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Fetta A, Toni F, Pettenuzzo I, Ricci E, Rocca A, Gambi C, Soliani L, Di Pisa V, Martini S, Sperti G, Cagnazzo V, Accorsi P, Bartolini E, Battaglia D, Bernardo P, Canevini MP, Ferrari AR, Giordano L, Locatelli C, Mancardi M, Orsini A, Pippucci T, Pruna D, Rosati A, Suppiej A, Tagliani S, Vaisfeld A, Vignoli A, Izumi K, Krantz I, Cordelli DM. Structural brain abnormalities in Pallister-Killian syndrome: a neuroimaging study of 31 children. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:107. [PMID: 38459574 PMCID: PMC10921669 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mosaic tetrasomy of 12p with wide neurological involvement. Intellectual disability, developmental delay, behavioral problems, epilepsy, sleep disturbances, and brain malformations have been described in most individuals, with a broad phenotypic spectrum. This observational study, conducted through brain MRI scan analysis on a cohort of patients with genetically confirmed PKS, aims to systematically investigate the neuroradiological features of this syndrome and identify the possible existence of a typical pattern. Moreover, a literature review differentiating the different types of neuroimaging data was conducted for comparison with our population. RESULTS Thirty-one individuals were enrolled (17 females/14 males; age range 0.1-17.5 years old at first MRI). An experienced pediatric neuroradiologist reviewed brain MRIs, blindly to clinical data. Brain abnormalities were observed in all but one individual (compared to the 34% frequency found in the literature review). Corpus callosum abnormalities were found in 20/30 (67%) patients: 6 had callosal hypoplasia; 8 had global hypoplasia with hypoplastic splenium; 4 had only hypoplastic splenium; and 2 had a thin corpus callosum. Cerebral hypoplasia/atrophy was found in 23/31 (74%) and ventriculomegaly in 20/31 (65%). Other frequent features were the enlargement of the cisterna magna in 15/30 (50%) and polymicrogyria in 14/29 (48%). Conversely, the frequency of the latter was found to be 4% from the literature review. Notably, in our population, polymicrogyria was in the perisylvian area in all 14 cases, and it was bilateral in 10/14. CONCLUSIONS Brain abnormalities are very common in PKS and occur much more frequently than previously reported. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria was a main aspect of our population. Our findings provide an additional tool for early diagnosis.Further studies to investigate the possible correlations with both genotype and phenotype may help to define the etiopathogenesis of the neurologic phenotype of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fetta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC di Neuropsichiatria dell'Età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Toni
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neuroradiologia con Tecniche ad elevata complessità- PNTEC, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pettenuzzo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC di Neuropsichiatria dell'Età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emilia Ricci
- Epilepsy Center, Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, 20142, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rocca
- UO di Pediatria d'Urgenza, IRCCS Policlinico Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Gambi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC di Neuropsichiatria dell'Età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Soliani
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC di Neuropsichiatria dell'Età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Di Pisa
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC di Neuropsichiatria dell'Età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sperti
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Pediatria - Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Cagnazzo
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Pediatria - Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Bartolini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenica Battaglia
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area, Catholic University UCSC, Rome, Italy
| | - Pia Bernardo
- Department of Neurosciences, Pediatric Psychiatry and Neurology Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Canevini
- Epilepsy Center, Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Ferrari
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucio Giordano
- Child Neuropsychiatric Division, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Margherita Mancardi
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Epicare Network for Rare Disease, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pippucci
- U.O. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico S Orsola, Bologna, Emilia- Romagna, Italy
| | - Dario Pruna
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epileptology, Pediatric Depatment, ARNAS Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Rosati
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Anna Meyer, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Agnese Suppiej
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Tagliani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vaisfeld
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- U.O. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico S Orsola, Bologna, Emilia- Romagna, Italy
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, ASSTGrande Ospedale Metropolitano, Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., 75390, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ian Krantz
