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Argenbright CM, Bertlesman AM, Russell IM, Greer TL, Peng YB, Fuchs PN. The Fibromyalgia Pain Experience: A Scoping Review of the Preclinical Evidence for Replication and Treatment of the Affective and Cognitive Pain Dimensions. Biomedicines 2024; 12:778. [PMID: 38672134 PMCID: PMC11048409 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a chronic, widespread pain disorder that is strongly represented across the affective and cognitive dimensions of pain, given that the underlying pathophysiology of the disorder is yet to be identified. These affective and cognitive deficits are crucial to understanding and treating the fibromyalgia pain experience as a whole but replicating this multidimensionality on a preclinical level is challenging. To understand the underlying mechanisms, animal models are used. In this scoping review, we evaluate the current primary animal models of fibromyalgia regarding their translational relevance within the affective and cognitive pain realms, as well as summarize treatments that have been identified preclinically for attenuating these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M. Argenbright
- Department of Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alysia M. Bertlesman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.M.B.); (I.M.R.); (T.L.G.); (Y.B.P.)
| | - Izabella M. Russell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.M.B.); (I.M.R.); (T.L.G.); (Y.B.P.)
| | - Tracy L. Greer
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.M.B.); (I.M.R.); (T.L.G.); (Y.B.P.)
| | - Yuan B. Peng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.M.B.); (I.M.R.); (T.L.G.); (Y.B.P.)
| | - Perry N. Fuchs
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
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Sant'Anna MB, Kimura LF, Vieira WF, Zambelli VO, Novaes LS, Hösch NG, Picolo G. Environmental factors and their impact on chronic pain development and maintenance. Phys Life Rev 2024; 48:176-197. [PMID: 38320380 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
It is more than recognized and accepted that the environment affects the physiological responses of all living things, from bacteria to superior vertebrates, constituting an important factor in the evolution of all species. Environmental influences range from natural processes such as sunlight, seasons of the year, and rest to complex processes like stress and other mood disorders, infections, and air pollution, being all of them influenced by how each creature deals with them. In this chapter, it will be discussed how some of the environmental elements affect directly or indirectly neuropathic pain, a type of chronic pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. For that, it was considered the edge of knowledge in translational research, thus including data from human and experimental animals as well as the applicability of such findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Faggionato Kimura
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Willians Fernando Vieira
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Santana Novaes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pluma-Pluma A, García G, Murbartián J. Chronic restraint stress and social transfer of stress produce tactile allodynia mediated by the HMGB1/TNFα/TNFR1 pathway in female and male rats. Physiol Behav 2024; 274:114418. [PMID: 38042454 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the relevance of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in nerve or tissue injury-induced nociception. However, the role of these proteins in chronic stress and social transfer of stress (STS)-induced dysfunctional pain is not entirely known. The aim of this study was to determine the participation of the spinal HMGB1-TNFα signaling pathway and TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1) in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress (CRS) and STS. Non-stressed female and male rats in contact with CRS rats increased sniffing behavior of the anogenital area, behavior related to STS. Rats subjected to CRS and STS reduced 50 % withdrawal threshold and reached the value of tactile allodynia after 21 days of stress. Rats return to the basal withdrawal threshold after 30 days without stress and return to allodynia values in only 5 days of stress sessions (priming). Female and male rats subjected to 28 days of CRS or STS were intrathecal injected with glycyrrhizin (inhibitor of HMGB1), thalidomide (inhibitor of the TNFα synthesis), and R7050 (TNFR1 antagonist), in all the cases, an antiallodynic effect was observed. Rats under CRS or STS enhanced HMGB1 and TNFR1 protein expression in DRG and dorsal spinal cord. Data suggest that the spinal HMGB1/TNFα/TNFR1 signaling pathway plays a relevant role in the maintenance of CRS and STS-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity in rats. These proteins could be helpful in developing pain treatments for fibromyalgia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pluma-Pluma
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Colonia Granjas Coapa, 14330, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Colonia Granjas Coapa, 14330, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janet Murbartián
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Colonia Granjas Coapa, 14330, South Campus, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Mizumura K, Taguchi T. Neurochemical mechanism of muscular pain: Insight from the study on delayed onset muscle soreness. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:4. [PMID: 38267849 PMCID: PMC10809664 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
We reviewed fundamental studies on muscular pain, encompassing the characteristics of primary afferent fibers and neurons, spinal and thalamic projections, several muscular pain models, and possible neurochemical mechanisms of muscle pain. Most parts of this review were based on data obtained from animal experiments, and some researches on humans were also introduced. We focused on delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by lengthening contractions (LC), suitable for studying myofascial pain syndromes. The muscular mechanical withdrawal threshold (MMWT) decreased 1-3 days after LC in rats. Changing the speed and range of stretching showed that muscle injury seldom occurred, except in extreme conditions, and that DOMS occurred in parameters without muscle damage. The B2 bradykinin receptor-nerve growth factor (NGF) route and COX-2-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) route were involved in the development of DOMS. The interactions between these routes occurred at two levels. A repeated-bout effect was observed in MMWT and NGF upregulation, and this study showed that adaptation possibly occurred before B2 bradykinin receptor activation. We have also briefly discussed the prevention and treatment of DOMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Mizumura
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences (IHMMS), Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
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Wakatsuki K, Kiryu-Seo S, Yasui M, Yokota H, Kida H, Konishi H, Kiyama H. Repeated cold stress, an animal model for fibromyalgia, elicits proprioceptor-induced chronic pain with microglial activation in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:25. [PMID: 38238800 PMCID: PMC10795366 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic pain, fatigue, and other somatic symptoms. We have recently revealed that proprioceptor hyperactivation induces chronic pain in a rat model of myalgic encephalomyelitis. The present study explores whether similar proprioceptor-induced pain is elicited in a mouse model of fibromyalgia. METHODS Repeated cold stress (RCS) was used as a fibromyalgia model. Pain behavior was examined using the von Frey test, and neuronal activation was examined immunohistochemically as activating transcription factor (ATF)3 expression. The Atf3:BAC transgenic mouse, in which mitochondria in hyperactivated neurons are specifically labeled by green fluorescent protein, was used to trace the activated neuronal circuit. PLX3397 (pexidartinib) was used for microglial suppression. RESULTS RCS elicited long-lasting pain in mice. ATF3, a marker of cellular hyperactivity and injury, was expressed in the lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) 2 days after RCS initiation; the majority of ATF3-expressing DRG neurons were tropomyosin receptor kinase C- and/or vesicular glutamate transporter 1-positive proprioceptors. Microglial activation and increased numbers of microglia were observed in the medial part of the nucleus proprius 5 days after RCS initiation, and in the dorsal region of the ventral horn 7 days after RCS. In the ventral horn, only a subset of motor neurons was positive for ATF3; these neurons were surrounded by activated microglia. A retrograde tracer study revealed that ATF3-positive motor neurons projected to the intrinsic muscles of the foot (IMF). Using Atf3:BAC transgenic mice, we traced hyperactivated neuronal circuits along the reflex arc. Green fluorescent protein labeling was observed in proprioceptive DRG neurons and their processes originating from the IMF, as well as in motor neurons projecting to the IMF. Microglial activation was observed along this reflex arc, and PLX3397-induced microglial ablation significantly suppressed pain behavior. CONCLUSION Proprioceptor hyperactivation leads to local microglial activation along the reflex arc; this prolonged microglial activation may be responsible for chronic pain in the present model. Proprioceptor-induced microglial activation might be the common cause of chronic pain in both the fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis models, although the experimental models are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Wakatsuki
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kiryu-Seo
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Masaya Yasui
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Judo Seifuku and Health Sciences, Tokoha University, 1230 Miyakoda-Cho, Kita-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-2102, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-0073, Japan
| | - Haruku Kida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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Nasu T, Kainuma R, Ota H, Mizumura K, Taguchi T. Increased nociceptive behaviors and spinal c-Fos expression in the formalin test in a rat repeated cold stress model. Neurosci Res 2024; 198:30-38. [PMID: 37392833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Repeated cold stress (RCS) can trigger the development of fibromyalgia (FM)-like symptoms, including persistent deep-tissue pain, although nociceptive changes to the skin have not been fully characterized. Using a rat RCS model, we investigated nociceptive behaviors induced by noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli applied to plantar skin. Neuronal activation in the spinal dorsal horn was examined using the formalin pain test. In rats exposed to RCS, nociceptive behavioral hypersensitivity was observed in all modalities of cutaneous noxious stimuli: the mechanical withdrawal threshold was decreased, and the heat withdrawal latency was shortened one day after the cessation of stress. The duration of nocifensive behaviors in the formalin test was prolonged in phase II but not in phase I. The number of c-Fos-positive neurons increased in the entire dorsal horn laminae I-VI, ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to formalin injection at the L3-L5 segments. The duration of nocifensive behavior in phase II was significantly and positively correlated with the number of c-Fos-positive neurons in laminae I-II. These results demonstrate that cutaneous nociception is facilitated in rats exposed to RCS for a short time and that the spinal dorsal horn neurons are hyperactivated by cutaneous formalin in the RCS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nasu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Riku Kainuma
