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Silva P, Silva GMC, Morgado P, Fauré MC, Goldmann M, Filipe EJM. Origin of the central pit in hemimicelles of semifluorinated alkanes: How molecular dipoles and substrate deformation can determine supra-molecular morphology. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:576-583. [PMID: 37956545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Semifluorinated alkanes amphiphiles spontaneously form highly monodispersed hemimicelles at the surface of water. The origin of the formation and complex structure of these surprising supramolecular aggregates were only recently clarified using molecular dynamics simulations (MD). The existence of a pit at the center of these aggregates made up of almost 3000 molecules was indeed reproduced by the MD simulations, but not understood. METHOD A careful strategy of atomistic MD simulations comparing non-electrostatic force fields with force fields that include electrostatic forces, thus bearing an implicit or explicit dipole, allowed demonstrating the roles of dipolar interactions and interactions with the liquid subphase on the morphology of the aggregates. FINDINGS The simulation results clearly show that within the hemimicelles the strong molecular dipoles located at the CH2-CF2 junctions tend to align, leading to a collective shift of the PFAA molecules relatively to each other. This shift is responsible for the curvature of the hemimicelles and originates the central pit, provided the possibility of deforming the surface of the water sub-phase. Comparisons with non-electrostatic force field results further contribute to understand the origin of the self-assembling process. The results directly connect for the first time a molecular property with a mesoscopic structural feature. Given the molecular simplicity of these "primitive" amphiphiles compared to the common hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfactants, the results contribute to understand self-assembly in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Sorbonne Université, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7588, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gonçalo M C Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marie-Claude Fauré
- Sorbonne Université, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7588, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, 45 Rue de Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Michel Goldmann
- Sorbonne Université, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7588, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, 45 Rue de Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP48, 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eduardo J M Filipe
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Tsagogiorgas C, Otto M. Semifluorinated Alkanes as New Drug Carriers-An Overview of Potential Medical and Clinical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041211. [PMID: 37111696 PMCID: PMC10146824 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated compounds have been used in clinical and biomedical applications for years. The newer class of semifluorinated alkanes (SFAs) has very interesting physicochemical properties including high gas solubility (e.g., for oxygen) and low surface tensions, such as the well-known perfluorocarbons (PFC). Due to their high propensity to assemble to interfaces, they can be used to formulate a variety of multiphase colloidal systems, including direct and reverse fluorocarbon emulsions, microbubbles and nanoemulsions, gels, dispersions, suspensions and aerosols. In addition, SFAs can dissolve lipophilic drugs and thus be used as new drug carriers or in new formulations. In vitreoretinal surgery and as eye drops, SFAs have become part of daily clinical practice. This review provides brief background information on the fluorinated compounds used in medicine and discusses the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of SFAs. The clinically established use in vitreoretinal surgery and new developments in drug delivery as eye drops are described. The potential clinical applications for oxygen transport by SFAs as pure fluids into the lungs or as intravenous applications of SFA emulsions are presented. Finally, aspects of drug delivery with SFAs as topical, oral, intravenous (systemic) and pulmonary applications as well as protein delivery are covered. This manuscript provides an overview of the (potential) medical applications of semifluorinated alkanes. The databases of PubMed and Medline were searched until January 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Tsagogiorgas
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, St. Elisabethen-Krankenhaus, Teaching Hospital of the University of Frankfurt, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Otto
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Wang Y, Jiang H, Zhang L, Yao P, Wang S, Yang Q. Nanosystems for oxidative stress regulation in the anti-inflammatory therapy of acute kidney injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1120148. [PMID: 36845189 PMCID: PMC9949729 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1120148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome that results from a rapid decline in renal structure or renal functional impairment with the main pathological feature of sublethal and lethal damage to renal tubular cells. However, many potential therapeutic agents cannot achieve the desired therapeutic effect because of their poor pharmacokinetics and short retention time in the kidneys. With the recent emergence and progress of nanotechnology, nanodrugs with unique physicochemical properties could prolong circulation time, enhance efficient targeted delivery, and elevate the accumulation of therapeutics that can cross the glomerular filtration barrier and indicate comprehensive application prospects in the prevention and treatment of AKI. In this review, various types of nanosystems (such as liposomes, polymeric nanosystems, inorganic nanoparticles and cell-derived extracellular vesicles) are designed and applied to improve the pharmacokinetics of drug formation, which could further relieve the burden on the kidneys caused by the final cumulative dose of drugs in conventional treatments. Moreover, the passive or active targeting effect of nanosystems can also reduce the total therapeutic dose and off-target adverse effects on other organs. Nanodelivery systems for treating AKI that alleviate oxidative stress-induced renal cell damage and regulate the inflammatory kidney microenvironment are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Center of Scientific Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Center of Scientific Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Longyao Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Center of Scientific Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Yao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaoqing Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Shaoqing Wang, ; Qian Yang,
