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Perotti D, Williams RD, Wegert J, Brzezinski J, Maschietto M, Ciceri S, Gisselsson D, Gadd S, Walz AL, Furtwaengler R, Drost J, Al-Saadi R, Evageliou N, Gooskens SL, Hong AL, Murphy AJ, Ortiz MV, O'Sullivan MJ, Mullen EA, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Fernandez CV, Graf N, Grundy PE, Geller JI, Dome JS, Perlman EJ, Gessler M, Huff V, Pritchard-Jones K. Hallmark discoveries in the biology of Wilms tumour. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:158-180. [PMID: 37848532 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The modern study of Wilms tumour was prompted nearly 50 years ago, when Alfred Knudson proposed the 'two-hit' model of tumour development. Since then, the efforts of researchers worldwide have substantially expanded our knowledge of Wilms tumour biology, including major advances in genetics - from cloning the first Wilms tumour gene to high-throughput studies that have revealed the genetic landscape of this tumour. These discoveries improve understanding of the embryonal origin of Wilms tumour, familial occurrences and associated syndromic conditions. Many efforts have been made to find and clinically apply prognostic biomarkers to Wilms tumour, for which outcomes are generally favourable, but treatment of some affected individuals remains challenging. Challenges are also posed by the intratumoural heterogeneity of biomarkers. Furthermore, preclinical models of Wilms tumour, from cell lines to organoid cultures, have evolved. Despite these many achievements, much still remains to be discovered: further molecular understanding of relapse in Wilms tumour and of the multiple origins of bilateral Wilms tumour are two examples of areas under active investigation. International collaboration, especially when large tumour series are required to obtain robust data, will help to answer some of the remaining unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Perotti
- Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Richard D Williams
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Wegert
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jack Brzezinski
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Research Center, Boldrini Children's Hospital, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Ciceri
- Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - David Gisselsson
- Cancer Cell Evolution Unit, Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Office of Medical Services, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Samantha Gadd
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy L Walz
- Division of Hematology,Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhoikos Furtwaengler
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Reem Al-Saadi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Evageliou
- Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, CHOP Specialty Care Center, Vorhees, NJ, USA
| | - Saskia L Gooskens
- Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Hong
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael V Ortiz
- Department of Paediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- Histology Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A Mullen
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Division of Paediatric Hematology Oncology, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Norbert Graf
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Hematology, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Paul E Grundy
- Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James I Geller
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dome
- Division of Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital and the Department of Paediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Perlman
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Libes J, Hol J, Neto JCDA, Vallance KL, Tinteren HV, Benedetti DJ, Villar GLR, Duncan C, Ehrlich PF. Pediatric renal tumor epidemiology: Global perspectives, progress, and challenges. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70 Suppl 2:e30343. [PMID: 37096796 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric renal tumors account for 3%-11% of childhood cancers, the most common of which is Wilms tumor or nephroblastoma. Epidemiology plays a key role in cancer prevention and control by describing the distribution of cancer and discovering risk factors for cancer. Large pediatric research consortium trials have led to a clearer understanding of pediatric renal tumors, identification of risk factors, and development of more risk-adapted therapies. These therapies have improved event-free and overall survival for children. However, several challenges remain and not all children have benefited from the improved outcomes. In this article, we review the global epidemiology of pediatric renal tumors, including key consortium and global studies. We identify current knowledge gaps and challenges facing both high and low middle-incomes countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Libes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Janna Hol
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Kelly L Vallance
- Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Benedetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gema Lucia Ramirez Villar
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Pediatric Oncology Unit, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Catriona Duncan
