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Tsagogiorgas C, Otto M. Semifluorinated Alkanes as New Drug Carriers-An Overview of Potential Medical and Clinical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041211. [PMID: 37111696 PMCID: PMC10146824 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated compounds have been used in clinical and biomedical applications for years. The newer class of semifluorinated alkanes (SFAs) has very interesting physicochemical properties including high gas solubility (e.g., for oxygen) and low surface tensions, such as the well-known perfluorocarbons (PFC). Due to their high propensity to assemble to interfaces, they can be used to formulate a variety of multiphase colloidal systems, including direct and reverse fluorocarbon emulsions, microbubbles and nanoemulsions, gels, dispersions, suspensions and aerosols. In addition, SFAs can dissolve lipophilic drugs and thus be used as new drug carriers or in new formulations. In vitreoretinal surgery and as eye drops, SFAs have become part of daily clinical practice. This review provides brief background information on the fluorinated compounds used in medicine and discusses the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of SFAs. The clinically established use in vitreoretinal surgery and new developments in drug delivery as eye drops are described. The potential clinical applications for oxygen transport by SFAs as pure fluids into the lungs or as intravenous applications of SFA emulsions are presented. Finally, aspects of drug delivery with SFAs as topical, oral, intravenous (systemic) and pulmonary applications as well as protein delivery are covered. This manuscript provides an overview of the (potential) medical applications of semifluorinated alkanes. The databases of PubMed and Medline were searched until January 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Tsagogiorgas
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, St. Elisabethen-Krankenhaus, Teaching Hospital of the University of Frankfurt, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Otto
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Itin C, Komargodski R, Barasch D, Domb AJ, Hoffman A. Prolonged Delivery of Apomorphine Through the Buccal Mucosa, Towards a Noninvasive Sustained Administration Method in Parkinson's Disease: In Vivo Investigations in Pigs. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1824-1833. [PMID: 33333142 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, prolonged systemic delivery of apomorphine via buccal mucosa was shown to be a promising treatment for Parkinson's disease as a substitute for clinically utilized subcutaneous infusions. Due to extensive 'first-pass' metabolism, apomorphine is administered parenterally to bypass liver metabolism. Drawbacks of parenteral administration cause low patient compliance and adherence to treatment. On the other hand, while also bypassing the liver, delivery through buccal mucosa has a superior safety profile, is less costly, lacks pain and discomfort, and possesses excellent accessibility, overall augmenting patient compliance. Current in vivo study in pigs showed: (1) steady plateau levels of apomorphine in plasma were obtained 30 min following administration and remained constant for 8 h until a delivery device was removed, (2) bioavailability of apomorphine was 55%-80% as opposed to <2% peroral and (3) simulation of the pharmacokinetic profile obtained in pigs predicted therapeutically relevant levels of apomorphine in human. Furthermore, antipyrine was incorporated as a permeation marker to enable mechanistic investigation of apomorphine release from the delivery device and its permeation through the buccal mucosa. In addition, limitations of an Ussing diffusion chamber as an ex vivo research tool were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Itin
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rinat Komargodski
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dinorah Barasch
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Abraham J Domb
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Itin C, Barasch D, Domb AJ, Hoffman A. Prolonged oral transmucosal delivery of highly lipophilic drug cannabidiol. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119276. [PMID: 32243971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of drugs through oral mucosa enables bypass of the gastrointestinal tract and "first pass" metabolism in the liver and the gut. Thus, a higher and less variable bioavailability can be obtained. Mechanisms of this administration route for cannabidiol were investigated in the current research in pigs. Results show that cannabidiol has substantially low permeability rate over 8 h through oral mucosa and accumulates significantly within it. Furthermore, following the removal of the delivery device, residual prolongation of release from the oral mucosa into systemic blood circulation continues for several hours. This method of delivery enabled acquisition of clinically relevant plasma levels of cannabidiol. The absorption profile indicates that cannabidiol, as well as other lipophilic molecules, should be delivered through oral mucosa for systemic absorption from a device that conceals the drug and prevents its washout by the saliva flow and subsequent ingestion into gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Itin
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dinorah Barasch
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Abraham J Domb
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Tsagogiorgas C, Anger F, Beck G, Breedijk A, Yard B, Hoeger S. Impact of different emulsifiers on biocompatibility and inflammatory potential of Perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) emulsions for new intravenous drug delivery systems. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:2097-2110. [PMID: 31417241 PMCID: PMC6602054 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s195954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Emulsions on the basis of Perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8), a semifluorinated alkane (SFA), have shown to dissolve and transport highly lipophilic compounds. It is unknown how F6H8-containing emulsions (F6H8-cEM) interact with compartment blood, the reticuloendothelial system (RES), or influence injured organs in vivo. The current study was conducted to investigate the in vitro biocompatibility of F6H8-cEM and their drug delivery properties. Afterward, an in vivo study was performed as a proof-of-concept study in a rat model of acute kidney injury (AKI), which focused on the potential influence of F6H8-cEM on inflammation in an injured organ. Methods Two different F6H8-cEM were stabilized by the emulsifying agents Poloxamer 188 (Pluronic® F68) or lecithin (S75). The two resulting emulsions F6H8-Pluronic or F6H8-lecithin were tested in vitro for the potential modulation of acute inflammation via whole blood assay, FACS, and ELISA. Antioxidant capacity and drug delivery properties were measured with an oxidation assay. Secondly, AKI was induced in the rats, which were treated with the F6H8-lecithin emulsion. Renal function and inflammation were assessed. Results Both F6H8-cEM were phagocytized by monocytes and both dose-dependently affected apoptosis (Annexin V binding) in monocytes. TNF-α expression increased dose-dependency for F6H8-Pluronic emulsion but not for F6H8-lecithin in a whole blood assay. Both F6H8-cEM were able to carry α-tocopherol as a model drug. Animals with AKI treated with the F6H8-lecithin emulsion showed a significantly better renal function and less infiltration of inflammatory cells in renal tissue compared to the control, while inflammatory markers in renal tissue, except HO-1, were not affected by F6H8-lecithin. Conclusions Pluronic® F68 does not seem suitable as a biocompatible surfactant for F6H8-cEM. The injured kidney was not negatively influenced by the F6H8-lecithin emulsion. Lecithin-stabilized F6H8-cEM could be tested for preclinical studies as a carrier system for lipophilic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Tsagogiorgas