| | - Qian Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Center of Scientific Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Shaoqing Wang, ; Qian Yang,
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Kumar A, Krishna, Sharma A, Dhankhar J, Syeda S, Shrivastava A, Sharma SK. Self‐Assembly and Transport Behaviour of Non‐ionic Fluorinated and Alkylated Amphiphiles for Drug Delivery. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Krishna
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Antara Sharma
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Zoology University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Saima Syeda
- Department of Zoology University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | | | - Sunil K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
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Geo HN, Murugan DD, Chik Z, Norazit A, Foo YY, Leo BF, Teo YY, Kadir SZSBSA, Chan Y, Chai HJ, Medel M, Abdullah NA, Johns EJ, Vicent MJ, Chung LY, Kiew LV. Renal Nano-drug delivery for acute kidney Injury: Current status and future perspectives. J Control Release 2022:S0168-3659(22)00048-7. [PMID: 35085695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes considerable morbidity and mortality, particularly in the case of post-cardiac infarction or kidney transplantation; however, the site-specific accumulation of small molecule reno-protective agents for AKI has often proved ineffective due to dynamic fluid and solute excretion and non-selectivity, which impedes therapeutic efficacy. This article reviews the current status and future trajectories of renal nanomedicine research for AKI management from pharmacological and clinical perspectives, with a particular focus on appraising nanosized drug carrier (NDC) use for the delivery of reno-protective agents of different pharmacological classes and the effectiveness of NDCs in improving renal tissue targeting selectivity and efficacy of said agents. This review reveals the critical shift in the role of the small molecule reno-protective agents in AKI pharmacotherapy - from prophylaxis to treatment - when using NDCs for delivery to the kidney. We also highlight the need to identify the accumulation sites of NDCs carrying reno-protective agents in renal tissues during in vivo assessments and detail the less-explored pharmacological classes of reno-protective agents whose efficacies may be improved via NDC-based delivery. We conclude the paper by outlining the challenges and future perspectives of NDC-based reno-protective agent delivery for better clinical management of AKI.
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Ma S, Guo J, Tian Z, Meng T, Mai Y, Yang J. Multi-directionally evaluating the formation mechanism of 1,4-dihydropyridine drug nanosuspensions through experimental validation and computer-aided drug design. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1587-1597. [PMID: 35037805 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2028824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The poor aqueous solubility of 1,4-dihydropyridine drugs needs to be solved urgently to improve the bioavailability. Nanotechnology can improve drug solubility and dissolution by reducing particle size, but usually a specific polymer or surfactant is required for stabilization. In this study, Poloxamer-407(P-407) was screened as the optimal stabilize through energy simulation, molecular docking and particle size. morphological study, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman, in vitro dissolution test and molecular simulation of interactions were utilized to explore the formation mechanisms of four 1,4-dihydropyridine drugs/P-407 nanosuspensions. The result shows that the optimized nanosuspensions had the particle size in the nano-size range and maintained the original crystal state. The in vitro dissolution rate of the nanosuspension was 3-4 times higher than the corresponding API and could reduce the restriction of drug dissolution in different pH environments. Raman spectroscopy, FTIR and molecular docking simulations provided strong supporting evidence for the formation mechanism of 1,4-dihydropyridine drugs/P-407 nanosuspensions at the molecular level, which confirmed that the stable intermolecular hydrogen bond adsorption and hydrophobic interaction were formed between the drug and P-407. This research will provide practical concepts and technologies, which are helpful to develop nanosuspensions for the same class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160 Shengli South Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P R China
| | - Jueshuo Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160 Shengli South Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P R China
| | - Zonghua Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160 Shengli South Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P R China
| | - Tingting Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160 Shengli South Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P R China
| | - Yaping Mai
- Ningxia Medical University, No.1160 Shengli South Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P R China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No.1160 Shengli South Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P R China