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH), NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR, Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Peter F Ehrlich
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Libes J, Hol J, Neto JCDA, Vallance KL, Tinteren HV, Benedetti DJ, Villar GLR, Duncan C, Ehrlich PF. Pediatric renal tumor epidemiology: Global perspectives, progress, and challenges. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30006. [PMID: 36326750 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric renal tumors account for 3%-11% of childhood cancers, the most common of which is Wilms tumor or nephroblastoma. Epidemiology plays a key role in cancer prevention and control by describing the distribution of cancer and discovering risk factors for cancer. Large pediatric research consortium trials have led to a clearer understanding of pediatric renal tumors, identification of risk factors, and development of more risk-adapted therapies. These therapies have improved event-free and overall survival for children. However, several challenges remain and not all children have benefited from the improved outcomes. In this article, we review the global epidemiology of pediatric renal tumors, including key consortium and global studies. We identify current knowledge gaps and challenges facing both high and low middle-incomes countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Libes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Janna Hol
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Kelly L Vallance
- Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Benedetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gema Lucia Ramirez Villar
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Pediatric Oncology Unit, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Catriona Duncan
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH), NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR, Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Peter F Ehrlich
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Splicing-Disrupting Mutations in Inherited Predisposition to Solid Pediatric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235967. [PMID: 36497448 PMCID: PMC9739414 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hereditary cancer in children was estimated to be very low until recent studies suggested that at least 10% of pediatric cancer patients carry a germline mutation in a cancer predisposition gene. A significant proportion of pathogenic variants associated with an increased risk of hereditary cancer are variants affecting splicing. RNA splicing is an essential process involved in different cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and alterations in this pathway have been implicated in many human cancers. Hereditary cancer genes are highly susceptible to splicing mutations, and among them there are several genes that may contribute to pediatric solid tumors when mutated in the germline. In this review, we have focused on the analysis of germline splicing-disrupting mutations found in pediatric solid tumors, as the discovery of pathogenic splice variants in pediatric cancer is a growing field for the development of personalized therapies. Therapies developed to correct aberrant splicing in cancer are also discussed as well as the options to improve the diagnostic yield based on the increase in the knowledge in splicing.
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Differential expression profiling of onco and tumor-suppressor genes from major-signaling pathways in Wilms' tumor. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 38:1601-1617. [PMID: 36107237 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wilms' tumor is the most-frequent malignant-kidney tumor in children under 3-4 years of age and is caused by genetic alterations of oncogenes (OG) and tumor-suppressor genes (TG). Wilms' tumor has been linked to many OG-&-TG. However, only WT1 has a proven role in the development of this embryonic-tumor. METHODS The study investigates the level of mRNA expression of 16 OGs and 20 TGs involved in key-signaling pathways, including chromatin modification; RAS; APC; Cell Cycle/Apoptosis; Transcriptional Regulation; PI3K; NOTCH-&-HH; PI3K & RAS of 24-fresh Wilms'-tumor cases by capture-and-reporter probe Code-Sets chemistry, as CNVs in these pathway genes have been reported. RESULTS Upon extensively investigating, MEN1, MLL2, MLL3, PBRM1, PRDM1, SMARCB1, SETD2, WT1, PTPN11, KRAS, HRAS, NF1, APC, RB1, FUBP1, BCOR, U2AF1, PIK3CA, PTEN, EBXW7, SMO, ALK, CBL, EP300-and-GATA1 were found to be significantly up-regulated in 58.34, 62.5, 79.17, 91.67, 58, 66.66,54, 58.34, 66.67, 75, 62.5, 62.5, 58, 79.17, 79.17, 75, 70.84, 50, 50, 75, 66.66, 62.50, 61.66, 58.34-and-62.50% of cases respectively, whereas BRAF, NF2, CDH1, BCL2, FGFR3, ERBB2, MET, RET, EGFR-and-GATA2 were significantly down regulated in 58, 87.50, 79.16, 54.16, 79.17, 91.66, 66.66, 58.33, 91.66-and-62.50% of cases, respectively. Interestingly, the WT1 gene was five-fold down regulated in 41.66% of cases only. CONCLUSION Hence, extensive profiling of OGs and TGs association of major-signaling pathways in Wilms' tumor cases may aid in disease diagnosis. PBRM1 (up-regulated in 91.67% of cases), ERBB2 and EGFR (down-regulated in 91.66 and 91.66% of cases, respectively) could be marker genes. However, validation of all relevant results in a larger number of samples is required.