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Friedrich Anger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, University of Wuerzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Grietje Beck
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annette Breedijk
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benito Yard
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simone Hoeger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Wei Y, Qiu G, Lei B, Qin L, Chu H, Lu Y, Zhu G, Gao Q, Huang Q, Qian G, Liao P, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li Y, Zheng S, Yu Y, Tang P, Ni J, Yan P, Zhou Y, Li P, Huang X, Gong A, Liu J. Oral Delivery of Propofol with Methoxymethylphosphonic Acid as the Delivery Vehicle. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8580-8590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Wei
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guanpeng Qiu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bailin Lei
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Linlin Qin
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hongzhu Chu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guozhi Zhu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiu Gao
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qingping Huang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guofei Qian
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Liao
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xinfeng Luo
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yao Li
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Suxin Zheng
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pingming Tang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jia Ni
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pangke Yan
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pan Li
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Aisheng Gong
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Meng-Lund E, Jacobsen J, Müllertz A, Jørgensen EB, Holm R. Buccal absorption of diazepam is improved when administered in bioadhesive tablets—An in vivo study in conscious Göttingen mini-pigs. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:125-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Khan S, Trivedi V, Boateng J. Functional physico-chemical, ex vivo permeation and cell viability characterization of omeprazole loaded buccal films for paediatric drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 500:217-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wozniak KM, Vornov JJ, Mistry BM, Wu Y, Rais R, Slusher BS. Gastrointestinal delivery of propofol from fospropofol: its bioavailability and activity in rodents and human volunteers. J Transl Med 2015; 13:170. [PMID: 26021605 PMCID: PMC4448313 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol is a safe and widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, for which additional clinical uses including treatment of migraine, nausea, pain and anxiety have been proposed (Vasileiou et al. Eur J Pharmacol 605:1-8, 2009). However, propofol suffers from several disadvantages as a therapeutic outside anesthesia including its limited aqueous solubility and negligible oral bioavailability. The purpose of the studies described here was to evaluate, in both animals and human volunteers, whether fospropofol (a water soluble phosphate ester prodrug of propofol) would provide higher propofol bioavailability through non-intravenous routes. METHODS Fospropofol was administered via intravenous, oral and intraduodenal routes to rats. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were then evaluated. Based on the promising animal data we subsequently conducted an oral and intraduodenal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study in human volunteers. RESULTS In rats, bioavailability of propofol from fospropofol delivered orally was found to be appreciable, in the order of around 20-70%, depending on dose. Availability was especially marked following fospropofol administration via the intraduodenal route, where bioavailability approximated 100%. Fospropofol itself was not appreciably bioavailable when administered by any route except for intravenous. Pharmacologic effect following oral fospropofol was confirmed by observation of sedation and alleviation of thermal hyperalgesia in the rat chronic constrictive injury model of neuropathic pain. The human data also showed systemic availability of propofol from fospropofol administration via oral routes, a hereto novel finding. Assessment of sedation in human volunteers was correlated with pharmacokinetic measurements. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest potential utility of oral administration of fospropofol for various therapeutic indications previously considered for propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna M Wozniak
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos, Sr. Building, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - James J Vornov
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos, Sr. Building, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Medpace, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Bipin M Mistry
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Center for Veterinary Medicine, FDA, Derwood, MD, USA.
| | - Ying Wu
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos, Sr. Building, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos, Sr. Building, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Eisai Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos, Sr. Building, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Tsagogiorgas C, Theisinger S, Heesch E, Krebs J, Holm R, Beck G, Yard B. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties and anaesthetic effects of propofol in a new perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) emulsion in rats--A comparative study. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:69-76. [PMID: 25797054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a safe and widely used anaesthetic, but due to low water solubility and high lipophilicity a difficult compound to formulate. The solubility of propofol in the semifluorinated alkane perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) is very high (>300 mg/ml). In the present work we investigate if a F6H8-based emulsion could be used as a new intravenous drug delivery system for propofol from a pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety point of view. The pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated after an intravenous bolus injection of either Disoprivan(®) or a F6H8-based propofol emulsion in Wistar rats. The onset and end of sedation after multiple dosings (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg bw) were examined. Clinical chemistry and histology were assessed. No significant difference was found for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters. No differences in the onset nor the end of sedation in the tested dosages could be detected. Histology scores revealed no differences. A slightly increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was measured after multiple application of the F6H8-propofol emulsion. In conclusion, the F6H8-propofol emulsion showed no significant different pharmacokinetics and sedation properties, compared to a commercial soy-based propofol emulsion. Further, no toxic effects could be detected on the F6H8 emulsion indicating it was a safe excipient in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Tsagogiorgas
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | - Elisabeth Heesch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jörg Krebs
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - René Holm
- Biologics and Pharmaceutical Science, H.Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Grietje Beck
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benito Yard
- Department of Medicine V, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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