia. Over the last few decades, the bioactive component arctigenin has attracted the attention of researchers because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, multiple sclerosis fighting, antitumor, and anti-leukemia properties. After summarising the research and literature on arctigenin, this study outlines the current status of research on pharmacological activity, total synthesis, and structural modification of arctigenin. The purpose of this study is to assist academics in obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the research progress on arctigenin and to provide constructive suggestions for further investigation of this useful molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Lili Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Changhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
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Anti-Toxoplasma gondii agent isolated from Orostachys malacophylla (Pallas) Fischer. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huang X, Zhang CH, Deng H, Wu D, Guo HY, Lee JJ, Chen FE, Shen QK, Jin LL, Quan ZS. Synthesis and evaluation of anticancer activity of quillaic acid derivatives: A cell cycle arrest and apoptosis inducer through NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Front Chem 2022; 10:951713. [PMID: 36157038 PMCID: PMC9490060 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.951713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of quillaic acid derivatives with different substituents on the 28-carboxyl group were designed and synthesized. Five human cancer cell lines (HCT116, BEL7402, HepG2, SW620, and MCF-7) were evaluated for their antitumor activity in vitro. Some of the tested derivatives showed improved antiproliferative activity compared to the lead compound, quillaic acid. Among them, compound E (IC50 = 2.46 ± 0.44 μM) showed the strongest antiproliferative activity against HCT116 cells; compared with quillaic acid (IC50 > 10 μM), its efficacy against HCT116 cancer cells was approximately 4-fold higher than that of quillaic acid. Compound E also induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by modulating NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Therefore, the development of compound E is certainly valuable for anti-tumor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li-Li Jin
- *Correspondence: Li-Li Jin, ; Zhe-Shan Quan,
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In vitro and in vivo inhibition of a novel arctigenin derivative on aquatic rhabdovirus. Virus Res 2022; 316:198798. [PMID: 35562080 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) poses a serious threat to aquaculture industry due to the lack of approved antiviral treatments. Therefore, a novel arctigenin derivative, 4-(2-methylimidazole) octanoxy-arctigenin (MON), was synthesized to assess the antiviral activity against SVCV in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated MON decreased the SVCV glycoprotein (G) gene expression in vitro by a maximum inhibitory rate of > 99% at 3.5 μM. Furthermore, MON showed the protective effect on epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells and considerably decreased the cytopathic effect (CPE). More importantly, MON inhibited SVCV G gene expression levels in vitro at the half-maximal activity (IC50) of 0.18 μM at 48 h. For in vivo studies, MON demonstrated anti-SVCV activity by enhancing the survival rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after infection via pelvic fin base injection. These results tended to be consistent with MON decreasing the SVCV titer of infected zebrafish. During this time, viral loads of the spleen and kidney have declined in SVSV-infected zebrafish. Based on the histopathological assay, MON exhibited the high protective effect in the spleen and kidney of SVCV-infected fish. Combined, MON is on track to become a novel agent to address SVCV infection in aquaculture.
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12
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Jiang L, Liu B, Hou S, Su T, Fan Q, Alyafeai E, Tang Y, Wu M, Liu X, Li J, Hu Y, Li W, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Wu J. Discovery and evaluation of chalcone derivatives as novel potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Synthesis, Evaluation of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Activity in vitro and Molecular Docking of Dihydroartemisinin Derivatives. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Guo HY, Chen ZA, Shen QK, Quan ZS. Application of triazoles in the structural modification of natural products. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1115-1144. [PMID: 34167422 PMCID: PMC8231395 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1890066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature products have been extensively used in the discovery and development of new drugs, as the most important source of drugs. The triazole ring is one of main pharmacophore of the nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Thus, a new class of triazole-containing natural product conjugates has been synthesised. These compounds reportedly exert anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and enzyme inhibitory effects. This review summarises the research progress of triazole-containing natural product derivatives involved in medicinal chemistry in the past six years. This review provides insights and perspectives that will help scientists in the fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng-Ai Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
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15
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhao S, Wang X, Liu B, Xu H. Click Chemistry in Natural Product Modification. Front Chem 2021; 9:774977. [PMID: 34869223 PMCID: PMC8635925 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.774977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry is perhaps the most powerful synthetic toolbox that can efficiently access the molecular diversity and unique functions of complex natural products up to now. It enables the ready synthesis of diverse sets of natural product derivatives either for the optimization of their drawbacks or for the construction of natural product-like drug screening libraries. This paper showcases the state-of-the-art development of click chemistry in natural product modification and summarizes the pharmacological activities of the active derivatives as well as the mechanism of action. The aim of this paper is to gain a deep understanding of the fruitful achievements and to provide perspectives, trends, and directions regarding further research in natural product medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuning Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Shang FF, Wang MY, Ai JP, Shen QK, Guo HY, Jin CM, Chen FE, Quan ZS, Jin L, Zhang C. Synthesis and evaluation of mycophenolic acid derivatives as potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Effects of a Novel Spider Peptide XYP1 In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080934. [PMID: 34440138 PMCID: PMC8392294 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by an obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most prevalent zoonoses worldwide. Treatments for this disease by traditional drugs have shown numerous side effects, thus effective alternative anti-Toxoplasma strategies or drugs are urgently needed. In this study, a novel spider peptide, XYP1, was identified from the cDNA library of the venom gland of the spider Lycosa coelestis. Our results showed that XYP1 has potent anti-Toxoplasma activity in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, treatment with XYP1 significantly inhibited the viability, invasion and proliferation of tachyzoites with low cytotoxicity (IC50 = 38.79 μΜ) on human host cells, and increased the survival rate of mice acutely infected with T. gondii. Next, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and RNA sequencing were employed to further explore the functional mechanism of XYP1, and the results indicated that XYP1 causes membrane perforation, swelling and disruption of tachyzoites, which could be closely associated with differential expression of several membrane-associated proteins including HSP29. In conclusion, XYP1 may be a promising new drug candidate for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
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18
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Wei L, Xue Z, Lan B, Yuan S, Li Y, Guo C, Zhang R, Ding R, Shen H. Arctigenin Exerts Neuroprotective Effect by Ameliorating Cortical Activities in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691590. [PMID: 34349758 PMCID: PMC8327179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease in the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by inflammatory cells that invade into the brain and the spinal cord. Among a bulk of different MS models, the most widely used and best understood rodent model is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Arctigenin, a botanical extract from Arctium lappa, is reported to exhibit pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. However, the effects of arctigenin on neural activity attacked by inflammation in MS are still unclear. Here, we use two-photon calcium imaging to observe the activity of somatosensory cortex neurons in awake EAE mice in vivo and found added hyperactive cells, calcium influx, network connectivity, and synchronization, mainly at preclinical stage of EAE model. Besides, more silent cells and decreased calcium influx and reduced network synchronization accompanied by a compensatory rise in functional connectivity are found at the remission stage. Arctigenin treatment not only restricts inordinate individually neural spiking, calcium influx, and network activity at preclinical stage but also restores neuronal activity and communication at remission stage. In addition, we confirm that the frequency of AMPA receptor-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) is also increased at preclinical stage and can be blunted by arctigenin. These findings suggest that excitotoxicity characterized by calcium influx is involved in EAE at preclinical stage. What is more, arctigenin exerts neuroprotective effect by limiting hyperactivity at preclinical stage and ameliorates EAE symptoms, indicating that arctigenin could be a potential therapeutic drug for neuroprotection in MS-related neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangpeng Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baihui Lan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cunle Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Research Institute of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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19
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Zhang RH, Jin R, Deng H, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Jin CM. Evaluation of the anti-Toxoplasma gondii Activity of Hederagenin in vitro and in vivo. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:297-301. [PMID: 34218602 PMCID: PMC8255499 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection is widespread worldwide, not only posing a serious threat to human food safety and animal husbandry, but also endangering human health. The selectivity index was employed to measure anti-T. gondii activity. Hederagenin (HE) exhibited potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity. For this reason, HE was selected for in vivo experiments. HE showed 64.8%±13.1% inhibition for peritoneal tachyzoites in mice, higher than spiramycin 56.8%±6.0%. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde, illustrated that HE was a good inhibitor of T. gondii in vivo. This compound was also effective in relieving T. gondii-induced liver damage. Collectively, it was demonstrated that HE had potential as an anti-T. gondii agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Runhao Jin
- School of nursing Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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20
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Xu Q, Deng H, Li X, Quan ZS. Application of Amino Acids in the Structural Modification of Natural Products: A Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:650569. [PMID: 33996749 PMCID: PMC8118163 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.650569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products and their derivatives are important sources for drug discovery; however, they usually have poor solubility and low activity and require structural modification. Amino acids are highly soluble in water and have a wide range of activities. The introduction of amino acids into natural products is expected to improve the performance of these products and minimize their adverse effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the application of amino acids in the structural modification of natural products and provides a theoretical basis for the structural modification of natural products in the future. The articles were divided into six types based on the backbone structures of the natural products, and the related applications of amino acids in the structural modification of natural products were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