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences (IHMMS), Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences (IHMMS), Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
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Nasu T, Hori A, Hotta N, Kihara C, Kubo A, Katanosaka K, Suzuki M, Mizumura K. Vacuolar-ATPase-mediated muscle acidification caused muscular mechanical nociceptive hypersensitivity after chronic stress in rats, which involved extracellular matrix proteoglycan and ASIC3. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13585. [PMID: 37604935 PMCID: PMC10442418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although widespread pain, such as fibromyalgia, is considered to have a central cause, peripheral input is important. We used a rat repeated cold stress (RCS) model with many characteristics common to fibromyalgia and studied the possible involvement of decreased muscle pH in muscle mechanical hyperalgesia. After a 5-day RCS, the muscle pH and the muscular mechanical withdrawal threshold (MMWT) decreased significantly. Subcutaneously injected specific inhibitor of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), bafilomycin A1, reversed both changes almost completely. It also reversed the increased mechanical response of muscle thin-fibre afferents after RCS. These results show that V-ATPase activation caused muscle pH drop, which led to mechanical hypersensitivity after RCS. Since extracellular matrix proteoglycan and acid sensitive ion channels (TRPV1 and ASIC3) have been considered as possible mechanisms for sensitizing/activating nociceptors by protons, we investigated their involvement. Manipulating the extracellular matrix proteoglycan with chondroitin sulfate and chondroitinase ABC reversed the MMWT decrease after RCS, supporting the involvement of the extracellular mechanism. Inhibiting ASIC3, but not TRPV1, reversed the decreased MMWT after RCS, and ASIC3 mRNA and protein in the dorsal root ganglia were upregulated, indicating ASIC3 involvement. These findings suggest that extracellular mechanism and ASIC3 play essential roles in proton-induced mechanical hyperalgesia after RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nasu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Amane Hori
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 102-8472, Japan
| | - Norio Hotta
- Department of Lifelong Sports and Health Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kihara
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Asako Kubo
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kimiaki Katanosaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Suzuki
- Central Research Laboratories, ZERIA Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2512-1 Numagami, Oshikiri, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0111, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
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Bourke SL, Schlag AK, O'Sullivan SE, Nutt DJ, Finn DP. Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in fibromyalgia: A review of preclinical and clinical research. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108216. [PMID: 35609718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Characterised by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, generalised hyperalgesia, and psychological distress, fibromyalgia (FM) is a significant unmet clinical need. The endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in modulating both pain and the stress response. Here, we appraise the evidence, from preclinical and clinical studies, for a role of the endocannabinoid system in FM and the therapeutic potential of targeting the endocannabinoid system. While many animal models have been used to study FM, the reserpine-induced myalgia model has emerged as perhaps the most translatable to the clinical phenotype. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has shown promise in preclinical studies, ameliorating pain- and anxiety-related behaviour . Clinically, there is evidence for alterations in the endocannabinoid system in patients with FM, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased levels of circulating endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines. Single entity cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines in patients with FM show promise therapeutically but limitations in methodology and lack of longitudinal studies to assess efficacy and tolerability preclude the current recommendation for their use in patients with FM. Gaps in the literature that warrant further investigation are discussed, particularly the need for further development of animal models with high validity for the multifaceted nature of FM, balanced studies to eliminate sex-bias in preclinical research, and ultimately, better translation between preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Bourke
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anne Katrin Schlag
- Drug Science, St. Peters House, Wood Street, London, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - David J Nutt
- Drug Science, St. Peters House, Wood Street, London, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Kubo A, Sugawara S, Iwata K, Yamaguchi S, Mizumura K. Masseter muscle contraction and cervical muscle sensitization by nerve growth factor cause mechanical hyperalgesia in masticatory muscle with activation of the trigemino-lateral parabrachial nucleus system in female rats. Headache 2022; 62:1365-1375. [PMID: 36321946 DOI: 10.1111/head.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a new rat model of craniofacial myalgia, and to clarify which central nervous system pathways are activated in the model. BACKGROUND Craniofacial myalgia, represented by myogenous temporomandibular disorder and tension-type headache with pericranial tenderness, is more common in female patients. The pain is thought to be a type of multifactorial disorder with several coexisting causes. To our knowledge, there are no models of craniofacial muscle hyperalgesia caused by multiple types of stimuli. METHODS We injected nerve growth factor into the trapezius muscle of female and male rats and repeatedly stimulated the masseter muscle (MM) electrically for 10 days. We determined the mechanical head-withdrawal threshold of MM and extent of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (pERK) immunoreactivity in various regions of the lower brainstem. We conducted retrograde tract-tracing to determine the projection of mechanosensitive MM-innervating secondary neurons to the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Finally, we administered morphine in rats to determine whether increases of pERK immunoreactivity were dependent on noxious inputs. RESULTS In female rats, but not male rats, the mechanical head-withdrawal threshold was decreased significantly from days 9 to 12. The number of pERK-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem was increased significantly in female rats in the group with both stimuli compared to rats in other groups with a single stimulus. Mechanosensitive MM-innervating neurons in the brainstem projected to the parabrachial nucleus. Morphine administration blocked the increase in the number of pERK-immunoreactive neurons in both the brainstem and parabrachial nucleus. CONCLUSIONS We established a model of craniofacial myalgia by combining trapezius and MM stimuli in female rats. We found mechanical hyperalgesia of the MM and activation of the pain pathway from the brainstem to parabrachial nucleus. The model reflects the characteristics of patients with craniofacial myalgia and might be helpful to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Kubo
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Oriental Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shiori Sugawara
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamaguchi
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Pressure pain threshold map of thoracolumbar paraspinal muscles after lengthening contractions in young male asymptomatic volunteers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15825. [PMID: 36138196 PMCID: PMC9499944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterise topographic distribution of pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) of thoracolumbar paraspinal muscles and its change after lengthening contractions (LCs) of the back muscles. Using young male asymptomatic participants in Experiment 1, we systematically examined the distribution of PPTs bilaterally in the range of Th1–L5 at measurement points 2 and 4 cm from the midline. PPTs were found to be higher in the lumbar segments of the paraspinal muscles than in the thoracic segments, and in muscles closer to the vertebrae (2 vs. 4 cm from the midline). The PPTs did not differ between the left and right sides in each segment. In Experiment 2, LC was applied by asking a part of participants recruited in Experiment 1 to fall their trunk from a starting position (parallel to the floor) to 40° flexed position, and then made it back as quickly as possible to the starting position. This cycle was repeated until participants could not keep contractions (30 times/set, 25.4 ± 10.6 sets). PPTs of the LC group decreased prominently in the lower thoracic and lumbar segments, and the decrease was more evident 24 h after LC compared to that 48 h after. In contrast, PPTs in the control group without LC remained unchanged. These results provided broad topographic images of PPTs in the thoracolumbar paraspinal muscles of young male participants with and without LC, and the obtained PPT maps could be a useful guide for better treatment of exercise-induced myofascial pain in the lower back.
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Nociceptive chemical hypersensitivity in the spinal cord of a rat reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model. Neurosci Res 2022; 181:87-94. [PMID: 35304863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathological mechanisms of fibromyalgia (FM) are largely unknown. Recently, a rat reserpine-induced pain model showing exaggerated pain-related behaviors to mechanical and thermal stimuli has been used in FM research. However, the model has not been fully characterized. Here, we investigated nociceptive hypersensitivity to chemical stimuli and its spinal mechanisms to further characterize the model. The rat model was induced by administering reserpine to the nervous system. Nociceptive behaviors to chemical stimuli were quantified using the formalin pain test, and neuronal activation of the stimuli was examined using spinal c-Fos immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological recordings of superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons. The duration of pain-related behaviors was prolonged in both phases I (0-5min) and II (10-60min) and the interphase; and the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive nuclei increased in laminae I-II, III-IV, and V-VI at the spinal segments L3-L5 on the side ipsilateral to the formalin injection, and these factors were significantly and positively correlated. The action potentials of SDH neurons induced by formalin injection were markedly increased in rats treated with reserpine. These results demonstrate that pain-related behaviors are facilitated by noxious chemical stimuli in a rat reserpine-induced FM model, and that the behavioral hypersensitivity is associated with hyperactivation of SDH neurons.