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Syed UT, Dias AM, Crespo J, Brazinha C, de Sousa HC. Studies on the formation and stability of perfluorodecalin nanoemulsions by ultrasound emulsification using novel surfactant systems. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Silva P, Nova D, Teixeira M, Cardoso V, Morgado P, Nunes B, Colaço R, Fauré MC, Fontaine P, Goldmann M, Filipe EJM. Langmuir Films of Perfluorinated Fatty Alcohols: Evidence of Spontaneous Formation of Solid Aggregates at Zero Surface Pressure and Very Low Surface Density. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E2257. [PMID: 33202626 PMCID: PMC7697836 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Langmuir films of two highly fluorinated fatty alcohols, CF3(CF2)12CH2OH (F14OH) and CF3(CF2)16CH2OH (F18OH), were studied. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images of the films transferred at zero surface pressure and low surface density onto the surface of silicon wafers by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique revealed, for the first time, the existence of solid-like domains with well-defined mostly hexagonal (starry) shapes in the case of F18OH, and with an entangled structure of threads in the case of F14OH. A (20:80) molar mixture of the two alcohols displayed a surprising combination of the two patterns: hexagonal domains surrounded by zigzagging threads, clearly demonstrating that the two alcohols segregate during the 2D crystallization process. Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXD) measurements confirmed that the molecules of both alcohols organize in 2D hexagonal lattices. Atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations provide a visualization of the structure of the domains and allow a molecular-level interpretation of the experimental observations. The simulation results clearly showed that perfluorinated alcohols have an intrinsic tendency to aggregate, even at very low surface density. The formed domains are highly organized compared to those of hydrogenated alcohols with similar chain length. Very probably, this tendency is a consequence of the characteristic stiffness of the perfluorinated chains. The diffraction spectrum calculated from the simulation trajectories compares favorably with the experimental spectra, fully validating the simulations and the proposed interpretation. The present results highlight for the first time an inherent tendency of perfluorinated chains to aggregate, even at very low surface density, forming highly organized 2D structures. We believe these findings are important to fully understand related phenomena, such as the formation of hemi-micelles of semifluorinated alkanes at the surface of water and the 2D segregation in mixed Langmuir films of hydrogenated and fluorinated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.S.); (D.N.); (M.T.); (V.C.); (P.M.); (B.N.); (R.C.)
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, UMR 7588 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris CEDEX 05, France; (M.-C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Duarte Nova
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.S.); (D.N.); (M.T.); (V.C.); (P.M.); (B.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Miguel Teixeira
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.S.); (D.N.); (M.T.); (V.C.); (P.M.); (B.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Vitória Cardoso
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.S.); (D.N.); (M.T.); (V.C.); (P.M.); (B.N.); (R.C.)
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, BP48 91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France;
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.S.); (D.N.); (M.T.); (V.C.); (P.M.); (B.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.S.); (D.N.); (M.T.); (V.C.); (P.M.); (B.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Rogério Colaço
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.S.); (D.N.); (M.T.); (V.C.); (P.M.); (B.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Marie-Claude Fauré
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, UMR 7588 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris CEDEX 05, France; (M.-C.F.); (M.G.)
- Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, BP48 91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France;
| | - Michel Goldmann
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, UMR 7588 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris CEDEX 05, France; (M.-C.F.); (M.G.)
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, BP48 91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France;
- Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Eduardo J. M. Filipe
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.S.); (D.N.); (M.T.); (V.C.); (P.M.); (B.N.); (R.C.)
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Huang X, Nisar MF, Wang M, Wang W, Chen L, Lin M, Xu W, Diao Q, Zhong JL. UV-responsive AKBA@ZnO nanoparticles potential for polymorphous light eruption protection and therapy. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 107:110254. [PMID: 31761216 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphous light eruption (PLE) is one of the acquired idiopathic photodermatosis mainly induced by immoderate UV radiation. In order to realize UV protection and medicine administration simultaneously for polymorphous light eruption protection and therapy, Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) loaded Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles of which drug release behavior is UV-controlled has been successfully synthesized. Such nanoparticles can not only reflect UV but also transfer the energy to release AKBA which presents an excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, they are biocompatible to HaCaT cells. As a result, they have a great potential in combining UV protection and medicine administration simultaneously for PLE protection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Institute of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, School of Sports and Health Science, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China; Guizhou Provincical College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.
| | - Muhammad Farrukh Nisar
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Wenhong Wang
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, School of Sports and Health Science, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China; Guizhou Provincical College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing First People's Hospital and Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400011, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing First People's Hospital and Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400011, China
| | - Qingchun Diao
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing First People's Hospital and Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400011, China
| | - Julia Li Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Department of Dermatology, Chongqing First People's Hospital and Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400011, China.
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