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Solvent-controlled synthesis of bulky and polar-bulky galactonoamidines. Carbohydr Res 2022; 513:108520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2
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Munisamy M, Mukherjee N, Thomas L, Pham AT, Shakeri A, Zhao Y, Kolesar J, Rao PPN, Rangnekar VM, Rao M. Therapeutic opportunities in cancer therapy: targeting the p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5762-5781. [PMID: 35018225 PMCID: PMC8727821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a key enzymatic post-translational modification that influences p53 stability and function. p53 protein regulates the expression of MDM2 (mouse double-minute 2 protein) E3 ligase and MDMX (double-minute 4 protein), through proteasome-based degradation. Exploration of targeting the ubiquitination pathway offers a potentially promising strategy for precision therapy in a variety of cancers. The p53-MDM2-MDMX pathway provides multiple molecular targets for small molecule screening as potential therapies for wild-type p53. As a result of its effect on molecular carcinogenesis, a personalized therapeutic approach based on the wild-type and mutant p53 protein is desirable. We highlighted the implications of p53 mutations in cancer, p53 ubiquitination mechanistic details, targeting p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions, significant discoveries related to MDM2 inhibitor drug development, MDM2 and MDMX dual target inhibitors, and clinical trials with p53-MDM2/MDMX-targeted drugs. We also investigated potential therapeutic repurposing of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in targeting p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions. Molecular docking studies of SERMs were performed utilizing the solved structures of the p53/MDM2/MDMX proteins. These studies identified ormeloxifene as a potential dual inhibitor of p53/MDM2/MDMX interaction, suggesting that repurposing SERMs for dual targeting of p53/MDM2 and p53/MDMX interactions is an attractive strategy for targeting wild-type p53 tumors and warrants further preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Munisamy
- Department of Translational Medicine Centre, All India Institute of Medical SciencesBhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462020, India
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Nayonika Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Levin Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Amy Trinh Pham
- Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, 200 University Avenue West, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Arash Shakeri
- Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, 200 University Avenue West, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, 200 University Avenue West, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jill Kolesar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Science, University of Kentucky567 TODD Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40539-0596, USA
| | - Praveen P N Rao
- Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, 200 University Avenue West, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Markey Cancer Center, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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Haronikova L, Bonczek O, Zatloukalova P, Kokas-Zavadil F, Kucerikova M, Coates PJ, Fahraeus R, Vojtesek B. Resistance mechanisms to inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interactions in cancer therapy: can we overcome them? Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:53. [PMID: 34911439 PMCID: PMC8903693 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first MDM2 inhibitors, we have gained deeper insights into the cellular roles of MDM2 and p53. In this review, we focus on MDM2 inhibitors that bind to the p53-binding domain of MDM2 and aim to disrupt the binding of MDM2 to p53. We describe the basic mechanism of action of these MDM2 inhibitors, such as nutlin-3a, summarise the determinants of sensitivity to MDM2 inhibition from p53-dependent and p53-independent points of view and discuss the problems with innate and acquired resistance to MDM2 inhibition. Despite progress in MDM2 inhibitor design and ongoing clinical trials, their broad use in cancer treatment is not fulfilling expectations in heterogenous human cancers. We assess the MDM2 inhibitor types in clinical trials and provide an overview of possible sources of resistance to MDM2 inhibition, underlining the need for patient stratification based on these aspects to gain better clinical responses, including the use of combination therapies for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Haronikova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Bonczek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 901 87, Umea, Vasterbotten, Sweden
| | - Pavlina Zatloukalova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kokas-Zavadil
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kucerikova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 901 87, Umea, Vasterbotten, Sweden