- Divisions of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC di Neuropsichiatria dell'Età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Libotte F, Bizzoco D, Gabrielli I, Mesoraca A, Cignini P, Vitale SG, Marilli I, Gulino FA, Rapisarda AMC, Giorlandino C. Pallister-Killian syndrome: Cytogenetics and molecular investigations of mosaic tetrasomy 12p in prenatal chorionic villus and in amniocytes. Strategy of prenatal diagnosis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 55:863-866. [PMID: 28040135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare, sporadic genetic disorder caused by mosaic tetrasomy of the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p). Clinically, PKS is characterized by several systemic abnormalities, such as intellectual impairment, hearing loss, epilepsy, hypotonia, craniofacial dysmorphism, pigmentary skin anomalies, epilepsy, and a variety of congenital malformations. Prenatally, PKS can be suspected in the presence of ultrasound anomalies: diaphragmatic hernia, rhizomelic micromelia, hydrops fetalis, fetal overweight, ventriculomegaly in the central nervous system, congenital heart defects, or absent visualization of the stomach. In all these cases, a detailed genetic study is required. PKS is diagnosed by prenatal genetic analysis through chorionic villus sampling, genetic amniocentesis, and cordocentesis. CASE REPORT We report two cases of PKS with prenatal diagnosis of isochromosome 12p made by cytogenetic studies. The first case is of a 36-year-old pregnant woman who underwent genetic chorionic villus sampling at 13th weeks of gestation after 1st trimester prenatal ultrasound revealed clinical features of PKS: flat nasal bridge and fetal hydrops. The second case is of a 32-year-old pregnant woman with genetic amniocentesis at 17th weeks of gestation that showed mos46,XX[21]/47,XX,+i(12p) associated to PKS. CONCLUSION New molecular cytogenetic techniques array comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in-situ hybridization in association with conventional karyotype are pivotal innovative tools to search for chromosomic anomalies and for a complete prenatal diagnosis, especially in cases such as PKS where array comparative genomic hybridization analysis alone could not show mosaicism of i(12p).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Libotte
- Department of Genetics, Altamedica Fetal Maternal Medical Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Bizzoco
- Department of Genetics, Altamedica Fetal Maternal Medical Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Gabrielli
- Department of Genetics, Altamedica Fetal Maternal Medical Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Alvaro Mesoraca
- Department of Genetics, Altamedica Fetal Maternal Medical Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Cignini
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Altamedica Fetal Maternal Medical Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Marilli
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Antonio Gulino
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Giorlandino
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Altamedica Fetal Maternal Medical Centre, Rome, Italy
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Alesi V, Dentici ML, Restaldi F, Orlando V, Liambo MT, Calacci C, Capolino R, Digilio MC, El Hachem M, Novelli A, Diociaiuti A, Dallapiccola B. Unclassifiable pattern of hypopigmentation in a patient with mosaic partial 12p tetrasomy without Pallister-Killian syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1943-1946. [PMID: 28489314 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS-#OMIM601803) is a multisystem developmental disorder typically due to the presence of an aneuploidy cell line, consisting of a supernumerary tetrasomic chromosomal marker (SCM) arisen from the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p isochromosome). The clinical phenotype, which is strictly related to the percentage and tissue distribution of aneuploid cells, is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, pigmentary skin anomalies, limb shortening, congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, hypotonia, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. We report on a 4 year-old girl harboring a 12p partial isochromosome, involving the PKS critical region, affecting about 70% of circulating lymphocytes, urine, and saliva cells and fibroblast from a hyperpigmented skin spot, and 100% of fibroblasts from a hypopigmented skin spot. Interestingly, despite the high proportion of affected cells this patient did not present with PKS, and a pattern of linear and patchy pigmentary mosaicism was the sole clinical manifestation. The present observation suggests that partial 12p SCM can also result in mild phenotypes, and its prevalence in the human population could have been underestimated. Accurate dermatologic evaluation could be a major handle for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Alesi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria L Dentici
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Restaldi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Orlando
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria T Liambo
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Calacci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Capolino
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Digilio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - May El Hachem
- Dermatology Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Diociaiuti
- Dermatology Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Izumi K, Krantz ID. Pallister-Killian syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 166C:406-13. [PMID: 25425112 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism, pigmentary skin anomalies, congenital heart defects, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, hypotonia, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. PKS is caused by extra copies of chromosome 12p, most characteristically a marker isochromosome 12p that demonstrates tissue-limited mosaicism. The cytogenetic diagnosis of PKS is often cumbersome due to the absence of the isochromosome in lymphocytes requiring sampling of other tissues. The mechanism by which the isochromosome 12p results in the constellation of multiple congenital anomalies remains largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the background of, and recent advances in, the clinical and molecular understanding of PKS.