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21
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Design and synthesis of 7-O-1,2,3-triazole hesperetin derivatives to relieve inflammation of acute liver injury in mice. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113162. [PMID: 33493826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the previous research results of our research group, to further improve the anti-inflammatory activity of hesperetin, we substituted triazole at the 7-OH branch of hesperetin. We also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of 39 new hesperetin derivatives. All compounds showed inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory factors in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Compound d5 showed a strong inhibitory effect on NO (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 2.34 ± 0.7 μM) and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and (IL-6). Structure-activity relationships indicate that 7-O-triazole is buried in a medium-sized hydrophobic cavity that binds to the receptor. Compound d5 can also reduce the reactive oxygen species production and significantly inhibit the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 through the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. In vivo results indicate that d5 can reduce liver inflammation in mice with acute liver injury (ALI) induced by CCI4. In conclusion, d5 may be a candidate drug for treating inflammation associated with ALI.
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22
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Hoseiny Asl Nazarlu Z, Matini M, Bahmanzadeh M, Foroughi-Parvar F. Toxoplasma gondii: A Possible Inducer of Oxidative Stress in Reproductive System of Male Rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:521-529. [PMID: 33884009 PMCID: PMC8039477 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i4.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasmosis is suspected to have adverse effects on the male reproductive system. We aimed to determine the possible role of Toxoplasma gondii in oxidative stress in reproductive system of male rats. Methods: This study was performed from 2018 until 2019 at the Parasitology Research Laboratory of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly divided to control and test groups. The animals in the test group were inoculated by 107T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites and the control group were injected by 0.2 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. The both groups were following every 10 days until day 80 post inoculation. Oxidative stress markers (OSMs) including antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and nonenzymatic markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in testis and serum of T. gondii infected rats. Results: After post inoculation, the variations of the OSMs in the testis tissue of infected rats were as follows: a significant decrease of SOD on day 80 (P=0.03), and CAT activity were detected on day 60 and 80 (P=0.04 and P=0.01) respectively. In addition, GSH (P =0.01) and TAC (P =0.03) concentration were significantly reduced on day 80. On the contrary, the concentration of MDA (P =0.01) was increased 70 days after infection. In addition, consistent changes with the tissue testis were observed in the serum OSMs of infected rats. Conclusion: T. gondii infection caused oxidative stress in testis tissue. Thus, the adverse effects of oxidative stress may affect the male rat reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Hoseiny Asl Nazarlu
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Matini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahmanzadeh
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Faeze Foroughi-Parvar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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23
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Li K, Grooms GM, Khan SM, Hernandez AG, Witola WH, Stec J. Novel acyl carbamates and acyl / diacyl ureas show in vitro efficacy against Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 14:80-90. [PMID: 33011650 PMCID: PMC7529613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum are protozoan parasites that are highly prevalent and opportunistically infect humans worldwide, but for which completely effective and safe medications are lacking. Herein, we synthesized a series of novel small molecules bearing the diacyl urea scaffold and related structures, and screened them for in vitro cytotoxicity and antiparasitic activity against T. gondii and C. parvum. We identified one compound (GMG-1-09), and four compounds (JS-1-09, JS-2-20, JS-2-35 and JS-2-49) with efficacy against C. parvum and T. gondii, respectively, at low micromolar concentrations and showed appreciable selectivity in human host cells. Among the four compounds with efficacy against T. gondii, JS-1-09 representing the diacyl urea scaffold was the most effective, with an anti-Toxoplasma IC50 concentration (1.21 μM) that was nearly 53-fold lower than its cytotoxicity IC50 concentration, indicating that this compound has a good selectivity index. The other three compounds (JS-2-20, JS-2-35 and JS-2-49) were structurally more divergent from JS-1-09 as they represent the acyl urea and acyl carbamate scaffold. This appeared to correlate with their anti-Toxoplasma activity, suggesting that these compounds' potency can likely be enhanced by selective structural modifications. One compound, GMG-1-09 representing acyl carbamate scaffold, depicted in vitro efficacy against C. parvum with an IC50 concentration (32.24 μM) that was 14-fold lower than its cytotoxicity IC50 concentration in a human intestinal cell line. Together, our studies unveil a series of novel synthetic acyl/diacyl urea and acyl carbamate scaffold-based small molecule compounds with micromolar activity against T. gondii and C. parvum that can be explored further for the development of the much-needed novel anti-protozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Gregory M Grooms
- Chicago State University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9501 S. King Drive, Chicago, IL 60628, USA
| | - Shahbaz M Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Anolan Garcia Hernandez
- Chicago State University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9501 S. King Drive, Chicago, IL 60628, USA
| | - William H Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Jozef Stec
- Chicago State University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9501 S. King Drive, Chicago, IL 60628, USA; Marshall B. Ketchum University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd., Fullerton, CA 82831, USA.
