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Pflégr V, Konečná K, Stolaříková J, Ősterreicher J, Janďourek O, Krátký M. Enhancing the antimycobacterial efficacy of pyridine-4-carbohydrazide: linkage to additional antimicrobial agents via oxocarboxylic acids. RSC Med Chem 2025; 16:767-778. [PMID: 39568598 PMCID: PMC11575622 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the antimycobacterial potential of novel "mutual" bioactive amides, combining pyridine-4-carbohydrazide (isoniazid, INH) with various antimicrobial agents (sulphonamides, 4-aminosalicylic acid, thiosemicarbazide, diphenyl (thio)ethers) via oxocarboxylic acids. The aim was to enhance activity against both drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous strains, while overcoming drug resistance through dual-action mechanisms. Many derivatives exhibited potent antimycobacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as low as ≤0.25 μM, outperforming INH, especially diphenyl (thio)ethers and biphenyl analogues. Additionally, the compounds were effective against M. kansasii (MICs ≤1 μM) and inhibited MDR strains at higher concentrations (≥8 μM). The cytotoxicity assay indicated a favourable safety profile, with no significant haemolysis at 125 μM, and some compounds were even protective. Selectivity for mycobacteria was confirmed by low inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria and inactivity against Gram-negative bacteria or fungi, highlighting the potential for further development as antimycobacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Pflégr
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 03 Hradec Králové Czech Republic +420 495067166 +420 495067302
| | - Klára Konečná
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 03 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Stolaříková
- Laboratory for Mycobacterial Diagnostics and Tuberculosis, Regional Institute of Public Health in Ostrava Partyzánské náměstí 7 Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ősterreicher
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 03 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 03 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krátký
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 03 Hradec Králové Czech Republic +420 495067166 +420 495067302
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Gavadia R, Rasgania J, Sahu N, Varma-Basil M, Chauhan V, Kumar S, Mor S, Singh D, Jakhar K. Design and Synthesis of Isatin-Tagged Isoniazid Conjugates with Cogent Antituberculosis and Radical Quenching Competence: In-vitro and In-silico Evaluations. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400765. [PMID: 39024129 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In pursuit of potential chemotherapeutic alternates to combat severe tuberculosis infections, novel heterocyclic templates derived from clinically approved anti-TB drug isoniazid and isatin have been synthesized that demonstrate potent inhibitory action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and compound 4i with nitrophenyl motif exhibited the highest anti-TB efficacy with a MIC value of 2.54 μM/ml. Notably, the same nitro analog 4i shows the best antioxidant efficacy among all the synthesized compounds with an IC50 value of 37.37 μg/ml, suggesting a synergistic influence of antioxidant proficiency on the anti-TB action. The titled compounds exhibit explicit binding affinity with the InhA receptor. The befitting biochemical reactivity and near-appropriate pharmacokinetic proficiency of the isoniazid conjugates is reflected in the density functional theory (DFT) studies and ADMET screening. The remarkable anti-TB action of the isoniazid cognates with marked radical quenching ability may serve as a base for developing multi-target medications to confront drug-resistant TB pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Gavadia
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Jyoti Rasgania
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Neetu Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Mandira Varma-Basil
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Varsha Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Microbiology, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Satbir Mor
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Komal Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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Gavadia R, Rasgania J, Sahu N, Varma-Basil M, Chauhan V, Kumar S, Mor S, Singh D, Jakhar K. Synthesis of indole-functionalized isoniazid conjugates with potent antimycobacterial and antioxidant efficacy. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:1731-1747. [PMID: 39041719 PMCID: PMC11457681 DOI: 10.1080/17568919.2024.2379240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Developing potent medicinal alternates for tuberculosis (TB) is highly desirable due to the advent of drug-resistant lethal TB strains.Methods & results: Novel indole-isoniazid integrates have been synthesized with promising antimycobacterial action against the H37Rv strain, and the nitro analogs 4e and 4j show the highest efficacy with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.25 μg/ml. The molecular docking studies against InhA support the experimental findings. Indole conjugates display remarkable radical quenching efficiency, and compounds 4e and 4j demonstrate maximum IC50 values of 50.19 and 52.45 μg/ml, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis anticipated appreciable druggability for the title compounds.Conclusion: The notable bioaction of the indole-isoniazid templates projects them as potential lead in developing anti-TB medications with synergetic antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Gavadia
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Jyoti Rasgania
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Neetu Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Mandira Varma-Basil