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Persistent mosaicism for 12p duplication/triplication chromosome structural abnormality in peripheral blood. Case Rep Genet 2013; 2013:857926. [PMID: 24151566 PMCID: PMC3787625 DOI: 10.1155/2013/857926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a rare case of mosaicism for a structural abnormality of chromosome 12 in a patient with phenotypic features of Pallister-Killian syndrome. A six-month-old child with dysmorphic features, exotropia, hypotonia, and developmental delay was mosaic for both a normal karyotype and a cell line with 12p duplication/triplication in 25 percent of metaphase cells. Utilization of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified three copies of probes from the end of the short arm of chromosome 12 (TEL(12p13) locus and the subtelomere (12p terminal)) on the structurally abnormal chromosome 12. Genome-wide SNP array analysis revealed that the regions of duplication and triplication were of maternal origin. The abnormal cell line in our patient was present at 25 percent at six months and 19 months of age in both metaphase and interphase cells from peripheral blood, where typically the isochromosome 12p is absent in the newborn. This may suggest that the gene(s) resulting in a growth disadvantage of abnormal cells in peripheral blood of patients with tetrasomy 12p may not have the same influence when present in only three copies.
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6
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Izumi K, Conlin LK, Berrodin D, Fincher C, Wilkens A, Haldeman-Englert C, Saitta SC, Zackai EH, Spinner NB, Krantz ID. Duplication 12p and Pallister-Killian syndrome: A case report and review of the literature toward defining a Pallister-Killian syndrome minimal critical region. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:3033-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mosaic Intrachromosomal Triplication of (12)(p11.2p13) in a Patient with Pallister-Killian Syndrome. Balkan J Med Genet 2012; 15:61-4. [PMID: 24052725 PMCID: PMC3776657 DOI: 10.2478/v10034-012-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare genetic disorder usually characterized by mosaic tetrasomy of isochromosome 12p detected in cultured fibroblast cells. We describe here a patient with PKS and intrachromosomal triplication of the short arm of chromosome 12. Her karyotype was mos 46,XX,inv trp(12)(p11.2p13)[34]/ 46,XX[16]de novo by conventional cytogenetics and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. However, this chromosomal abnormality was not detected from the patient’s cultured blood lymphocytes. We report here the third patient with intrachromosomal triplication on the short arm of chromosome 12, presenting a PKS phenotype.
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8
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Zhou RN, Hu ZM. The development of chromosome microdissection and microcloning technique and its applications in genomic research. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:67-72. [PMID: 18645627 PMCID: PMC2474687 DOI: 10.2174/138920207780076929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The technique of chromosome microdissection and microcloning has been developed for more than 20 years. As a bridge between cytogenetics and molecular genetics, it leads to a number of applications: chromosome painting probe isolation, genetic linkage map and physical map construction, and expressed sequence tags generation. During those 20 years, this technique has not only been benefited from other technological advances but also cross-fertilized with other techniques. Today, it becomes a practicality with extensive uses. The purpose of this article is to review the development of this technique and its application in the field of genomic research. Moreover, a new method of generating ESTs of specific chromosomes developed by our lab is introduced. By using this method, the technique of chromosome microdissection and microcloning would be more valuable in the advancement of genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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9
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Park IY, Shin JC, Kwon JY, Koo BK, Kim M, Lim J, Kim Y, Han K. Prenatal diagnosis of Pallister-Killian syndrome associated with pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular dilatation. Korean J Lab Med 2009; 29:366-70. [PMID: 19726901 DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2009.29.4.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare disorder characterized cytogenetically by tetrasomy 12p for isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 12. PKS is diagnosed by prenatal genetic analysis through chorionic villous sampling, genetic amniocentesis, and cordocentesis, or by chromosomal analysis of skin fibroblasts, but is not usually detected by chromosomal analysis of peripheral blood cells. Herein, we report a case of a gravida at 23 weeks gestation with pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular dilation of the heart which were detected by sonography. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and a multicolor banding technique were performed to verify the diagnosis as 47,XX, +mar.ish i(12)(p10)(TEL++)[16]/46,XX[4], and an autopsy confirmed the cardiac anomalies detected on antenatal sonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Yang Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Gribble SM, Ng BL, Prigmore E, Fitzgerald T, Carter NP. Array painting: a protocol for the rapid analysis of aberrant chromosomes using DNA microarrays. Nat Protoc 2009; 4:1722-36. [PMID: 19893508 PMCID: PMC3330750 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Array painting is a technique that uses microarray technology to rapidly map chromosome translocation breakpoints. Previous methods to map translocation breakpoints have used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and have consequently been labor-intensive, time-consuming and restricted to the low breakpoint resolution imposed by the use of metaphase chromosomes. Array painting combines the isolation of derivative chromosomes (chromosomes with translocations) and high-resolution microarray analysis to refine the genomic location of translocation breakpoints in a single experiment. In this protocol, we describe array painting by isolation of derivative chromosomes using a MoFlo flow sorter, amplification of these derivatives using whole-genome amplification and hybridization onto commercially available oligonucleotide microarrays. Although the sorting of derivative chromosomes is a specialized procedure requiring sophisticated equipment, the amplification, labeling and hybridization of DNA is straightforward, robust and can be completed within 1 week. The protocol described produces good quality data; however, array painting is equally achievable using any combination of the available alternative methodologies for chromosome isolation, amplification and hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Gribble
- Human Genetics, Sulston Laboratories, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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Marshall OJ, Chueh AC, Wong LH, Choo KA. Neocentromeres: new insights into centromere structure, disease development, and karyotype evolution. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:261-82. [PMID: 18252209 PMCID: PMC2427194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first human neocentromere in 1993, these spontaneous, ectopic centromeres have been shown to be an astonishing example of epigenetic change within the genome. Recent research has focused on the role of neocentromeres in evolution and speciation, as well as in disease development and the understanding of the organization and epigenetic maintenance of the centromere. Here, we review recent progress in these areas of research and the significant insights gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J. Marshall
- Chromosome and Chromatin Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anderly C. Chueh
- Chromosome and Chromatin Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lee H. Wong
- Chromosome and Chromatin Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - K.H. Andy Choo
- Chromosome and Chromatin Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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12
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Mechanisms and consequences of small supernumerary marker chromosomes: from Barbara McClintock to modern genetic-counseling issues. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:398-410. [PMID: 18252220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) are common, but their molecular content and mechanism of origin are often not precisely characterized. We analyzed all centromere regions to identify the junction between the unique chromosome arm and the pericentromeric repeats. A molecular-ruler clone panel for each chromosome arm was developed and used for the design of a custom oligonucleotide array. Of 27 nonsatellited SMCs analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), seven (approximately 26%) were shown to be unique sequence negative. Of the 20 unique-sequence-positive SMCs, the average unique DNA content was approximately 6.5 Mb (range 0.3-22.2 Mb) and 33 known genes (range 0-149). Of the 14 informative nonacrocentric SMCs, five (approximately 36%) contained unique DNA from both the p and q arms, whereas nine (approximately 64%) contained unique DNA from only one arm. The latter cases are consistent with ring-chromosome formation by centromere misdivision, as first described by McClintock in maize. In one case, a r(4) containing approximately 4.4 Mb of unique DNA from 4p was also present in the proband's mother. However, FISH revealed a cryptic deletion in one chromosome 4 and reduced alpha satellite in the del(4) and r(4), indicating that the mother was a balanced ring and deletion carrier. Our data, and recent reports in the literature, suggest that this "McClintock mechanism" of small-ring formation might be the predominant mechanism of origin. Comprehensive analysis of SMCs by aCGH and FISH can distinguish unique-negative from unique-positive cases, determine the precise gene content, and provide information on mechanism of origin, inheritance, and recurrence risk.