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24
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Wang HM, Zhu XL, Chen QH, Ding MW, Zeng XH. An efficient one-pot synthesis and biological evaluation of novel (E)-2-aroyl-4-arylidene-5-oxotetrahydrofuran derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519820958626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot base-mediated approach to ( E)-2-aroyl-4-arylidene-5-oxotetrahydro-furans is developed. Nine ( E)-2-aroyl-4-arylidene-5-oxotetrahydrofurans are synthesized in good yields via tandem Passerini and cyclization reactions, starting from Baylis–Hillman acids, aryl glyoxals, and isocyanides at room temperature in the presence of Cs2CO3. In addition, the MTT assay is used to evaluate their cytotoxicities toward the cervical cancer cell lines C-33A, CaSki, and SiHa and the hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2. The results show that some of the compounds inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Wang
- The Experiment Center of Medicine, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Bao’an Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Lian Zhu
- The Experiment Center of Medicine, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Bao’an Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Hua Chen
- Shenzhen Bao’an Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China
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Arctigenin exhibits hepatoprotective activity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected host through HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106539. [PMID: 32361192 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonosis with the highest incidence in humans. Severe lesions due to acute toxoplasmosis have been recorded in the visceral organs including the liver, where hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are important innate immune cells. Arctigenin (AG) is a bioactive ingredient of Arctium lappa L. and increasing evidence suggests that AG exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) effects. However, the role of AG in acute liver damage induced by T. gondii infection remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the effects of AG against T. gondii-induced liver damage by establishing an in vitro infection model using a murine liver cell line (NCTC-1469 cells) and an in vivo mouse model with acute T. gondii infection of virulent RH strain. In the current study, AG effectively attenuated hepatocytes apoptosis and inhibited the reproduction of T. gondii. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies showed that AG significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase activities and lessened pathological damage of liver. Moreover, AG suppressed T. gondii-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase production. AG also attenuated liver inflammation by inhibiting T. gondii-induced activation of the high-mobility group box1/toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB) signaling pathway. These findings demonstrated that AG exhibited prominent hepatoprotective activities in toxoplasmic liver injury with anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis. Thus, this study provides the basis for the development of new drugs to treat toxoplasmic hepatitis.