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Suzuki H, Aoki K, Kurosawa K, Imagawa K, Ohto T, Yamada M, Takenouchi T, Kosaki K, Ishitani T. De novo non-synonymous CTR9 variants are associated with motor delay and macrocephaly: human genetic and zebrafish experimental evidence. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3846-3854. [PMID: 35717577 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CTR9 is one of five genes that form the PAF1 complex, which binds to RNA polymerase II and plays critical roles in transcriptional elongation and transcription-coupled histone modifications including histone H3K4me3 and H3K36me3. In this study, de novo CTR9 non-synonymous variants (p.(Glu15Asp) and p.(Pro25Arg)) were detected in two unrelated patients with macrocephaly, motor delay, and intellectual disability. A pull-down assay showed that the mutant CTR9 proteins had stronger affinities to the PAF1 protein than the wild-type protein. Functional analyses using zebrafish showed that the knockout of ctr9 gene caused motor defects and enlargement of telencephalon, which is homologous to the mammalian cerebrum. The rescue experiment, in which the human CTR9 mutants were introduced into ctr9-knockout zebrafish, failed to maintain the swimming posture of the ctr9-knockout fish, suggesting that the human CTR9 mutant proteins do not function normally in vivo. In addition, the overexpression of human CTR9 mutant mRNA caused telencephalon enlargement in zebrafish larvae, suggesting that the human CTR9 mutant proteins interfered with normal endogenous CTR9 function. We concluded that the two missense variants in CTR9 (p.(Glu15Asp) and p.(Pro25Arg)) cause a new syndrome involving macrocephaly, motor delay, and intellectual disability through the loss of the normal function of CTR9 and the inhibition of the normal intrinsic CTR9 function of the contralateral allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Aoki
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Imagawa
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Ohto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mamiko Yamada
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Meuwissen M, Verstraeten A, Ranza E, Iwaszkiewicz J, Bastiaansen M, Mateiu L, Nemegeer M, Meester JAN, Afenjar A, Amaral M, Ballhausen D, Barnett S, Barth M, Asselbergh B, Spaas K, Heeman B, Bassetti J, Blackburn P, Schaer M, Blanc X, Zoete V, Casas K, Courtin T, Doummar D, Guerry F, Keren B, Pappas J, Rabin R, Begtrup A, Shinawi M, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Kleefstra T, Wagner M, Ziegler A, Schaefer E, Gerard B, De Bie CI, Holwerda SJB, Abbot MA, Antonarakis SE, Loeys B. Heterozygous variants in CTR9, which encodes a major component of the PAF1 complex, are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Genet Med 2022; 24:1583-1591. [PMID: 35499524 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE CTR9 is a subunit of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) that plays a crucial role in transcription regulation by binding CTR9 to RNA polymerase II. It is involved in transcription-coupled histone modification through promoting H3K4 and H3K36 methylation. We describe the clinical and molecular studies in 13 probands, harboring likely pathogenic CTR9 missense variants, collected through GeneMatcher. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed in all individuals. CTR9 variants were assessed through 3-dimensional modeling of the activated human transcription complex Pol II-DSIF-PAF-SPT6 and the PAF1/CTR9 complex. H3K4/H3K36 methylation analysis, mitophagy assessment based on tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate immunofluorescence, and RNA-sequencing in skin fibroblasts from 4 patients was performed. RESULTS Common clinical findings were variable degrees of intellectual disability, hypotonia, joint hyperlaxity, speech delay, coordination problems, tremor, and autism spectrum disorder. Mild dysmorphism and cardiac anomalies were less frequent. For 11 CTR9 variants, de novo occurrence was shown. Three-dimensional modeling predicted a likely disruptive effect of the variants on local CTR9 structure and protein interaction. Additional studies in fibroblasts did not unveil the downstream functional consequences of the identified variants. CONCLUSION We describe a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by (mainly) de novo variants in CTR9, likely affecting PAF1C function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Meuwissen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Aline Verstraeten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maaike Bastiaansen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ligia Mateiu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Merlijn Nemegeer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Josephina A N Meester
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Centre de Référence Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet et Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Département de Génétique et Embryologie Médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Diana Ballhausen
- Pediatric Metabolic Unit, Pediatrics, Woman-Mother-Child Department, University of Lausanne and University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Barnett