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Okuda T, Osako Y, Hidaka C, Nishihara M, Young LJ, Mitsui S, Yuri K. Separation from a bonded partner alters neural response to inflammatory pain in monogamous rodents. Behav Brain Res 2021; 418:113650. [PMID: 34748865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pain experience is known to be modified by social factors, but the brain mechanisms remain unspecified. We recently established an animal model of social stress-induced hyperalgesia (SSIH) using a socially monogamous rodent, the prairie vole, in which males separated from their female partners (loss males) became anxious and displayed exacerbated inflammatory pain behaviors compared to males with partners (paired males). In the present study, to explore the neural pathways involved in SSIH, a difference in neuronal activation in pain-related brain regions, or "pain matrix", during inflammatory pain between paired and loss males was detected using Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir). Males were paired with a female and pair bonding was confirmed in all subjects using a partner preference test. During formalin-induced inflammatory pain, both paired and loss males showed a significant induction of Fos-ir throughout the analyzed pain matrix components compared to basal condition (without injection), and no group differences in immunoreactivity were found among the injected males in many brain regions. However, the loss males had significantly lower Fos-ir following inflammatory pain in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell than the paired males, even though base Fos-ir levels were comparable between groups. Notably, both regions with different Fos-ir are major components of the dopamine and oxytocin systems, which play critical roles in both pair bonding and pain regulation. The present results suggest the possibility that pain exacerbation by social stress emerges through alteration of signaling in social brain circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Okuda
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Tosa Rehabilitation College, Otsu, Ohtsu, Kochi 781-5103, Japan.
| | - Yoji Osako
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Chiharu Hidaka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishihara
- Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 21 Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Larry J Young
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Rd. Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Social Neural Networks, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yuri
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Yamaguchi C, Yamamoto D, Fujimaru Y, Asano T, Takaoka A. Acetaminophen Exerts an Analgesic Effect on Muscular Hyperalgesia in Repeated Cold-Stressed Rats through the Enhancement of the Descending Pain Inhibitory System Involving Spinal 5-HT 3 and Noradrenergic α 2 Receptors. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1067-1074. [PMID: 34135207 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal and psychological complaints have increased with the widespread use of visual display terminals, and musculoskeletal pain is known to be closely related to stress. One method of experimentally inducing persistent muscle pain is repeated cold stress (RCS), and animals exposed to such stress exhibit a dysfunction in the descending pain inhibitory system. Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; APAP) is widely used to relieve several types of pain, including musculoskeletal pain, and is available as an OTC drug. However, the mechanism underlying its analgesic action has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we compared the analgesic effect of APAP on RCS-induced muscular hyperalgesia with those of other analgesics to identify its mechanism of action. The daily oral administration of APAP significantly suppressed the decrease in the mechanical withdrawal threshold caused by RCS, similar to the results for neurotropin but not for the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen (IBP). Moreover, the intrathecal administration of antagonists of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3 receptor or α2-adrenoceptor significantly abolished the analgesic effect of APAP but not of IBP. These results suggest that the analgesic effect of APAP on RCS-induced muscular pain might be exerted due to the activation of the descending pathways involving the spinal 5-HT3 receptor or α2-adrenoceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Self-Medication R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yukiko Fujimaru
- Self-Medication R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Toshiki Asano
- Self-Medication R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Akiko Takaoka
- Self-Medication R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Brum ES, Becker G, Fialho MFP, Oliveira SM. Animal models of fibromyalgia: What is the best choice? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107959. [PMID: 34265360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex syndrome, with an indefinite aetiology and intricate pathophysiology that affects 2 - 3% of the world population. From the beginning of the 2000s, experimental animal models have been developed to mimic clinical FM and help obtain a better understanding of the relevant neurobiology. These animal models have enabled a broad study of FM symptoms and mechanisms, as well as new treatment strategies. Current experimental FM models include the reserpine-induced systemic depletion of biogenic amines, muscle application of acid saline, and stress-based (cold, sound, or swim) approaches, among other emerging models. FM models should: (i) mimic the cardinal symptoms and complaints reported by FM patients (e.g., spontaneous nociception, muscle pain, hypersensitivity); (ii) mimic primary comorbidities that can aggravate quality of life and lead to worse outcomes (e.g., fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety); (iii) mimic the prevalent pathological mechanisms (e.g., peripheral and central sensitization, inflammation/neuroinflammation, change in the levels of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters); and (iv) demonstrate a pharmacological profile similar to the clinical treatment of FM. However, it is difficult for any one of these models to include the entire spectrum of clinical FM features once even FM patients are highly heterogeneous. In the past six years (2015 - 2020), a wide range of experimental FM studies has amounted to the literature reinforcing the need for an updated review. Here we have described, in detail, several approaches used to experimentally study FM, with a focus on recent studies in the field and in previously less discussed mechanisms. We highlight each model's challenges, limitations, and future directions, intending to help preclinical researchers establish the correct experimental FM model to use depending on their goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Silva Brum
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Becker
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Pessano Fialho
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Fibromyalgia: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083891. [PMID: 33918736 PMCID: PMC8068842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by chronic and widespread musculoskeletal pain, often accompanied by other symptoms, such as fatigue, intestinal disorders and alterations in sleep and mood. It is estimated that two to eight percent of the world population is affected by fibromyalgia. From a medical point of view, this pathology still presents inexplicable aspects. It is known that fibromyalgia is caused by a central sensitization phenomenon characterized by the dysfunction of neuro-circuits, which involves the perception, transmission and processing of afferent nociceptive stimuli, with the prevalent manifestation of pain at the level of the locomotor system. In recent years, the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia has also been linked to other factors, such as inflammatory, immune, endocrine, genetic and psychosocial factors. A rheumatologist typically makes a diagnosis of fibromyalgia when the patient describes a history of pain spreading in all quadrants of the body for at least three months and when pain is caused by digital pressure in at least 11 out of 18 allogenic points, called tender points. Fibromyalgia does not involve organic damage, and several diagnostic approaches have been developed in recent years, including the analysis of genetic, epigenetic and serological biomarkers. Symptoms often begin after physical or emotional trauma, but in many cases, there appears to be no obvious trigger. Women are more prone to developing the disease than men. Unfortunately, the conventional medical therapies that target this pathology produce limited benefits. They remain largely pharmacological in nature and tend to treat the symptomatic aspects of various disorders reported by the patient. The statistics, however, highlight the fact that 90% of people with fibromyalgia also turn to complementary medicine to manage their symptoms.
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Murase S, Kobayashi K, Nasu T, Kihara C, Taguchi T, Mizumura K. Synergistic interaction of nerve growth factor and glial cell‐line derived neurotrophic factor in muscular mechanical hyperalgesia in rats. J Physiol 2021; 599:1783-1798. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Murase
- Department of Physical Therapy College of Life Sciences Chubu University Kasugai 487–8501 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience II Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya 464–8601 Japan
| | - Kimiko Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Hyogo College of Medicine Nishinomiya 663–8501 Japan
| | - Teruaki Nasu
- Department of Physical Therapy College of Life Sciences Chubu University Kasugai 487–8501 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience II Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya 464–8601 Japan
| | - Chiaki Kihara
- Department of Physical Therapy College of Life Sciences Chubu University Kasugai 487–8501 Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Neuroscience II Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya 464–8601 Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Rehabilitation Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata 950–3198 Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata 950–3198 Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physical Therapy College of Life Sciences Chubu University Kasugai 487–8501 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience II Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya 464–8601 Japan
- Department of Physiology Nihon University School of Dentistry Tokyo 101–8310 Japan
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17
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Hayashi K, Fukuyasu-Matsuo S, Inoue T, Fujiwara M, Asai Y, Iwata M, Suzuki S. Effects of cyclic stretching exercise on long-lasting hyperalgesia, joint contracture, and muscle injury following cast immobilization in rats. Physiol Res 2020; 69:861-870. [PMID: 32901491 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exercise on mechanical hyperalgesia, joint contracture, and muscle injury resulting from immobilization are not completely understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cyclic stretching on these parameters in a rat model of chronic post-cast pain (CPCP). Seventeen 8-week-old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to (1) control group, (2) immobilization (CPCP) group, or (3) immobilization and stretching exercise (CPCP+STR) group. In the CPCP and CPCP+STR groups, both hindlimbs of each rat were immobilized in full plantar flexion with a plaster cast for a 4-week period. In the CPCP+STR group, cyclic stretching exercise was performed 6 days/week for 2 weeks, beginning immediately after cast removal prior to reloading. Although mechanical hyperalgesia in the plantar skin and calf muscle, ankle joint contracture, and gastrocnemius muscle injury were observed in both immobilized groups, these changes were significantly less severe in the CPCP+STR group than in the CPCP group. These results clearly demonstrate the beneficial effect of cyclic stretching exercises on widespread mechanical hyperalgesia, joint contracture, and muscle injury in a rat model of CPCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hayashi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan.