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Varsha Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Microbiology, M. D. UniversityRohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, M. D. UniversityRohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Satbir Mor
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Komal Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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Zhao X, Yang Y, Su X, Xie Y, Liang Y, Zhou T, Wu Y, Di L. Transferrin-Modified Triptolide Liposome Targeting Enhances Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Effects. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2869. [PMID: 37893242 PMCID: PMC10604558 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is an epoxy diterpene lactone compound isolated and purified from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., which has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, due to problems with solubility, bioavailability, and adverse effects, the use and effectiveness of the drug are limited. In this study, a transferrin-modified TP liposome (TF-TP@LIP) was constructed for the delivery of TP. The thin-film hydration method was used to prepare TF-TP@LIP. The physicochemical properties, drug loading, particle size, polydispersity coefficient, and zeta potential of the liposomes were examined. The inhibitory effects of TF-TP@LIP on tumor cells in vitro were assessed using the HepG2 cell line. The biodistribution of TF-TP@LIP and its anti-tumor effects were investigated in tumor-bearing nude mice. The results showed that TF-TP@LIP was spherical, had a particle size of 130.33 ± 1.89 nm and zeta potential of -23.20 ± 0.90 mV, and was electronegative. Encapsulation and drug loading were 85.33 ± 0.41% and 9.96 ± 0.21%, respectively. The preparation was stable in serum over 24 h and showed biocompatibility and slow release of the drug. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that uptake of TF-TP@LIP was significantly higher than that of TP@LIP (p < 0.05), while MTT assays indicated mean median inhibition concentrations (IC50) of TP, TP@LIP, and TF-TP@ of 90.6 nM, 56.1 nM, and 42.3 nM, respectively, in HepG2 cell treated for 48 h. Real-time fluorescence imaging indicated a significant accumulation of DiR-labeled TF-TP@LIPs at tumor sites in nude mice, in contrast to DiR-only or DiR-labeled, indicating that modification with transferrin enhanced drug targeting to the tumor tissues. Compared with the TP and TP@LIP groups, the TF-TP@LIP group had a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth. H&E staining results showed that TF-TP@LIP inhibited tumor growth and did not induce any significant pathological changes in the heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys of nude mice, with all liver and kidney indices within the normal range, with no significant differences compared with the control group, indicating the safety of the preparation. The findings indicated that modification by transferrin significantly enhanced the tumor-targeting ability of the liposomes and improved their anti-tumor effects in vivo. Reducing its distribution in normal tissues and decreasing its toxic effects suggest that the potential of TF-TP@LIP warrants further investigation for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuerong Su
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiyao Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yangqian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, China
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Shrivastava P, Mahale A, Prakash Kulkarni O, Kashaw SK, Vyas SP. Targeted intracellular delivery of antitubercular bioactive(s) to Mtb infected macrophages via transferrin functionalized nanoliposomes. Int J Pharm 2023:123189. [PMID: 37391107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The packaging of antimicrobials/chemotherapeutics into nanoliposomes can enhance their activity while minimizing toxicity. However, their use is still limited owing to inefficient/inadequate loading strategies. Several bioactive(s) which are non ionizable, and poorly aqueous soluble cannot be easily encapsulated into aqueous core of liposomes by using conventional means. Such bioactive(s) however could be encapsulated in the liposomes by forming their water soluble molecular inclusion complex with cyclodextrins. In this study, we developed Rifampicin (RIF) - 2-hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) molecular inclusion complex. The HP-β-CD-RIF complex interaction was assessed by using computational analysis (molecular modeling). The HP-β-CD-RIF complex and Isoniazid were co-loaded in the small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs). Further, the developed system was functionalized with transferrin, a targeting moiety. Transferrin functionalized SUVs (Tf-SUVs) could preferentially deliver their payload intracellularly in the endosomal compartment of macrophages. In in vitro study on infected Raw 264.7 macrophage cells revealed that the encapsulated bioactive(s) could eradicate the pathogen more efficiently than free bioactive(s). In vivo studies further revealed that the Tf-SUVs could accumulate and maintain intracellular bioactive(s) concentrations in macrophages. The study suggests Tf-SUVs as a promising module for targeted delivery of a drug combination with improved/optimal therapeutic index and effective clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Shrivastava
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, (M.P.), India, 470003
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy (Pharmacology division), Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy (Pharmacology division), Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Sushil K Kashaw
- Integrated Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, (M.P.), India, 470003
| | - Suresh P Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, (M.P.), India, 470003.