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Magalie Barth
- Biochemistry and Genetics Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Spaas
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bavo Heeman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied and Translational Neurogenomics, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Bassetti
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Patrick Blackburn
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Marie Schaer
- Autism Brain & Behavior Laboratory, Department Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Blanc
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kari Casas
- Medical Genetics, Sanford Broadway Clinic, Fargo, ND
| | - Thomas Courtin
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris
| | - Diane Doummar
- Neuropédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital d'enfants Armand Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris
| | - Frédéric Guerry
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris
| | | | | | | | - Marwan Shinawi
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University München, Munich, Germany; Institute for Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alban Ziegler
- Biochemistry and Genetics Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benedicte Gerard
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte I De Bie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd J B Holwerda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Alice Abbot
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA
| | | | - Bart Loeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Huang G, Mao J. Identification of a 12-Gene Signature and Hub Genes Involved in Kidney Wilms Tumor via Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877796. [PMID: 35480093 PMCID: PMC9038080 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor (WT), also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare primary malignancy in all kinds of tumor. With the development of second-generation sequencing, the discovery of new tumor markers and potential therapeutic targets has become easier. This study aimed to explore new WT prognostic biomarkers. In this study, WT-miRNA datasets GSE57370 and GSE73209 were selected for expression profiling to identify differentially expressed genes. The key gene miRNA, namely hsa-miR-30c-5p, was identified by overlapping, and the target gene of candidate hsa-miR-30c-5p was predicted using an online database. Furthermore, 384 genes were obtained by intersecting them with differentially expressed genes in the TARGET-WT database, and the genes were analyzed for pathway and functional enrichment. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of the 384 genes yielded a total of 25 key genes associated with WT prognosis. Subsequently, a prediction model with 12 gene signatures (BCL6, CCNA1, CTHRC1, DGKD, EPB41L4B, ERRFI1, LRRC40, NCEH1, NEBL, PDSS1, ROR1, and RTKN2) was developed. The model had good predictive power for the WT prognosis at 1, 3, and 5 years (AUC: 0.684, 0.762, and 0.774). Finally, ERRFI1 (hazard ratios [HR] = 1.858, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.298–2.660) and ROR1 (HR = 0.780, 95% CI: 0.609–0.998) were obtained as independent predictors of prognosis in WT patients by single, multifactorial Cox analysis.
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9
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Zhang B, Liu ZY, Wu R, Zhang CM, Cao K, Shan WG, Liu Z, Ji M, Tian ZL, Sethi G, Shi HL, Wang RH. Transcriptional regulator CTR9 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis via increasing PEG10 transcriptional activity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 43:2109-2118. [PMID: 34876700 PMCID: PMC9343652 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cln Three Requiring 9 (CTR9), a scaffold protein of the polymerase-associated factor-1 (PAF1) complex (PAF1c), is primarily localized in the nucleus of cells. Recent studies show that CTR9 plays essential roles in the development of various human cancers and their occurrence; however, its regulatory roles and precise mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles of CTR9 using in vitro assays and a xenograft mouse model. We found that CTR9 protein is upregulated in tumor tissues from HCC patients. Knockdown of CTR9 substantially reduced HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, whereas its overexpression promoted these activities. In addition, in vitro results revealed that CTR9 silencing dramatically increased cell cycle regulators, p21 and p27, but markedly decreased matrix metalloproteinases, MMP2 and MMP9, with these outcomes reversed upon CTR9 overexpression. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanism suggests that CTR9 promoted the oncogene paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10) transcription via its promoter region. Finally, the oncogenic roles of CTR9 were confirmed in a xenograft mouse model. This study confirms that CTR9, an oncoprotein that promotes HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, increases tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. CTR9 could be a novel therapeutic target. Further investigation is warranted to verify CTR9 potential in novel therapies for HCC.