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18
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Bravo L, Llorca-Torralba M, Suárez-Pereira I, Berrocoso E. Pain in neuropsychiatry: Insights from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:96-115. [PMID: 32437745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pain is the most common symptom reported in clinical practice, meaning that it is associated with many pathologies as either the origin or a consequence of other illnesses. Furthermore, pain is a complex emotional and sensorial experience, as the correspondence between pain and body damage varies considerably. While these issues are widely acknowledged in clinical pain research, until recently they have not been extensively considered when exploring animal models, important tools for understanding pain pathophysiology. Interestingly, chronic pain is currently considered a risk factor to suffer psychiatric disorders, mainly stress-related disorders like anxiety and depression. Conversely, pain appears to be altered in many psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. Thus, pain and psychiatric disorders have been linked in epidemiological and clinical terms, although the neurobiological mechanisms involved in this pathological bidirectional relationship remain unclear. Here we review the evidence obtained from animal models about the co-morbidity of pain and psychiatric disorders, placing special emphasis on the different dimensions of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bravo
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Avda. Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell Llorca-Torralba
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Avda. Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Suárez-Pereira
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Avda. Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Avda. Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Oga S, Goto K, Sakamoto J, Honda Y, Sasaki R, Ishikawa K, Kataoka H, Nakano J, Origuchi T, Okita M. Mechanisms underlying immobilization-induced muscle pain in rats. Muscle Nerve 2020; 61:662-670. [PMID: 32083755 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the mechanisms underlying immobilization-induced muscle pain in rats. METHODS In rat skeletal muscle, pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the gastrocnemius muscle was measured, and nerve growth factor (NGF) level, peripheral nerve fiber density, macrophage number, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression were examined. An NGF receptor inhibitor was injected intramuscularly to assess the relationship between PPT and NGF levels. RESULTS Immobilization resulted in a decrease in PPT and increases in NGF level, C-fiber density, M1 macrophage number, and IL-1β mRNA expression. Injection of NGF receptor inhibitor reversed the decrease in PPT. DISCUSSION NGF upregulation may be a major contributor to immobilization-induced muscle pain. The increases in C-fiber density, M1 macrophage number, and IL-1β mRNA expression may be related to immobilization-induced muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Oga
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyo Goto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Honda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Sasaki
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Juzenkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ishikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Kataoka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakano
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Origuchi
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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20
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Peripheral nociceptive mechanisms in an experimental rat model of fibromyalgia induced by repeated cold stress. Neurosci Res 2019; 162:22-30. [PMID: 31891739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a debilitating disease characterized by generalized and persistent musculoskeletal pain. Although central mechanisms are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of FM, the involvement of peripheral mechanisms is poorly understood. To understand the peripheral nociceptive mechanisms, we examined muscular nociceptors in an FM model, which was made by exposing rats to repeated cold stress (RCS). A single muscle C-fiber nociceptors were identified through the teased fiber technique using ex vivo muscle-nerve preparations. Response properties of C-fibers to noxious stimuli were systematically analyzed. Messenger RNA expression of neurotrophic factors and inflammatory mediators were also studied in the muscle. In the RCS group, the mechanical response threshold of C-fibers, measured using a ramp mechanical stimulus, was significantly decreased, and the response magnitude was significantly increased in the RCS group when compared with the SHAM group, where the environmental temperature was not altered. The general characteristics of C-fibers and the responsiveness to noxious cold and heat stimuli were similar between the two groups. Messenger RNAs of neurotrophic factors and inflammatory mediators were not changed in the muscle during and after RCS. These results suggest that augmentation of the mechanical response of muscle C-fiber nociceptors contributes to hyperalgesia in the RCS model.
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21
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A single administration of Neurotropin reduced the elongated immobility time in the forced swimming test of rats exposed to repeated cold stress. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:547-554. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Hsu WH, Lee CH, Chao YM, Kuo CH, Ku WC, Chen CC, Lin YL. ASIC3-dependent metabolomics profiling of serum and urine in a mouse model of fibromyalgia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12123. [PMID: 31431652 PMCID: PMC6702159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by chronic widespread pain. The pathogenesis of FM remains unclear. No specific biomarkers are available. Animal models of FM may provide an opportunity to explore potential biomarkers in a relative homogenous disease condition. Here, we probed the metabolomics profiles of serum and urine in a mouse model of FM induced by intermittent cold stress (ICS). We focused on the role of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) in the metabolomics profiling because ICS treatment induced chronic widespread muscle pain lasting for 1 month in wild-type (Asic3+/+) but not Asic3-knockout (Asic3−/−) mice. Serum and urine samples were collected from both genotypes at different ICS stages, including before ICS (basal level) and post-ICS at days 10 (middle phase, P10) and 40 (recovery phase, P40). Control naïve mice and ICS-induced FM mice differed in 1H-NMR- and LC-MS-based metabolomics profiling. On pathway analysis, the leading regulated pathways in Asic3+/+ mice were taurine and hypotaurine, cysteine and methionine, glycerophospholipid, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolisms, and the major pathways in Asic3−/− mice involved amino acid-related metabolism. Finally, we developed an algorithm for the impactful metabolites in the FM model including cis-aconitate, kynurenate, taurine, pyroglutamic acid, pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid, and 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid in urine as well as carnitine, deoxycholic acid, lysoPC(16:0), lysoPC(20:3), oleoyl-L-carnitine, and trimethylamine N-oxide in serum. Asic3−/− mice were impaired in only muscle allodynia development but not other pain symptoms in the ICS model, so the ASIC3-dependent metabolomics changes could be useful for developing diagnostic biomarkers specific to chronic widespread muscle pain, the core symptom of FM. Further pharmacological validations are needed to validate these metabolomics changes as potential biomarkers for FM diagnosis and/or treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Chao
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Ku
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Mouse Clinic - National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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23
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Intramuscularly injected neurotropin reduced muscular mechanical hyperalgesia induced by repeated cold stress in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:261-269. [PMID: 28763302 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An extract of rabbit skin inflamed by inoculation with the vaccinia virus, neurotropin [by intravenous, oral, and intramuscular (i.m.) administration], has been used in China and Japan for the treatment of chronic pain. In this study, we investigated the analgesic mechanism of i.m. neurotropin. Rats were exposed to repeated cold stress, and muscular mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated by measuring the withdrawal threshold of the gastrocnemius muscle using Randall-Selitto apparatus. I.m. but not subcutaneous, neurotropin dose dependently reduced the repeated cold stress-induced muscular mechanical hyperalgesia for 3 h, but it had no effect in normal rats. Injections of neurotropin into the right gastrocnemius, quadriceps femoris, biceps brachii, and trapezius muscles reduced the muscular mechanical hyperalgesia of the gastrocnemius muscle bilaterally. Intrathecal administration of antagonists to GABAergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic receptors, but not α2-adrenergic receptors, and intraperitoneal administration of opioid receptor antagonist inhibited the analgesic effect of neurotropin. These results indicated that an i.m. injection of neurotropin induced long-lasting wide-spread bilateral muscular analgesia by activating spinal serotonergic and GABAergic receptors. As distinct from analgesia by systemic administration, spinal cholinergic and opioidergic, but not adrenergic receptors, are also involved. The present study supports the effectiveness of neurotropin treatment for muscular mechanical hyperalgesia.
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Lubkowska A, Bryczkowska I, Gutowska I, Rotter I, Marczuk N, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Banfi G. The Effects of Swimming Training in Cold Water on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Lipid Peroxidation in Erythrocytes of Male and Female Aged Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040647. [PMID: 30813224 PMCID: PMC6406484 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify whether eight-week-long swimming exercise training would evaluate the level of selected indicators of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant status in response to cold water in comparison with swimming under thermoneutral conditions in sedentary male and female elderly rats. The exercise-trained groups swam four min/day and five days a week during eight weeks of housing. Exercise was performed by swimming in glass tanks containing tap water maintained according to group at 5 °C and 36 °C. At the end of treatment (48 h after the last session), all rats were anaesthetized. The level of chosen biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity was determined in the red blood cells and plasma. The results of study show that female rats seem to be better adapted to changing thermal conditions of the environment, developing not only morphological, but also antioxidant, defense mechanisms, mainly in the form of increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) concentration to restore the pro-oxidant/oxidant balance of the organism. Significantly higher concentrations of GSH were observed in the female rats of the group swimming in cold water (by 15.4% compared to the control group and by 20.5% in relation to the group of female rats swimming at 36 °C). In the group exposed to swimming training exercise in cold water, a significantly higher activity of SOD1 (by 13.4%) was found compared to the control group. On the other hand, the organs of ageing male rats show a reduced capacity to increase the metabolic response to low temperatures compared to female ones. In addition, it was demonstrated that cold exposure leads to an increase in lipid peroxidation in tissues. On the other hand, the repeated exposure to low levels of oxidative stress may result in some adaptive changes in organisms that help them to resist stress-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin; Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Iwona Bryczkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin; Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin; Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Iwona Rotter
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Natalia Marczuk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine with English Language Teaching Department, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin; Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine with English Language Teaching Department, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin; Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina Milano, 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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25
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Nakagawa T, Hiraga SI, Mizumura K, Hori K, Ozaki N, Koeda T. Topical thermal therapy with hot packs suppresses physical inactivity-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and up-regulation of NGF. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:629-637. [PMID: 29027134 PMCID: PMC10717048 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We focused on the analgesic effect of hot packs for mechanical hyperalgesia in physically inactive rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, physical inactivity (PI), PI + sham treatment (PI + sham), and PI + hot pack treatment (PI + hot pack) groups. Physical inactivity rats wore casts on both hind limbs in full plantar flexed position for 4 weeks. Hot pack treatment was performed for 20 min a day, 5 days a week. Although mechanical hyperalgesia and the up-regulation of NGF in the plantar skin and gastrocnemius muscle were observed in the PI and the PI + sham groups, these changes were significantly suppressed in the PI + hot pack group. The present results clearly demonstrated that hot pack treatment was effective in reducing physical inactivity-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and up-regulation of NGF in plantar skin and gastrocnemius muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Nakagawa
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya Gakuin University, 1350 Kamishinano-cho, Seto, 480-1298, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hiraga
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya Gakuin University, 1350 Kamishinano-cho, Seto, 480-1298, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Hori
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ozaki
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tomoko Koeda
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya Gakuin University, 1350 Kamishinano-cho, Seto, 480-1298, Japan.