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Isonicotinoyl-butanoic acid hydrazone derivatives as anti-tubercular agents: In-silico studies, synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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7
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Host cell targeting of novel antimycobacterial 4-aminosalicylic acid derivatives with tuftsin carrier peptides. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 174:111-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Lopes LGF, Carvalho EM, Sousa EHS. A bioinorganic chemistry perspective on the roles of metals as drugs and targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis - a journey of opportunities. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:15988-16003. [PMID: 32583835 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal inorganic chemists have provided many strategies to tackle a myriad of diseases, pushing forward the frontiers of pharmacology. As an example, the fight against tuberculosis (TB), an infectious bacterial disease, has led to the development of metal-based compounds as potential drugs. This disease remains a current health issue causing over 1.4 million of deaths per year. The emergence of multi- (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains along with a long dormancy process, place major challenges in developing new therapeutic compounds. Isoniazid is a front-line prodrug used against TB with appealing features for coordination chemists, which have been explored in a series of cases reported here. An isoniazid iron-based compound, called IQG-607, has caught our attention, whose in vitro and in vivo studies are advanced and thoroughly discussed, along with other metal complexes. Isoniazid is inactive against dormant Mtb, a hard to eliminate state of this bacillus, found in one-fourth of the world's population and directly implicated in the lengthy treatment of TB (ca. 6 months). Thus, our understanding of this phenomenon may lead to a rational design of new drugs. Along these lines, we describe how metals as targets can cross paths with metals used as selective therapeutics, where we mainly review heme-based sensors, DevS and DosT, as a key system in the Mtb dormancy process and a current drug target. Overall, we report new opportunities for bioinorganic chemists to tackle this longstanding and current threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G F Lopes
- Group of Bioinorganic, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Kawish M, Elhissi A, Jabri T, Muhammad Iqbal K, Zahid H, Shah MR. Enhancement in Oral Absorption of Ceftriaxone by Highly Functionalized Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060492. [PMID: 32481715 PMCID: PMC7355964 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims at the development, characterization, biocompatibility investigation and oral bioavailability evaluation of ceftriaxone (CFT)-loaded N′-methacryloylisonicotinohydrazide (MIH)-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (CFT-MIH-MNPs). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the developed CFT loaded MIH-MNPs are spherical, with a measured hydrodynamic size of 184.0 ± 2.7 nm and negative zeta potential values (–20.2 ± 0.4 mV). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis revealed interactions between the nanocarrier and the drug. Nanoparticles showed high drug entrapment efficiency (EE) of 79.4% ±1.5%, and the drug was released gradually in vitro and showed prolonged in vitro stability using simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) fluids. The formulations were found to be highly biocompatible (up to 100 µg/mL) and hemocompatible (up to 1.0 mg/mL). Using an albino rabbit model, the formulation showed a significant enhancement in drug plasma concentration up to 14.4 ± 1.8 µg/mL in comparison with its control (2.0 ± 0.6 µg/mL). Overall, the developed CFT-MIH-MNPs formulation was promising for provision of high drug entrapment, gradual drug release and suitability for enhancing the oral delivery of CFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kawish
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan or (M.K.); or (T.J.); or (K.M.I.)
| | - Abdelbary Elhissi
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, and Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Tooba Jabri
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan or (M.K.); or (T.J.); or (K.M.I.)
| | - Kanwal Muhammad Iqbal
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan or (M.K.); or (T.J.); or (K.M.I.)
| | - Hina Zahid
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; or
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan or (M.K.); or (T.J.); or (K.M.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-111-222-292 (ext. 233)
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Gadkari YU, Hatvate NT, Takale BS, Telvekar VN. Concentrated solar radiation as a renewable heat source for a preparative-scale and solvent-free Biginelli reaction. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Highly sustainable, economical, and faster Biginelli reaction has been established using concentrated solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatin U. Gadkari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Navnath T. Hatvate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Balaram S. Takale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Vikas N. Telvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai
- India
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