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26
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Cheng JH, Xu X, Li YB, Zhao XD, Aosai F, Shi SY, Jin CH, Piao JS, Ma J, Piao HN, Jin XJ, Piao LX. Arctigenin ameliorates depression-like behaviors in Toxoplasma gondii-infected intermediate hosts via the TLR4/NF-κB and TNFR1/NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106302. [PMID: 32086097 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a known neurotropic protozoan that remains in the central nervous system and induces neuropsychiatric diseases in intermediate hosts. Arctigenin (AG) is one of the major bioactive lignans of the fruit Arctium lappa L. and has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-T. gondii effects. However, the effect of AG against depressive behaviors observed in T. gondii-infected hosts has not yet been clarified. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of AG against T. gondii-induced depressive behaviors in intermediate hosts using a microglia cell line (BV2 cells) and brain tissues of BALB/c mice during the acute phase of infection with the RH strain of T. gondii. AG attenuated microglial activation and neuroinflammation via the Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1/NF-κB signaling pathways, followed by up-regulating the dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels and inhibiting the depression-like behaviors of hosts. AG also significantly decreased the T. gondii burden in mouse brain tissues. In conclusion, we elucidated the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of AG against depressive behaviors induced by T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Ying-Biao Li
- Department of Neurology, Affliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Fumie Aosai
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Su-Yun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Jing-Shu Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Hu-Nan Piao
- Department of Neurology, Affliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Lian-Xun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8315-5918
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27
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In silico studies of novel scaffold of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents by 2D/3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Luan T, Jin C, Jin CM, Gong GH, Quan ZS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of ursolic acid derivatives bearing triazole moieties as potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:761-772. [PMID: 30836795 PMCID: PMC6407578 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1584622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a plant-derived compound, has many properties beneficial to health. In the present study, we synthesised three series of novel UA derivatives and evaluated their anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity both in vitro and in vivo. Most derivatives exhibited an improved anti-T. gondii activity in vitro when compared with UA (parent compound), whereas compound 3d exhibited the most potent anti-T. gondii activity in vivo. Spiramycin served as the positive control. Additionally, determination of biochemical parameters, including the liver and spleen indexes, indicated compound 3d to effectively reduce hepatotoxicity and significantly enhance anti-oxidative effects, as compared with UA. Furthermore, our molecular docking study indicated compound 3d to possess a strong binding affinity for T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1). Based on these findings, we conclude that compound 3d, a derivative of UA, could act as a potential inhibitor of TgCDPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Luan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chunmei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Guo-Hua Gong
- First Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
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29
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Deng H, Huang X, Jin C, Jin CM, Quan ZS. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of dihydroartemisinin derivatives with potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103467. [PMID: 31791681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, four series of dihydroartemisinin derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-toxoplasma gondii activity, and calculated the selectivity index (SI). It was the higher the SI, the better the effect of this compound against Toxoplasma gondii. Our goal was to filter out compounds that were bigger SI than the lead compound. The compound with the highest SI was selected for the anti-toxoplasmosis test in mice in vivo. Among the synthesized compounds, the (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12R,12aR)-3,6,9-trimethyl-decahydro-12H-3,12-epoxy[1,2]di-oxepino[4,3 -i]isochromen-10-yl-(te-rt-butoxycarbonyl)-l-alaninate (A2) exhibited the most potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity (SI: 6.44), yielding better results than the lead compound DHA (SI: 1.00) and the clinically used positive-control drug spiramycin (SI: 0.72) in vitro. Furthermore, compound A2 had better growth inhibitory effects on T. gondii in vivo than spiramycin did and significantly reduced the number of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of mice (P < 0.01). The evaluation of the data generated in the T. gondii mouse infection model indicates that compound A2 treatment was a good inhibitor of T. gondii in vivo and that it was effective in relieving the liver damage induced by T. gondii. In addition, the results of a docking study revealed that A2 could become a better T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase1 (TgCDPK1) inhibitor. For this reason, compound A2 has potential as an anti-parasitic drug. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of the action of compound A2, as well as to develop drug delivery systems for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chunmei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
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30
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Design, Synthesis and Investigation of the Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 7- O-Amide Hesperetin Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203663. [PMID: 31614601 PMCID: PMC6832651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop new anti-inflammatory agents, a series of 7-O-amide hesperetin derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using RAW264.7 cells. All compounds showed inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO production. Among them, 7-O-(2-(Propylamino)-2-oxoethyl)hesperetin (4d) and 7-O-(2-(Cyclopentylamino)-2-oxoethyl)hesperetin (4k) with hydrophobic side chains exhibited the most potent NO inhibitory activity (IC50 = 19.32 and 16.63 μM, respectively), showing stronger inhibitory effect on the production of pro- inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) than indomethacin and celecoxib at 10 μM. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) suggested that the 7-O-amide unit was buried in a medium-sized hydrophobic cavity of the bound receptor. Furthermore, compound 4d could also significantly suppress the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase enzymes (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), through the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway.