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26
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Hayashi K, Ikemoto T, Ueno T, Arai YCP, Shimo K, Nishihara M, Suzuki S, Ushida T. Discordant Relationship Between Evaluation of Facial Expression and Subjective Pain Rating Due to the Low Pain Magnitude. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:43-50. [PMID: 29942439 PMCID: PMC6015640 DOI: 10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Facial expression to pain is an important pain indicator; however, facial movements look unresponsive when perceiving mild pain. The present study investigates whether pain magnitude modulates the relationship between subjective pain rating and an observer's evaluation of facial expression. Methods Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited to obtain 108 samples for pain rating with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Subjects underwent three different mechanical painful stimuli (monofilament forces of 100 g, 300 g, and 600 g) over three sessions and their facial expressions were videotaped throughout all sessions. Three observers independently evaluated facial expression of the subjects with a four-point categorical scale (no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, and severe pain). The correlations between subjective pain ratings and the evaluation of facial expression were analyzed in dichotomous group which was low pain ratings (VAS<30), or high pain rating (VAS≥30). Results Subjective pain ratings was significantly correlated with the evaluation of facial expression in high pain ratings, however no correlation was found between them in mild pain ratings. In mild pain ratings, most of the subjects (78%) were rated as no pain by observers, despite the fact that subjects reported pain. Conclusion The results suggest that the evaluation of facial expression of pain was difficult for the observer to detect pain severity when the subjects feel mild pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Ikemoto
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.,Institute of Physical Fitness Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takefumi Ueno
- National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Center, Kyushu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Shimo
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.,Institute of Physical Fitness Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishihara
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ushida
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.,Institute of Physical Fitness Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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27
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Kim W, Lee W, Choi JG, Ju IG, Kim YK, Lee TH, Oh MS. Inhibitory effects of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata on chronic intermittent cold-induced inflammation in the mouse hypothalamus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 215:27-33. [PMID: 29288825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata (AR) is the most frequently used herb to generate heat and treat symptoms associated with coldness in Asia. AIMS OF THE STUDY The hypothalamus is one of the master regulators to maintain constant core body temperature. Chronic exposure to cold stress disturbs homeostatic regulation, gradually resulting in hypothalamic inflammation. This study investigate the effects of AR, on the chronic intermittent cold (CIC)-induced release of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules in the mouse hypothalamus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata extract (ARE) were solubilized in distilled water and diluted with saline before administration. Male ICR mice (7 weeks old, 30-32g) were divided randomly into 6 groups: (1) control, (2) cold stress, (3) ARE 30, (4) ARE 100, (5) ARE 300, and (6) ARE 1000mg/kg groups. Groups (2)-(6) were exposed to CIC stress once a day for 14 days. CIC stress was achieved by exposing the mice to 4°C and 60 ± 10% humidity for 120min once a day. Rectal temperature was measured after terminating cold stress. Cortisol levels were measured from serum. Hypothalamus tissue was used for western blot analysis, and IL-9, IL-13, PGE1, and PGE2 levels were assessed. RESULTS ARE treatment prevented the CIC-induced decrease in rectal temperature and increase in serum cortisol level. ARE-treated CIC-exposed mice demonstrated decrease in nuclear c-Fos levels dose-dependently compared to CIC-exposed mice. Nuclear NF-kB expression showed significant increase in CIC-exposed mice. ARE treatment significantly blunted the increase in nuclear NF-kB expression. CIC-exposed mice had significantly increased levels of both IL-9 and IL-13. Treatment with ARE suppressed the elevated IL-9 and IL-13 levels. Between control and CIC-exposed mice PGE1 levels showed no difference. However ARE (1000mg/kg)-treated CIC-exposed mice had a significant increase in PGE1 level compared to CIC-exposed mice. PGE2 levels were significantly higher in CIC-exposed mice compared to control mice. ARE treatment significantly attenuated the increase in PGE2 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest CIC stress disturbs the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisol and maintenance of the body temperature. Thus AR contributes to suppress the activated proinflammatory factors, IL-9, IL-13, and PGE-2, and to increase the heat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonnam Kim
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Wonil Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Gyu Choi
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Gyoung Ju
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- Department of Formulae Pharmacology, School of Oriental Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdae-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Hasuo H, Kanbara K, Abe T, Fukunaga M, Yunoki N. Relationship between Alexithymia and latent trigger points in the upper Trapezius. Biopsychosoc Med 2017; 11:31. [PMID: 29238400 PMCID: PMC5725834 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-017-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Latent trigger points (LTrPs) can be activated by future events, leading to pain. Few studies have reported LTrP risk factors. It has been suggested that alexithymia is associated with myofascial pain and diminished awareness of physical sensation. This study was designed to evaluate the relation between alexithymia and LTrPs found the upper trapezius of healthy individuals. Methods The correlation between LTrPs and alexithymia, and between LTrPs and depression was analyzed in 160 healthy participants (80 male, mean age: 40.5 years [20 to 66 years]). Each participant was evaluated for potential LTrPs by careful manual examination and completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess potential alexithymia and depressive symptoms, respectively. Results LTrPs were observed in the upper trapezius of 76 participants (47.5%). TAS-20 scores were significantly higher in subjects with LTrPs than without LTrPs (p < 0.001); in contrast, there was no significant BDI score difference between these groups (p = 0.451). The LTrP risk for alexithymia was 2.74 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.10–3.58). There was no correlation between the TAS-20 and BDI scores (correlation coefficient: −0.04). Significant risk factors associated with LTrPs included the TAS-20 score (odds ratio [OR]: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07–1.15) and age (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.09). Conclusions Alexithymia was associated with LTrPs in the upper trapezius of healthy individuals, suggesting that it may serve as a useful predictive factor. Trial registration UMIN000027468. Registered 23 May 2017(retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Hasuo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi 2-5-1, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1090 Japan
| | - Kenji Kanbara
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi 2-5-1, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1090 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Abe
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi 2-5-1, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1090 Japan
| | - Mikihiko Fukunaga
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi 2-5-1, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1090 Japan
| | - Naoko Yunoki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Akaiwa Medical Association Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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29
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Fujiwara M, Iwata M, Inoue T, Aizawa Y, Yoshito N, Hayashi K, Suzuki S. Decreased grip strength, muscle pain, and atrophy occur in rats following long-term exposure to excessive repetitive motion. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1737-1749. [PMID: 29123982 PMCID: PMC5666401 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) are caused by the overuse of muscles in the workplace. Performing repetitive tasks is a primary risk factor for the development of WMSD. Many workers in highly repetitive jobs exhibit muscle pain and decline in handgrip strength, yet the mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions are poorly understood. In our study, rats performed voluntary repetitive reaching and grasping tasks (Task group), while Control group rats did not perform these activities. In the Task group, grip strength and forearm flexor withdrawal threshold declined significantly from week 2 to week 6, compared with these values at week 0 (P < 0.05). Relative muscle weight and muscle fiber cross‐sectional area of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles decreased significantly in the Task group, compared with the Control group, at 6 weeks (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Nerve growth factor, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, and tumor necrosis factor α‐expression in FDS muscles were not significantly different in Control and Task groups at 3 and 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, the Task group had elevated MuRF1 protein levels (P = 0.065) and significant overexpression of the autophagy‐related (Atg) proteins, Beclin1 and Atg5–Atg12, compared with in the Control group (both P < 0.05). These data suggested that long‐term exposure to excessive repetitive motion causes loss of grip strength, muscle pain, and skeletal muscle atrophy. Furthermore, this exposure may enhance protein degradation through both the ubiquitin‐proteasome and autophagy‐lysosome systems, thereby decreasing skeletal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Fujiwara
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Kamiiida Rehabilitation Hospital Nagoya Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwata
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Faculty of Health Sciences Nihon Fukushi University Handa Aichi Japan
| | - Takayuki Inoue
- Department of Rehabilitation Nagoya University Hospital Japan
| | - Yosuke Aizawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital Nagoya Japan
| | - Natsumi Yoshito
- Department of Rehabilitation Nagoya City University Hospital Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center Aichi Medical University Nagakute Aichi Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
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30
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Ota H, Katanosaka K, Murase S, Furuyashiki T, Narumiya S, Mizumura K. EP2 receptor plays pivotal roles in generating mechanical hyperalgesia after lengthening contractions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:826-833. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ota
- Department of Neuroscience II; Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Department of Judo Therapy; Faculty of Medical Technology; Teikyo University; Utsunomiya Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy; College of Life and Health Sciences; Chubu University; Kasugai Japan
| | - K. Katanosaka
- Department of Neuroscience II; Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Life and Health Sciences; Chubu University; Kasugai Japan
| | - S. Murase
- Department of Neuroscience II; Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy; College of Life and Health Sciences; Chubu University; Kasugai Japan
| | - T. Furuyashiki
- Department of Pharmacology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - S. Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - K. Mizumura
- Department of Neuroscience II; Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy; College of Life and Health Sciences; Chubu University; Kasugai Japan
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31
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Wang IC, Chung CY, Liao F, Chen CC, Lee CH. Peripheral sensory neuron injury contributes to neuropathic pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42304. [PMID: 28181561 PMCID: PMC5299449 DOI: 10.1038/srep42304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS)-induced neuropathic pain deteriorates quality of life in patients but is often refractory to treatment. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of MS, animals develop neuropathy and inflammation-induced tissue acidosis, which suggests the involvement of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Also, peripheral neuropathy is reported in MS patients. However, the involvement of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in MS neuropathic pain remains elusive. This study investigated the contribution of ASICs and peripheral neuropathy in MS-induced neuropathic pain. Elicited pain levels were as high in Asic1a-/-, Asic2-/- and Asic3-/- mice as wild-type mice even though only Asic1a-/- mice showed reduced EAE disease severity, which indicates that pain in EAE was independent of disease severity. We thus adopted an EAE model without pertussis toxin (EAEnp) to restrain activated immunity in the periphery and evaluate the PNS contribution to pain. Both EAE and EAEnp mice showed similar pain behaviors and peripheral neuropathy in nerve fibers and DRG neurons. Moreover, pregabalin significantly reduced neuropathic pain in both EAE and EAEnp mice. Our findings highlight the essential role of the PNS in neuropathic pain in EAE and pave the way for future development of analgesics without side effects in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan
| | - Fang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan
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32
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Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain. Neuroscience 2016; 338:114-129. [PMID: 27291641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is the current term for chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain for which no alternative cause can be identified. The underlying mechanisms, in both human and animal studies, for the continued pain in individuals with fibromyalgia will be explored in this review. There is a substantial amount of support for alterations of central nervous system nociceptive processing in people with fibromyalgia, and that psychological factors such as stress can enhance the pain experience. Emerging evidence has begun exploring other potential mechanisms including a peripheral nervous system component to the generation of pain and the role of systemic inflammation. We will explore the data and neurobiology related to the role of the CNS in nociceptive processing, followed by a short review of studies examining potential peripheral nervous system changes and cytokine involvement. We will not only explore the data from human subjects with fibromyalgia but will relate this to findings from animal models of fibromyalgia. We conclude that fibromyalgia and related disorders are heterogenous conditions with a complicated pathobiology with patients falling along a continuum with one end a purely peripherally driven painful condition and the other end of the continuum is when pain is purely centrally driven.