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10
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Maciaszek JL, Oak N, Nichols KE. Recent advances in Wilms' tumor predisposition. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:R138-R149. [PMID: 32412586 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumor (WT), the most common childhood kidney cancer, develops in association with an underlying germline predisposition in up to 15% of cases. Germline alterations affecting the WT1 gene and epigenetic alterations affecting the 11p15 locus are associated with a selective increase in WT risk. Nevertheless, WT also occurs in the context of more pleiotropic cancer predispositions, such as DICER1, Li-Fraumeni and Bloom syndrome, as well as Fanconi anemia. Recent germline genomic investigations have increased our understanding of the host genetic factors that influence WT risk, with sequencing of rare familial cases and large WT cohorts revealing an expanding array of predisposition genes and associated genetic conditions. Here, we describe evidence implicating WT1, the 11p15 locus, and the recently identified genes CTR9, REST and TRIM28 in WT predisposition. We discuss the clinical features, mode of inheritance and biological aspects of tumorigenesis, when known. Despite these described associations, many cases of familial WT remain unexplained. Continued investigations are needed to fully elucidate the landscape of germline genetic alterations in children with WT. Establishing a genetic diagnosis is imperative for WT families so that individuals harboring a predisposing germline variant can undergo surveillance, which should enable the early detection of tumors and use of less intensive treatments, thereby leading to improved overall outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Maciaszek
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ninad Oak
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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11
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Hol JA, Jewell R, Chowdhury T, Duncan C, Nakata K, Oue T, Gauthier-Villars M, Littooij AS, Kaneko Y, Graf N, Bourdeaut F, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Pritchard-Jones K, Maher ER, Kratz CP, Jongmans MCJ. Wilms tumour surveillance in at-risk children: Literature review and recommendations from the SIOP-Europe Host Genome Working Group and SIOP Renal Tumour Study Group. Eur J Cancer 2021; 153:51-63. [PMID: 34134020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since previous consensus-based Wilms tumour (WT) surveillance guidelines were published, novel genes and syndromes associated with WT risk have been identified, and diagnostic molecular tests for previously known syndromes have improved. In view of this, the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP)-Europe Host Genome Working Group and SIOP Renal Tumour Study Group hereby present updated WT surveillance guidelines after an extensive literature review and international consensus meetings. These guidelines are for use by clinical geneticists, pediatricians, pediatric oncologists and radiologists involved in the care of children at risk of WT. Additionally, we emphasise the need to register all patients with a cancer predisposition syndrome in national or international databases, to enable the development of better tumour risk estimates and tumour surveillance programs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna A Hol
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalyn Jewell
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tanzina Chowdhury
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona Duncan
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kayo Nakata
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaharu Oue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyōgo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, Japan
| | | | - Annemieke S Littooij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yasuhiko Kaneko
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norbert Graf
- Department of Pediatric Oncology & Hematology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- SIREDO Pediatric Oncology Center, Institut Curie Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian P Kratz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology & Rare Disease Program, Hannover Medical School, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marjolijn C J Jongmans
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht / Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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12
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Capasso M, Montella A, Tirelli M, Maiorino T, Cantalupo S, Iolascon A. Genetic Predisposition to Solid Pediatric Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:590033. [PMID: 33194750 PMCID: PMC7656777 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.590033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progresses over the past years have extensively improved our capacity to use genome-scale analyses—including high-density genotyping and exome and genome sequencing—to identify the genetic basis of pediatric tumors. In particular, exome sequencing has contributed to the evidence that about 10% of children and adolescents with tumors have germline genetic variants associated with cancer predisposition. In this review, we provide an overview of genetic variations predisposing to solid pediatric tumors (medulloblastoma, ependymoma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma) and outline the biological processes affected by the involved mutated genes. A careful description of the genetic basis underlying a large number of syndromes associated with an increased risk of pediatric cancer is also reported. We place particular emphasis on the emerging view that interactions between germline and somatic alterations are a key determinant of cancer development. We propose future research directions, which focus on the biological function of pediatric risk alleles and on the potential links between the germline genome and somatic changes. Finally, the importance of developing new molecular diagnostic tests including all the identified risk germline mutations and of considering the genetic predisposition in screening tests and novel therapies is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Capasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Matilde Tirelli