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31
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Guo HY, Jin C, Zhang HM, Jin CM, Shen QK, Quan ZS. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (+)-Usnic Acid Derivatives as Potential Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9630-9642. [PMID: 31365255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Six series of (+)-usnic acid derivatives were synthesized. The IC50 values of these compounds were determined in T. gondii infected HeLa cells (μM) and in HeLa cells (μM), and their selectivity indexes (SI) were calculated. In vitro, most of the derivatives tested in this study exhibited more anti activity than that of the parent compound (+)-usnic acid and the positive control drugs. Among these derivatives, methyl (E)-(1-(6-acetyl-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyl-1,3-dioxo-3,9b-dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-2(1H)-ylidene)ethyl)phenylalaninate (D3) showed the most effective anti-T. gondii activity (selectivity >2.77). In comparison with the clinically used positive control drugs sulfadiazine (selectivity 1.15), pyrimethamine (selectivity 0.89), spiramycin (selectivity 0.72), and the lead compound (+)-usnic acid (selectivity 0.96), D3 showed better results in vitro. Furthermore, D3 and (E)-6-acetyl-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyl-2-(1-(quinolin-6-ylamino)ethylidene)dibenzo[b,d]furan-1,3(2H,9bH)-dione (F3) had greater inhibitory effects on T. gondii (inhibition rates 76.0% and 64.6%) in vivo in comparison to spiramycin (inhibition rate 55.2%); in the peritoneal cavity of mice, the number of tachyzoites was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in vivo. Additionally, some biochemical parameters were measured and spleen indexes were comprehensively evaluated, and the results indicated that mice treated with both compound D3 and compound F3 showed reduced hepatotoxicity and significantly enhanced antioxidative effects in comparison to the normal group. Granuloma and cyst formation were effected by the inhibition of compound D3 and compound F3 in liver sections. Overall, these results indicated that D3 and F3 for use as anti-T. gondii agents are promising lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - ChunMei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
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Bozorov K, Zhao J, Aisa HA. 1,2,3-Triazole-containing hybrids as leads in medicinal chemistry: A recent overview. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3511-3531. [PMID: 31300317 PMCID: PMC7185471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,3-triazole ring is a major pharmacophore system among nitrogen-containing heterocycles. These five-membered heterocyclic motifs with three nitrogen heteroatoms can be prepared easily using 'click' chemistry with copper- or ruthenium-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. Recently, the 'linker' property of 1,2,3-triazoles was demonstrated, and a novel class of 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids and conjugates was synthesised and evaluated as lead compounds for diverse biological targets. These lead compounds have been demonstrated as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-tubercular, antiviral, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-leishmanial, and neuroprotective agents. The present review summarises advances in lead compounds of 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids, conjugates, and their related heterocycles in medicinal chemistry published in 2018. This review will be useful to scientists in research fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshed Bozorov
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1 South Beijing Rd, Urumqi 830011, PR China; Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Mirzo Ulugbek Str. 77, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan.
| | - Jiangyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1 South Beijing Rd, Urumqi 830011, PR China.
| | - Haji A Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1 South Beijing Rd, Urumqi 830011, PR China.
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33
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Choi WH, Lee IA. The Mechanism of Action of Ursolic Acid as a Potential Anti-Toxoplasmosis Agent, and Its Immunomodulatory Effects. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020061. [PMID: 31075881 PMCID: PMC6631288 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of action of ursolic acid in terms of anti-Toxoplasma gondii effects, including immunomodulatory effects. We evaluated the anti-T. gondii effects of ursolic acid, and analyzed the production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokines through co-cultured immune cells, as well as the expression of intracellular organelles of T. gondii. The subcellular organelles and granules of T. gondii, particularly rhoptry protein 18, microneme protein 8, and inner membrane complex sub-compartment protein 3, were markedly decreased when T. gondii was treated with ursolic acid, and their expressions were effectively inhibited. Furthermore, ursolic acid effectively increased the production of NO, ROS, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-β, while reducing the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in T. gondii-infected immune cells. These results demonstrate that ursolic acid not only causes anti-T. gondii activity/action by effectively inhibiting the survival of T. gondii and the subcellular organelles of T. gondii, but also induces specific immunomodulatory effects in T. gondii-infected immune cells. Therefore, this study indicates that ursolic acid can be effectively utilized as a potential candidate agent for developing novel anti-toxoplasmosis drugs, and has immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hyung Choi
- Marine Bio Research & Education Center, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54150, Korea.
| | - In Ah Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54150, Korea.
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