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33
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Impaired diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in specific alternation of rhythm in temperature-stressed rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:61-8. [PMID: 27178898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain. A hypofunction in descending pain inhibitory systems is considered to be involved in the chronic pain of fibromyalgia. We examined functional changes in descending pain inhibitory systems in rats with specific alternation of rhythm in temperature (SART) stress, by measuring the strength of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Hindpaw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical von Frey filament or fiber-specific electrical stimuli by the Neurometer system were used to measure the pain response. To induce DNIC, capsaicin was injected into the intraplantar of the forepaw. SART-stressed rats were established by exposure to repeated cold stress for 4 days. In the control rats, heterotopic intraplantar capsaicin injection increased withdrawal threshold, indicative of analgesia by DNIC. The strength of DNIC was reduced by naloxone (μ-opioid receptor antagonist, intraperitoneally and intracerebroventricularly), yohimbine (α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, intrathecally), and WAY-100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist, intrathecally) in the von Frey test. In SART-stressed rats, capsaicin injection did not increase withdrawal threshold in the von Frey test, indicating deficits in DNIC. In the Neurometer test, deficient DNIC in SART-stressed rats were observed only for Aδ- and C-fibers, but not Aβ-fibers stimulation. Analgesic effect of intracerebroventricular morphine was markedly reduced in SART-stressed rats compared with the control rats. Taken together, in SART-stressed rats, capsaicin-induced DNIC were deficient, and a hypofunction of opioid-mediated central pain modulation system may cause the DNIC deficit.
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34
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Li XQ, Li M, Zhou ZH, Liu BJ, Chen HS. Chronic restraint stress exacerbates nociception and inflammatory response induced by bee venom in rats: the role of the P2X7 receptors. Neurol Res 2016; 38:158-65. [PMID: 26900997 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2015.1135571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic restraint stress exacerbates pain and inflammation. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of chronic restraint stress on inflammatory pain induced by subcutaneous injection of bee venom (BV). METHODS First, we investigated: (1) the effect of two-week restraint stress with daily 2 or 8 h on the baseline paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT), paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) and paw circumference (PC); (2) the effect of chronic stress on the spontaneous paw-flinching reflex (SPFR), decrease in PWM, PWTL and increase in PC of the injected paw induced by BV. RESULTS The results showed that (1) chronic restraint decreased significantly the PWMT and inhibited significantly the increase in PC, but had no effect on PWTL, compared with control group; (2) chronic restraint enhanced significantly BV-induced SPFR and inflammatory swelling of the injected paw. In a second series of experiments, the role of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in the enhancement of BV-induced inflammatory pain produced by chronic restraint stress was determined. Systemic pretreatment with P2X7R antagonist completely reversed the decrease in PWMT produced by chronic restraint, inhibited significantly the enhancement of BV-induced inflammatory pain produced by chronic restraint stress. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data indicate that chronic restraint stress-enhanced nociception and inflammation in the BV pain model, possibly involving the P2X7R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiu Li
- a Department of Neurology , General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Area Command , Shen Yang , China
| | - Man Li
- a Department of Neurology , General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Area Command , Shen Yang , China
| | - Zhong-He Zhou
- a Department of Neurology , General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Area Command , Shen Yang , China
| | - Bao-Jun Liu
- b Department of Medical Administration , General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Area Command , Shen Yang , China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- a Department of Neurology , General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Area Command , Shen Yang , China
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35
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Hayashi K, Ikemoto T, Ueno T, Arai YCP, Shimo K, Nishihara M, Suzuki S, Ushida T. Higher pain rating results in lower variability of somatosensory cortex activation by painful mechanical stimuli: An fMRI study. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:1923-8. [PMID: 26971472 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to find pain-related brain activity which corresponds to self-report pain ratings based on degree of response and repeatability. METHODS Three painful mechanical stimuli were applied to the right hands of 25 healthy volunteers using monofilaments (forces of 0.98N, 2.94N, and 5.88N). Simultaneously, brain activities were evaluated using functional MRI for a constant stimulus conducted three times in a session. In first assessment, the average percent signal change (PSC) of neuronal response was measured for each region of interest (ROI), secondary repeatability of PSC conducted three times over the session was evaluated for each ROI. RESULTS Although the average PSCs for trice stimuli conducted in one session increased in accordance with pain ratings in the somatosensory cortex (S1) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), there was a different response between S1 and ACC when subjects rated intense pain; a stable response in S1 against a variable response in ACC. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that there are different cognitive responses between sensory discrimination and affective component to constant painful stimulus each time. SIGNIFICANCE Consistency of brain activity based on PSC may be an important biomarker which, along with its neuronal activity, gauges self-report pain ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Nagoya University Hospital, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Ikemoto
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Takefumi Ueno
- National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Center, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Shimo
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ushida
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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Bonaterra GA, Then H, Oezel L, Schwarzbach H, Ocker M, Thieme K, Di Fazio P, Kinscherf R. Morphological Alterations in Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscles in Male and Female Mice in a Fibromyalgia Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151116. [PMID: 26986947 PMCID: PMC4795636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder, characterized by chronic widespread pain and bodily tenderness and is often accompanied by affective disturbances, however often with unknown etiology. According to recent reports, physical and psychological stress trigger FM. To develop new treatments for FM, experimental animal models for FM are needed to be development and characterized. Using a mouse model for FM including intermittent cold stress (ICS), we hypothesized that ICS leads to morphological alterations in skeletal muscles in mice. METHODS Male and female ICS mice were kept under alternating temperature (4 °C/room temperature [22 °C]); mice constantly kept at room temperature served as control. After scarification, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were removed and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane or fixed for electron microscopy. RESULTS In gastrocnemius/soleus muscles of male ICS mice, we found a 21.6% and 33.2% decrease of fiber cross sectional area (FCSA), which in soleus muscle concerns the loss of type IIa and IIx FCSA. This phenomenon was not seen in muscles of female ICS mice. However, this loss in male ICS mice was associated with an increase in gastrocnemius of the density of MIF+ (8.6%)-, MuRF+ (14.7%)-, Fbxo32+ (17.8%)-cells, a 12.1% loss of capillary contacts/muscle fiber as well as a 30.7% increase of damaged mitochondria in comparison with male control mice. Moreover, significant positive correlations exist among densities (n/mm(2)) of MIF+, MuRF+, Fbxo32+-cells in gastrocnemius/ soleus muscles of male ICS mice; these cell densities inversely correlate with FCSA especially in gastrocnemius muscle of male ICS mice. CONCLUSION The ICS-induced decrease of FCSA mainly concerns gastrocnemius muscle of male mice due to an increase of inflammatory and atrogenic cells. In soleus muscle of male ICS and soleus/gastrocnemius muscles of female ICS mice morphological alterations seem to occur not at all or delayed. The sex-specificity of findings, which is not easily reconciled with the epidemiology of FM (female predominance), implicate that gastrocnemius muscle of male ICS mice should preferentially be used for future investigations with FM. Moreover, we suggest to investigate morphological and/or molecular alterations at different time-points (up to two weeks) after ICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alejandro Bonaterra
