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Mishra G, Jaiswal AK, Kushawaha AK, Kumar A, Bhatt H, Ansari A, Bisen AC, Hansda R, Agrawal S, Acharjee P, Guha R, Bhatta RS, Purkait B, Sashidhara KV. Exploring indole-dihydropyrimidinone derivatives: Design, synthesis, biological assessment, SAR analysis, and evaluation of mode of action in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2025; 293:117667. [PMID: 40344736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2025] [Revised: 04/17/2025] [Accepted: 04/19/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance and the non-availability of vaccines encouraged us to identify novel chemical scaffolds as new anti-leishmanial agents. In doing so, a series of thirty-four indole-dihydropyrimidinone hybrid compounds were synthesized using the Biginelli multicomponent reaction. These synthesized compounds were tested against L. donovani in vitro and in vivo in experimental golden hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis. Compounds 4f and 4m were found to have promising anti-leishmanial properties against intracellular amastigotes (IC504.54 & 5.05 μM, respectively) with minimal cytotoxicity against J774.1 macrophage. 4f and 4m were tested in vivo, and only 4f effectively cleared the parasite burden (>65 %) in infected golden hamsters. Mode of action studies discloses that 4f induces oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment of ATP production and triggers apoptosis. SAR and PK studies revealed that compound 4f (indole-dihydropyrimidinone hybrid) may be used as a lead for developing future chemotherapeutic options for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvita Mishra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Jaiswal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ajay Kishor Kushawaha
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Hemlata Bhatt
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alisha Ansari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rupa Hansda
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Payel Acharjee
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Laboratory Animal Facility Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Bidyut Purkait
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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2
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Singh R, Kushwaha V, Rastogi SK, Rai P, Kumar S, Khandelwal N, Gupta S, Bisen AC, Varshney S, Singh A, Balaramnavar VM, Bhatta RS, Kumar R, Gaikwad AN, Sinha AK. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel quinoline carboxylic acid based styryl/alkyne hybrid molecule as a potent anti-adipogenic and antidyslipidemic agent via activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2025; 288:117346. [PMID: 39954348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Revised: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 01/29/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as the root cause for various metabolic disorders worldwide and hence demands for urgent attention. In the same stride, a series of quinoline carboxylic acid-based styryl/alkyne hybrids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-adipogenic activity. Based on the structure-activity relationship, functional groups and essential substituents to potentiate the anti-adipogenic activity were identified. The potent compound (E)-6-fluoro-2-(4-(4-methylstyryl)phenyl)quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (5m) suppresses the adipogenesis with IC50 value of 0.330 μM. In vitro studies in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes cell line show that compound 5m prevents adipogenesis by stopping the cell cycle at the early phase of differentiation, which is caused by stimulation of the Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway. Further compound 5m improves the blood lipid profile and reduces adipogenic marker proteins in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) of dyslipidemic hamster at 100 mg/kg/day oral dose. Treatment with compound 5m reduces the hypertrophied adipose tissue along with the decrease in the levels of adipogenic marker proteins such as PPARγ and CEBPα. The pharmacokinetic result establishes the molecule 5m to be stable with significant oral bioavailability. Henceforth, the present study provides a unique insight into the anti-adipogenic/anti-dyslipidemic properties of a novel styryl-quinoline carboxylic acid scaffold with a scope to enhance the anti-adipogenic potency for therapeutic intervention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Vinita Kushwaha
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Sumit K Rastogi
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Prashant Rai
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Nilesh Khandelwal
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Sanchita Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India; Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Salil Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Astha Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Vishal M Balaramnavar
- Sanskriti University, School of Pharmacy and Research Center, 28 KM. Stone, Mathura-Delhi Highway, Chhata, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh (UP), 281401, India.
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India; Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Anil N Gaikwad
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
| | - Arun K Sinha
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
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3
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Jaiswal AK, Raj A, Kushawaha AK, Maji B, Bhatt H, Verma S, Katiyar S, Ansari A, Bisen AC, Tripathi A, Siddiqi MI, Bhatta RS, Trivedi R, Sashidhara KV. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new class of pyrazoles-dihydropyrimidinone derivatives as bone anabolic agents. Bioorg Chem 2025; 157:108216. [PMID: 39952063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2025] [Accepted: 01/25/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025]
Abstract
This study explores a series of twenty-four newly synthesized pyrzole-dihydropyrimidinone hybrids as potential bone anabolic agents. Initially, an alkaline phosphatase assay, a common marker of bone formation, was used to screen all compounds for their ability to stimulate osteogenic potential. Initial screening identified three promising candidates (5f, 5u and 5w) that were subsequently confirmed to be non-toxic to osteoblasts. Further investigation revealed that compound 5w displayed the most potent osteoanabolic effect, promoting osteoblast differentiation and upregulating mRNAs expression of osteogenic gene. Based on the promising in vitro and in vivo activity, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed a furan ring on the dihydropyrimidinone unit and electron-donating groups on the N-phenyl ring of the pyrazole moiety to be crucial for osteogenic activity. Additionally, molecular docking, favorable pharmacokinetic properties and In silico ADME predictions suggest potential oral bioavailability. These findings establish the pyrazole-dihydropyrimidinone scaffold as a promising hit for developing a new class of orally active bone anabolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Jaiswal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anuj Raj
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India; Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ajay Kishor Kushawaha
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhaskar Maji
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India; Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Hemlata Bhatt
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India
| | - Shikha Verma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India; Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarita Katiyar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India
| | - Alisha Ansari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Arsh Tripathi
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India; Biochemistry & Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India; Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India; Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
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Katiyar S, Ahmad S, Kumar A, Ansari A, Bisen AC, Ahmad I, Gulzar F, Bhatta RS, Tamrakar AK, Sashidhara KV. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1,4-Dihydropyridine-Indole as a Potential Antidiabetic Agent via GLUT4 Translocation Stimulation. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11957-11974. [PMID: 39013034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for the discovery of antidiabetic compounds, a series of 27 1,4-dihydropyridine-indole derivatives were synthesized using a diversity approach. These compounds were systematically evaluated for their antidiabetic activity, starting with an in vitro assessment for GLUT4 translocation stimulation in L6-GLUT4myc myotubes, followed by in vivo antihyperglycemic activity evaluation in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Among the synthesized compounds, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 27, and 35 demonstrated significant potential to stimulate GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle cells. Compound 19 exhibited the highest potency and was selected for in vivo evaluation. A notable reduction of 21.6% (p < 0.01) in blood glucose levels was observed after 5 h of treatment with compound 19 in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies affirmed that compound 19 was favorable to oral exposure with suitable pharmacological parameters. Overall, compound 19 emerged as a promising lead compound for further structural modification and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Katiyar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shadab Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Alisha Ansari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ishbal Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Farah Gulzar
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tamrakar
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kushwaha P. Quinoline as a Privileged Structure: A Recent Update on Synthesis and Biological Activities. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:2377-2419. [PMID: 39313876 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266314303240830074056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Among heterocyclic compounds, quinoline is one of the best ubiquitous heterocyclic rings for medicinal chemistry purposes. Quinoline appears to be a powerful chemical structure to develop new drug entities. The quinoline derivatives own a wide array of biological activities such as anticancer, antimalarial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmanial, etc. Because of the wide spectrum of bioactivities, the scientific communities are still looking for more efficient synthetic routes to form quinoline derivatives. Therefore, the primary focus of this review is to provide a thorough and inclusive, updated report on quinoline analogs that may pave the way for more efficient drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, UP, India
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