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Powis Z, Kang SHL, Cooper ML, Patel A, Peiffer DA, Hawkins A, Heidenreich R, Gunderson KL, Cheung SW, Erickson RP. Mosaic tetrasomy 12p with triplication of 12p detected by array-based comparative genomic hybridization of peripheral blood DNA. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 143A:2910-5. [PMID: 18000900 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A patient whose dysmorphism at birth was not diagnostic for Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) was found to have mosaic tetrasomy 12p by an array-based comparative genomic hybridization of peripheral blood DNA. He was determined to be mosaic for 46,XY,trp(12)(p11.2 --> p13) in cultured skin fibroblasts. His appearance was typical for PKS at 4 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zöe Powis
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Aradhya S, Cherry AM. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization: clinical contexts for targeted and whole-genome designs. Genet Med 2007; 9:553-9. [PMID: 17873642 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318149e354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization is ushering in a new standard for analyzing the genome, overcoming the limits of resolution associated with conventional G-banded karyotyping. The first genomic arrays were based on bacterial artificial chromosome clones mapped during the initial phases of the Human Genome Project. These arrays essentially represented multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization assays performed simultaneously. The first arrays featured a targeted design, consisting of hundreds of bacterial artificial chromosome clones limited mostly to genomic regions of known medical significance. Then came whole-genome arrays, which contained bacterial artificial chromosome clones from across the entire genome. More recently, alternative designs based on oligonucleotide probes have been developed, and all these are high-density whole-genome arrays with resolutions between 3 and 35 kb. Certain clinical circumstances are well suited for investigation by targeted arrays, and there are others in which high-resolution whole-genome arrays are necessary. Here we review the differences between the two types of arrays and the clinical contexts for which they are best suited. As array-based comparative genomic hybridization is integrated into diagnostic laboratories and different array designs are used in appropriate clinical contexts, this novel technology will invariably alter the testing paradigm in medical genetics and will lead to the discovery of novel genetic conditions caused by chromosomal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaroop Aradhya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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Huang XL, Isabel de Michelena M, Leon E, Maher TA, McClure R, Milunsky A. Pallister-Killian syndrome: tetrasomy of 12pter→12p11.22 in a boy with an analphoid, inverted duplicated marker chromosome. Clin Genet 2007; 72:434-40. [PMID: 17894838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) without detectable alphoid DNA are predicted to have a neocentromere and have been referred to as mitotically stable neocentromere marker chromosomes (NMCs). Here we report the molecular cytogenetic characterization of a new case of Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) in a boy with an analphoid, inverted duplicated NMC derived from 12pter-->12p11.22 in his fibroblasts by using high-resolution comparative genetic hybridization (HR-CGH), multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-FISH mapping analyses with various alpha-satellite DNA probes, subtelomere probes and BAC-DNA probes. Precise identification of SMCs and NMCs is of essential importance in genetic counseling. HR-CGH is a more informative and often a faster way of precisely identifying the origin of SMCs. This case is the third report of PKS with an NMC containing an inverted duplication of partial 12p with available clinical data. These observations may help to determine the critical region for PKS and the mechanisms leading to the origin of the NMC derived from 12pter-->12p11.22 - a region that appears to be susceptible to the formation of neocentromeres. The use of subtelomeric probe PCP12p in buccal cells appears superior to the use of the centromere probe D12Z3 for the diagnosis of the PKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-L Huang
- Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Gribble SM, Kalaitzopoulos D, Burford DC, Prigmore E, Selzer RR, Ng BL, Matthews NSW, Porter KM, Curley R, Lindsay SJ, Baptista J, Richmond TA, Carter NP. Ultra-high resolution array painting facilitates breakpoint sequencing. J Med Genet 2006; 44:51-8. [PMID: 16971479 PMCID: PMC2597908 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.044909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a considerably advanced method of array painting, which allows the rapid, ultra-high resolution mapping of translocation breakpoints such that rearrangement junction fragments can be amplified directly and sequenced. METHOD Ultra-high resolution array painting involves the hybridisation of probes generated by the amplification of small numbers of flow-sorted derivative chromosomes to oligonucleotide arrays designed to tile breakpoint regions at extremely high resolution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION How ultra-high resolution array painting of four balanced translocation cases rapidly and efficiently maps breakpoints to a point where junction fragments can be amplified easily and sequenced is demonstrated. With this new development, breakpoints can be mapped using just two array experiments: the first using whole-genome array painting to tiling resolution large insert clone arrays, the second using ultra-high-resolution oligonucleotide arrays targeted to the breakpoint regions. In this way, breakpoints can be mapped and then sequenced in a few weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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