- Anatomy und Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Hanna Then
- Anatomy und Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Lisa Oezel
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Anatomy und Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Kati Thieme
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Anatomy und Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
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Mizumura K, Taguchi T. Delayed onset muscle soreness: Involvement of neurotrophic factors. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:43-52. [PMID: 26467448 PMCID: PMC10716961 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is quite a common consequence of unaccustomed strenuous exercise, especially exercise containing eccentric contraction (lengthening contraction, LC). Its typical sign is mechanical hyperalgesia (tenderness and movement related pain). Its cause has been commonly believed to be micro-damage of the muscle and subsequent inflammation. Here we present a brief historical overview of the damage-inflammation theory followed by a discussion of our new findings. Different from previous observations, we have observed mechanical hyperalgesia in rats 1-3 days after LC without any apparent microscopic damage of the muscle or signs of inflammation. With our model we have found that two pathways are involved in inducing mechanical hyperalgesia after LC: activation of the B2 bradykinin receptor-nerve growth factor (NGF) pathway and activation of the COX-2-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) pathway. These neurotrophic factors were produced by muscle fibers and/or satellite cells. This means that muscle fiber damage is not essential, although it is sufficient, for induction of DOMS, instead, NGF and GDNF produced by muscle fibers/satellite cells play crucial roles in DOMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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Hoheisel U, Mense S. Inflammation of the thoracolumbar fascia excites and sensitizes rat dorsal horn neurons. Eur J Pain 2015; 19:419-28. [PMID: 25056259 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data show that the thoracolumbar fascia can be a source of pain. However, the spinal neuronal mechanisms underlying pain from a pathologically altered fascia are unknown. The present study aimed at finding out how dorsal horn neurons react to input from a chronically inflamed thoracolumbar fascia. METHODS Recordings from rat dorsal horn neurons were made in the spinal segment L3. Twelve days before the recordings, the thoracolumbar fascia was inflamed by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Control animals received an injection of isotonic saline. In addition, behavioural experiments were carried out. RESULTS Neurons in the spinal segment L3 do not normally receive input from the fascia, but 11.1% of the neurons did when the fascia was inflamed. Compared with control, the proportion of neurons having input from all deep somatic tissues rose from 10.8% to 33.3% (p < 0.02). Moreover, many neurons acquired new deep receptive fields, most of which were located in the hindlimb (p < 0.04). Surprisingly, the pressure pain threshold of the inflamed rats did not change, but they showed a reduction in exploratory activity. CONCLUSIONS One of the prominent findings was the appearance of new receptive fields in deep tissues of the hindlimb. Together with the expansion of the spinal target region of fascia afferents into the segment L3, the appearance of new receptive fields is a possible explanation for the spread of pain in patients with non-specific low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hoheisel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
Chronic widespread pain is a serious medical problem, yet the mechanisms of nociception and pain are poorly understood. Using a reserpine-induced pain model originally reported as a putative animal model for fibromyalgia, this study was undertaken to examine the following: (1) expression of several ion channels responsible for pain, mechanotransduction, and generation/propagation of action potentials in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), (2) activities of peripheral nociceptive afferents, and (3) alterations in spinal microglial cells. A significant increase in mRNA expression of the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC)-3 was detected in the DRG, and the behavioral mechanical hyperalgesia was significantly reversed by subcutaneous injection of APETx2, a selective blocker of ASIC3. Single-fiber recordings in vitro revealed facilitated mechanical responses of mechanoresponsive C-fibers both in the skin and muscle although the proportion of mechanoresponsive C-nociceptors was paradoxically decreased. In the spinal dorsal horn, microglial cells labeled with Iba1 immunoreactivity was activated, especially in laminae I-II where the nociceptive input is mainly processed compared with the other laminae. The activated microglia and behavioral hyperalgesia were significantly tranquilized by intraperitoneal injection of minocycline. These results suggest that the increase in ASIC3 in the DRG facilitated mechanical response of the remaining C-nociceptors and that activated spinal microglia may direct to intensify pain in this model. Pain may be further amplified by reserpine-induced dysfunction of the descending pain inhibitory system and by the decrease in peripheral drive to this system resulting from a reduced proportion of mechanoresponsive C-nociceptors.
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Kozaki Y, Umetsu R, Mizukami Y, Yamamura A, Kitamori K, Tsuchikura S, Ikeda K, Yamori Y. Peripheral gene expression profile of mechanical hyperalgesia induced by repeated cold stress in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:417-25. [PMID: 25972297 PMCID: PMC10717666 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Repeated cold stress (RCS) is known to transiently induce functional disorders associated with hypotension and hyperalgesia. In this study, we investigated the effects of RCS (24 and 4 °C alternately at 30-min intervals during the day and 4 °C at night for 2 days, followed by 4 °C on the next 2 consecutive nights) on the thresholds for cutaneous mechanical pain responses and on peripheral expression of "pain-related genes" in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats, which are derived from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. To define genes peripherally regulated by RCS, we detected changes in the expression of pain-related genes in dorsal root ganglion cells by PCR-based cDNA subtraction analysis or DNA microarray analysis, and confirmed the changes by RT-PCR. We found significantly changed expression in eight pain-related genes (upregulated: Fyn, St8sia1, and Tac 1; downregulated: Ctsb, Fstl1, Itpr1, Npy, S100a10). At least some of these genes may play key roles in hyperalgesia induced by RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kozaki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Ohmori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan,
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Effects of Vibration Therapy on Immobilization-Induced Hypersensitivity in Rats. Phys Ther 2015; 95:1015-26. [PMID: 25655883 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20140137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cast immobilization induces mechanical hypersensitivity, which disturbs rehabilitation. Although vibration therapy can reduce various types of pain, whether vibration reduces immobilization-induced hypersensitivity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of vibration therapy on immobilization-induced hypersensitivity. DESIGN The experimental design of the study involved conducting behavioral, histological, and immunohistochemical studies in model rats. METHODS Thirty-five Wistar rats (8 weeks old, all male) were used. The right ankle joints of 30 rats were immobilized by plaster cast for 8 weeks, and 5 rats were used as controls. The immobilized rats were divided randomly into the following 3 groups: (1) immobilization-only group (Im, n=10); (2) vibration therapy group 1, for which vibration therapy was initiated immediately after the onset of immobilization (Im+Vib1, n=10); and (3) vibration therapy group 2, for which vibration therapy was initiated 4 weeks after the onset of immobilization (Im+Vib2, n=10). Vibration was applied to the hind paw. The mechanical hypersensitivity and epidermal thickness of the hind paw skin were measured. To investigate central sensitization, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was analyzed. RESULTS Immobilization-induced hypersensitivity was inhibited in the Im+Vib1 group but not in the Im+Vib2 group. Central sensitization, which was indicated by increases in CGRP expression in the spinal cord and the size of the area of CGRP-positive neurons in the DRG, was inhibited in only the Im+Vib1 group. Epidermal thickness was not affected by vibration stimulation. LIMITATIONS A limitation of this study is that the results were limited to an animal model and cannot be generalized to humans. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that initiation of vibration therapy in the early phase of immobilization may inhibit the development of immobilization-induced hypersensitivity.