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,European School of Molecular Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Maiorino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Sueva Cantalupo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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13
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Lin XD, Wu YP, Chen SH, Sun XL, Ke ZB, Chen DN, Li XD, Lin YZ, Wei Y, Zheng QS, Xu N, Xue XY. Identification of a five-mRNA signature as a novel potential prognostic biomarker in pediatric Wilms tumor. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 8:e1032. [PMID: 31701684 PMCID: PMC6978231 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to generate a prognostic model to predict survival outcome in pediatric Wilms tumor (WT). Methods The data including mRNA expression and clinical information of pediatric WT patients were downloaded from the Therapeutically Available Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database. The differentially expressed genes were identified and a prognostic signature of pediatric WT was generated according to the results of univariate and multivariate Cox analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the five‐mRNA signature in pediatric Wilms tumor patients. Bootstrap test with 500 times was used to perform the internal validation. Results We identified 6,964 differentially expressed mRNAs associated with pediatric WT, including 3,190 downregulated mRNAs and 3,774 up‐regulated mRNAs. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis identified five mRNAs (SPRY1, SPIN4, MAP7D3, C10orf71, and SPAG11A) to establish a predictive model. The risk score formula is as follows: Risk score = 0.3036*SPIN4 + 0.8576*MAP7D3 −0.1548*C10orf71 −0.7335*SPRY1 −0.2654*SPAG11A. The pediatric WT patients were divided into low‐risk group and high‐risk group based on the median risk score (value = 1.1503). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed good performance of the 5‐mRNA prognostic model (the area under the curve [AUC] was 0.821). Bootstrap test (Bootstrap resampling times = 500) was used to perform the internal validation and revealed that the AUC was 0.822. REACTOME, KEGG, and BIOCARTA pathway analyses demonstrated that these survival‐related genes were mainly enriched in ErbB2 and ErbB3 signaling pathways, and calcium signaling pathway. Conclusion The five‐mRNA signature can predict the prognosis of patients with pediatric WT. It has significant implication in the understanding of therapeutic targets for pediatric WT patients. However, further study is needed to validate this five‐mRNA signature and uncover more novel diagnostic or prognostic mRNAs candidates in pediatric WT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Lin
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Peng Wu
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shao-Hao Chen
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiong-Lin Sun
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ke
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ning Chen
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Lin
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qing-Shui Zheng
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Yi Xue
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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14
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Abstract
Wilms tumour is the most common renal malignancy of childhood. The disease is curable in the majority of cases, albeit at considerable cost in terms of late treatment-related effects in some children. However, one in ten children with Wilms tumour will die of their disease despite modern treatment approaches. The genetic changes that underpin Wilms tumour have been defined by studies of familial cases and by unbiased DNA sequencing of tumour genomes. Together, these approaches have defined the landscape of cancer genes that are operative in Wilms tumour, many of which are intricately linked to the control of fetal nephrogenesis. Advances in our understanding of the germline and somatic genetic changes that underlie Wilms tumour may translate into better patient outcomes. Improvements in risk stratification have already been seen through the introduction of molecular biomarkers into clinical practice. A host of additional biomarkers are due to undergo clinical validation. Identifying actionable mutations has led to potential new targets, with some novel compounds undergoing testing in early phase trials. Avenues that warrant further exploration include targeting Wilms tumour cancer genes with a non-redundant role in nephrogenesis and targeting the fetal renal transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Dora Treger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Tanzina Chowdhury
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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