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Wang B, Liu J, Tandon I, Wu S, Teng P, Liao J, Tang W. Development of MDM2 degraders based on ligands derived from Ugi reactions: Lessons and discoveries. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113425. [PMID: 33862513 PMCID: PMC8165035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have gained tremendous interest in both the academic and pharmaceutical communities. This opens a new way to regulate the cellular protein homeostasis, especially for disease-related proteins. In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of MDM2 degraders based on ligands that were readily prepared by a four-component Ugi reaction. After extensive optimization based on anti-proliferation and MDM2 degradation, WB214 was identified as the most potent anti-proliferative agent in various leukemia cell lines. Surprisingly, our mechanistic investigations indicated that WB214 not only effectively induced the degradation of MDM2, but also led to the degradation of p53. Further studies revealed that WB214 degraded MDM2 as a molecular glue. WB214 and its related analogues did not bind to MDM2 in the p53 binding region and MDM2 was discovered as a novel neo-substrate of the E3 ligase cereblon. Finally, we found that WB214 could potently degrade GSPT1, which could rationalize the inhibition of cell growth. A selective degrader for GSPT1 over MDM2 was then developed through systematically varying different motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ira Tandon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Suzhen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Peng Teng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jianhua Liao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Shi YY, Meng XT, Xu YN, Tian XJ. Role of FOXO protein's abnormal activation through PI3K/AKT pathway in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:1946-1957. [PMID: 33827148 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for ovarian cancer. However, tumor cells' resistance to platinum drugs often occurs. This paper provides a review of Forkhead box O (FOXO) protein's role in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer which hopefully may provide some further guidance for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. METHODS We reviewed a 128 published papers from authoritative and professional journals on FOXO and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and adopts qualitative analyses and interpretation based on the literature. RESULTS Ovarian cancer often has abnormal activation of cellular pathways, the most important of which is the PI3K/AKT pathway. FOXOs act as crucial downstream factor of the PI3K/Akt pathway and are negatively regulated by it. DNA damage response and apoptosis including the relationship between FOXOs and ATM-Chk2-p53 are essential for platinum resistance of ovarian cancer. Through gene expression analysis in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cell model, it was found that FoxO-1 is decreased in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, so studying the role of FOXO in the pathway on platinum-induced apoptosis may further guide the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS There are many drug resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer, wherein the decrease in cancer cells apoptosis is one of the important causes. Constituted by a series of transcription factors evolving conservatively and mainly working in inhibiting cancer, FOXO proteins play various roles in cells' antitumor response. More and more evidence suggests that we need to re-understand the role that FOXOs have played in cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yue Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiang-Tian Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Sun Y, Cao B, Zhou J. Roles of DANCR/microRNA-518a-3p/MDMA ceRNA network in the growth and malignant behaviors of colon cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:434. [PMID: 32423468 PMCID: PMC7236548 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRs) have aroused wide concerns. The study aims to investigate the roles of lncRNA DANCR-associated ceRNA network in the growth and behaviors of colon cancer (CC) cells. Methods Differentially expressed lncRNAs between CC and paracancerous tissues were analyzed using microarrays and RT-qPCR. Follow-up studies were conducted to evaluate the correlation between DANCR expression and prognosis of CC patients. Loss-of-functions of DANCR were performed to identify its role in the malignant behaviors of CC cells. Sub-cellular localization of DANCR and the potential targets of DANCR were predicted and validated. Cells with inhibited DANCR were implanted into nude mice to evaluate the tumor formation and metastasis in vivo. Results DANCR was highly-expressed in CC tissues and cell lines, and higher levels of DANCR were linked with worse prognosis and less survival time of CC patients. Silencing of DANCR inhibited proliferation, viability, metastasis and resistance to death of CC cells. DANCR was found to be sub-localized in cytoplasmic matrix and to mediate murine double minute 2 (MDM2) expression through sponging miR-518a-3p in CC cells, during which the Smad2/3 signaling was activated. Likewise, silencing of DANCR in CC cells inhibited tumor formation and metastasis in vivo. Conclusion This study provided evidence that silencing of DANCR might inhibit the growth and metastasis of CC cells through the DANCR/miR-518a-3p/MDM2 ceRNA network and the defect of Smad2/3 while activation of the p53 signaling pathways. This study may offer novel insights in CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, No.41 Northwest Street, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yunlong Health Center, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhen Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, No.41 Northwest Street, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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van der Vlag R, Yagiz Unver M, Felicetti T, Twarda‐Clapa A, Kassim F, Ermis C, Neochoritis CG, Musielak B, Labuzek B, Dömling A, Holak TA, Hirsch AKH. Optimized Inhibitors of MDM2 via an Attempted Protein-Templated Reductive Amination. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:370-375. [PMID: 31774938 PMCID: PMC7064911 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innovative and efficient hit-identification techniques are required to accelerate drug discovery. Protein-templated fragment ligations represent a promising strategy in early drug discovery, enabling the target to assemble and select its binders from a pool of building blocks. Development of new protein-templated reactions to access a larger structural diversity and expansion of the variety of targets to demonstrate the scope of the technique are of prime interest for medicinal chemists. Herein, we present our attempts to use a protein-templated reductive amination to target protein-protein interactions (PPIs), a challenging class of drug targets. We address a flexible pocket, which is difficult to achieve by structure-based drug design. After careful analysis we did not find one of the possible products in the kinetic target-guided synthesis (KTGS) approach, however subsequent synthesis and biochemical evaluation of each library member demonstrated that all the obtained molecules inhibit MDM2. The most potent library member (Ki =0.095 μm) identified is almost as active as Nutlin-3, a potent inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon van der Vlag