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Mukae T, Uchida H, Ueda H. Donepezil Reverses Intermittent Stress-Induced Generalized Chronic Pain Syndrome in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:471-9. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Urakawa S, Takamoto K, Nakamura T, Sakai S, Matsuda T, Taguchi T, Mizumura K, Ono T, Nishijo H. Manual therapy ameliorates delayed-onset muscle soreness and alters muscle metabolites in rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12279. [PMID: 25713324 PMCID: PMC4393190 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) can be induced by lengthening contraction (LC); it can be characterized by tenderness and movement-related pain in the exercised muscle. Manual therapy (MT), including compression of exercised muscles, is widely used as physical rehabilitation to reduce pain and promote functional recovery. Although MT is beneficial for reducing musculoskeletal pain (i.e. DOMS), the physiological mechanisms of MT remain unclear. In the present study, we first developed an animal model of MT in DOMS; LC was applied to the rat gastrocnemius muscle under anesthesia, which induced mechanical hyperalgesia 2–4 days after LC. MT (manual compression) ameliorated mechanical hyperalgesia. Then, we used capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (CE-TOFMS) to investigate early effects of MT on the metabolite profiles of the muscle experiencing DOMS. The rats were divided into the following three groups; (1) normal controls, (2) rats with LC application (LC group), and (3) rats undergoing MT after LC (LC + MT group). According to the CE-TOFMS analysis, a total of 171 metabolites were detected among the three groups, and 19 of these metabolites were significant among the groups. Furthermore, the concentrations of eight metabolites, including branched-chain amino acids, carnitine, and malic acid, were significantly different between the LC + MT and LC groups. The results suggest that MT significantly altered metabolite profiles in DOMS. According to our findings and previous data regarding metabolites in mitochondrial metabolism, the ameliorative effects of MT might be mediated partly through alterations in metabolites associated with mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Takamoto
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sakai
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Teru Matsuda
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Dai S, Ma Z. BDNF-trkB-KCC2-GABA pathway may be related to chronic stress-induced hyperalgesia at both the spinal and supraspinal level. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:772-4. [PMID: 25454160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stresses can induce physiological and psychological changes and result in stress-related neuropsychiatry, sometimes they may also contribute to hypersensitivity to pain known as stress-induced hyperalgesia (SIH). Recently it was found that GABAergic disinhibition is closely related to morphine and chronic inflammation pain induced hyperalgesia in the PAG (periaqueductal gray)-RVM (rostral ventromedial medulla) -spinal descending facilitatory system, the changes of potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) function or expression modulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are involved in it. Similarly, chronic stress could induce changes of BDNF, KCC2 and a depolarizing shift in the GABA reversal potential (EGABA). Moreover, the descending facilitatory system has been suggested to be related with SIH, but whether it modulates SIH through disinhibition by the downregulation of KCC2 expression and/or transport function remains unknown. We therefore hypothesized that SIH may be owned to disinhibition caused by the activation of BDNF-trkB-KCC2-GABA pathway, which would provide a new understanding for SIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.
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Hayashi K, Ikemoto T, Ueno T, Arai YCP, Shimo K, Nishihara M, Suzuki S, Ushida T. Regional differences of repeatability on visual analogue scale with experimental mechanical pain stimuli. Neurosci Lett 2014; 585:67-71. [PMID: 25432024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pain-VAS is quite subjective as a scale, but has a tendency to assume differences in repeatability in accordance with perceived pain intensity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the repeatability of regional differences with ratings of pain-VAS. Three experimental mechanical stimuli were applied to twenty seven healthy volunteers across four sessions over four weeks within individuals. The same stimuli were also simultaneously measured in the same manner with an electric balance. The magnitude of mechanical stimuli was determined by 100 g, 300 g, and 600 g monofilaments. Standard deviations (SDs) across measurements with an electric balance showed a regular increase with stimulus magnitude, while coefficient variations (CVs) were constant in each stimulus. On the other hand, although SDs across pain-VAS measurements were significantly greater with the 300 g filament than with the 100 g and 600 g filaments, CVs showed a regular decrease in magnitude of stimulus. These results showed that the CVs of repeated measurement with electric balance were consistent regardless of stimulus intensity, in contrast, CVs of pain-VAS decreased with greater pain rating averaged by repeated measurement. These results suggest that a low rating in pain-VAS is inherently less objective, indicating poor repeatability. In contrast, a high rating in pain-VAS is more objective with better repeatability for experimental pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Hayashi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 yazako karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Nagoya University Hospital, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Ikemoto
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 yazako karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Ueno
- National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Center, Japan
| | - Young-Chang P Arai
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 yazako karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shimo
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 yazako karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishihara
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 yazako karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Department of Physical Therapy Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Health Science, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ushida
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 yazako karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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Abstract
Animal models of disease states are valuable tools for developing new treatments and investigating underlying mechanisms. They should mimic the symptoms and pathology of the disease and importantly be predictive of effective treatments. Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain with associated co-morbid symptoms that include fatigue, depression, anxiety and sleep dysfunction. In this review, we present different animal models that mimic the signs and symptoms of fibromyalgia. These models are induced by a wide variety of methods that include repeated muscle insults, depletion of biogenic amines, and stress. All potential models produce widespread and long-lasting hyperalgesia without overt peripheral tissue damage and thus mimic the clinical presentation of fibromyalgia. We describe the methods for induction of the model, pathophysiological mechanisms for each model, and treatment profiles.
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47
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Stress-induced hyperalgesia. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Brenner DS, Vogt SK, Gereau RW. A technique to measure cold adaptation in freely behaving mice. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 236:86-91. [PMID: 25128723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to environmental temperature is essential for survival in seasonal areas. The mechanisms of adaptation have been studied in vitro, but it has not been quantified in vivo. NEW METHOD The extended Cold Plantar Assay (eCPA) cools the entire testing environment. Once the desired environmental temperature has been reached, a separate focal cold stimulus is applied to the hindpaw and the latency to withdrawal is recorded as a proxy for cold sensitivity. RESULTS Using this technique, we can test the cold responsiveness of freely behaving mice at ambient temperatures ranging from 5°C to 30°C. The responses are consistent and unambiguous, and the environmental temperatures generated are reproducible. We are also able to measure cold responsiveness as animals are in the process of adapting to cold environments. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Existing methods, such as the dynamic cold plate and the 2-plate preference assay test how mice respond to cold environments, but cannot assess how the thresholds for response are changed by acclimation in cold environments. Additionally, the eCPA requires very little specialized equipment, can test many mice at the same time on one apparatus, and has an objective readout. CONCLUSIONS The extended Cold Plantar assay is a significant methodological improvement, allowing the assessment of cold responsiveness in freely behaving mice at a wide range of environmental temperature conditions and during cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Brenner
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sherri K Vogt
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Alvarez P, Levine JD. Screening the role of pronociceptive molecules in a rodent model of endometriosis pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 15:726-33. [PMID: 24755283 PMCID: PMC4119016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic pain is a major symptom in patients with endometriosis, a common gynecologic condition affecting women in their reproductive years. Although many proalgesic substances are produced by endometriosis lesions, experimental evidence supporting their relative roles is still lacking. Furthermore, it is unclear whether these proalgesic agents directly activate nociceptors to induce endometriosis pain. To determine their relative contribution to pain associated with endometriosis, we evaluated the intrathecal administration of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) antisense to messenger RNA for receptors for 3 pronociceptive mediators known to be produced by the ectopic endometrium. Two weeks after the implant of autologous uterine tissue onto the gastrocnemius muscle, local mechanical hyperalgesia was observed in operated rats. Intrathecal antisense ODN targeting messenger RNA for the interleukin 6 receptor-signaling complex subunit glycoprotein 130 and the nerve growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor A, but not their mismatch ODNs, reversibly attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia at the implant site. In contrast, intrathecal antisense ODN targeting the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, at a dose that markedly inhibited intramuscularly injected tumor necrosis factor alpha, had only a small antihyperalgesic effect in this model. These results indicate the relative contribution of pronociceptive mediators produced by ectopic endometrial tissue to endometriosis pain. The experimental approach presented here provides a novel method to evaluate for the differential contribution of mediators produced by other painful lesions as well as endometriosis lesions as targets for novel treatment of pain syndromes. PERSPECTIVE This article presents evidence for the relative contribution of proalgesic mediators to primary hyperalgesia displayed by rats submitted to a model of endometriosis pain. This approach can be used to identify potential targets for the treatment of endometriosis pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alvarez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Traub RJ, Cao DY, Karpowicz J, Pandya S, Ji Y, Dorsey SG, Dessem D. A clinically relevant animal model of temporomandibular disorder and irritable bowel syndrome comorbidity. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 15:956-66. [PMID: 24981128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Temporomandibular disorder and irritable bowel syndrome are comorbid functional chronic pain disorders of unknown etiology that are triggered/exacerbated by stress. Here we present baseline phenotypic characterization of a novel animal model to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms that contribute to such comorbid pain conditions. In this model, chronic visceral hypersensitivity, a defining symptom of irritable bowel syndrome, is dependent on 3 factors: estradiol, existing chronic somatic pain, and stress. In ovariectomized rats, estradiol replacement followed by craniofacial muscle injury and stress induced visceral hypersensitivity that persisted for months. Omission of any 1 factor resulted in a transient (1 week) visceral hypersensitivity from stress alone or no hypersensitivity (no inflammation or estradiol). Maintenance of visceral hypersensitivity was estradiol dependent, resolving when estradiol replacement ceased. Referred cutaneous hypersensitivity was concurrent with visceral hypersensitivity. Increased spinal Fos expression suggests induction of central sensitization. These data demonstrate the development and maintenance of visceral hypersensitivity in estradiol-replaced animals following distal somatic injury and stress that mimics some characteristics reported in patients with temporomandibular disorder and comorbid irritable bowel syndrome. This new animal model is a powerful experimental tool that can be employed to gain further mechanistic insight into overlapping pain conditions. PERSPECTIVE The majority of patients with temporomandibular disorder report symptoms consistent with irritable bowel syndrome. Stress and female prevalence are common to both conditions. In a new experimental paradigm in ovariectomized rats with estradiol replacement, masseter inflammation followed by stress induces visceral hypersensitivity that persists for months, modeling these comorbid pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; UMB Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Dong-Yuan Cao
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jane Karpowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sangeeta Pandya
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yaping Ji
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan G Dorsey
- Department of Organizational Systems and Adult Health, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; UMB Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dean Dessem
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; UMB Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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