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - M. Yagiz Unver
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | | | - Fatima Kassim
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Cagdas Ermis
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Constantinos G. Neochoritis
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design groupUniversity of GroningenA. Deusinglaan 1GroningenThe Netherlands
- Chemistry departmentUniversity of Crete70013HeraklionGreece
| | - Bogdan Musielak
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 230-387KrakowPoland
| | - Beata Labuzek
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 230-387KrakowPoland
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design groupUniversity of GroningenA. Deusinglaan 1GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Tad A. Holak
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 230-387KrakowPoland
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Drug Design and OptimizationHelmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)Campus Building E8.166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of PharmacySaarland UniversityCampus Building E8.166123SaarbrückenGermany
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Ricardo MG, Ali AM, Plewka J, Surmiak E, Labuzek B, Neochoritis CG, Atmaj J, Skalniak L, Zhang R, Holak TA, Groves M, Rivera DG, Dömling A. Multicomponent Peptide Stapling as a Diversity‐Driven Tool for the Development of Inhibitors of Protein–Protein Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G. Ricardo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Natural Product ResearchUniversity of Havana Cuba
| | - Ameena M. Ali
- Department of PharmacyDrug Design group, University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Ewa Surmiak
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Beata Labuzek
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Constantinos G. Neochoritis
- Department of PharmacyDrug Design group, University of Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Crete Greece
| | - Jack Atmaj
- Department of PharmacyDrug Design group, University of Groningen The Netherlands
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | | | - Ran Zhang
- Department of PharmacyDrug Design group, University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Tad A. Holak
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Matthew Groves
- Department of PharmacyDrug Design group, University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Daniel G. Rivera
- Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Natural Product ResearchUniversity of Havana Cuba
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of PharmacyDrug Design group, University of Groningen The Netherlands
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Ricardo MG, Ali AM, Plewka J, Surmiak E, Labuzek B, Neochoritis CG, Atmaj J, Skalniak L, Zhang R, Holak TA, Groves M, Rivera DG, Dömling A. Multicomponent Peptide Stapling as a Diversity-Driven Tool for the Development of Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5235-5241. [PMID: 31944488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stapled peptides are chemical entities in-between biologics and small molecules, which have proven to be the solution to high affinity protein-protein interaction antagonism, while keeping control over pharmacological performance such as stability and membrane penetration. We demonstrate that the multicomponent reaction-based stapling is an effective strategy for the development of α-helical peptides with highly potent dual antagonistic action of MDM2 and MDMX binding p53. Such a potent inhibitory activity of p53-MDM2/X interactions was assessed by fluorescence polarization, microscale thermophoresis, and 2D NMR, while several cocrystal structures with MDM2 were obtained. This MCR stapling protocol proved efficient and versatile in terms of diversity generation at the staple, as evidenced by the incorporation of both exo- and endo-cyclic hydrophobic moieties at the side chain cross-linkers. The interaction of the Ugi-staple fragments with the target protein was demonstrated by crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G Ricardo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Natural Product Research, University of Havana, Cuba
| | - Ameena M Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Surmiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Labuzek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Constantinos G Neochoritis
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of, Crete, Greece
| | - Jack Atmaj
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Skalniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tad A Holak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Matthew Groves
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Natural Product Research, University of Havana, Cuba
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of, Groningen, The Netherlands
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