NSAIDs increase GM-CSF release by human synoviocytes: comparison with nitric oxide-donating derivatives

Myeloid derived suppressor cells in peripheral blood can be a prognostic factor in canine transitional cell carcinoma

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature cells with immunosuppressive properties found in the tumor microenvironment. MDSCs are divided into two major subsets: polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) and monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs). Both MDSC subsets contribute to the creation of an immunosuppressive environment for tumor progression. In humans, patients with high levels of MDSCs show worse outcomes for several types of cancers. However, the association between MDSCs and clinical features has rarely been investigated in canine studies. In the present study, we measured the proportion of PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs in the peripheral blood and tumor tissue of dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), prostate cancer (PC), transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), lymphoma, and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Additionally, we examined immunosuppressive ability of PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of TCC case on CD4+, CD8+ and interferon-γ+ cells and investigated the relationships of MDSCs with clinical features and outcomes. PMN-MDSCs increased in HCC, PC, TCC, and lymphoma. In contrast, M-MDSCs increased in the TCC. Both PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs exhibited immunosuppressive effects on CD8+, CD4+ and interferon-γ+ cells. In dogs with TCC, lymph node metastasis was associated with high level of PMN-MDSCs but not with M-MDSCs. High levels of both PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs were related to advanced tumor stage. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high levels of both PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs were significantly associated with shorter overall survival. In addition, the Cox proportional hazard regression model showed that M-MDSCs and the tumor stage were independent prognostic factors for TCC. These results suggest that PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs may be involved in tumor progression and could be prognostic factors and promising therapeutic targets in dogs with TCC.

Effect of naproxen on proliferation and differentiation of primary cell cultures isolated from human cartilage tissue

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are applied through oral, injectable or topical routes have been widely used in painful and inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases. The current study aimed to determine whether naproxen, an aryl acetic acid derivative with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, has a toxic effect on human chondrocytes. Samples containing monolayer primary chondrocyte cultures were prepared following resection from osteochondral tissues obtained from patients with gonarthrosis. Cell viability, toxicity and proliferation and levels of stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, a precursor to human prechondrocytes, were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The results from the untreated control group were compared with those of the study groups, where naproxen was administered in varying doses (1-1,000 µM). Surface morphologies of the cells were compared using inverted light and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Treatment groups were compared by analysis of variance with Tukey's honest difference post hoc test. P<0.01 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. The research revealed significant changes to proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in all treatment groups (P<0.01). Naproxen was demonstrated to suppress chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, which may be an important factor to consider when prescribing this medication to patients.

Chondrocyte proliferation, viability and differentiation is declined following administration of methylphenidate utilized for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

PURPOSE

Methylphenidate (MPH) derivative drugs are used because of psychostimulants effects on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. As far as we know, toxic or anti-proliferative effects of MPH against cartilage tissue were not studied in the literature. The present study was carried out to investigate the possible effects of MPH on the proliferation, viability and differentiation of primary human chondrocytes, in vitro.

METHODS

Monolayer primary chondrocyte cultures were prepared using osteochondral tissue obtained from patients who underwent a total knee prosthesis operation. Stock solution of MPH was prepared and aliquots having 1-1000 µM concentrations of the drug was composed. These solutions were applied to the wells containing cultured chondrocyte samples within the well plates. Control groups were composed of pure chondrocyte culture and no solution was added into them. All groups were evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 h in order to determine the possible negative effects of the drug on the chondrocytes. The data were evaluated by Tukey's honestly significantly different test following analysis of variance.

RESULTS

In the group where MPH was applied, it was found that viability, proliferation and stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 protein expression were decreased in comparison to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

It was emphasized that clinicians should not disregard the fact that this drug might suppress chondrocyte cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation.

Assessing the negative impact of phenyl alkanoic acid derivative, a frequently prescribed drug for the suppression of pain and inflammation, on the differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes

Background

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed to relieve pain and inflammation. These NSAIDs have also analgesic effects and can be administered via oral, injectable, and topical routes. During inflammation, a number of synovial mediators and cytokines are released which decrease the pH level of the synovial fluid. Administration of acidic NSAIDs further decreases the pH levels and hence contributes to the destruction of the cartilage. To our knowledge, no cellular-based study regarding the chondrotoxicity of phenyl alkanoic acid derivatives on NSAIDs was conducted before. Thus, the aim of this pioneering study was to examine the effect of frequently prescribed NSAIDs, a phenyl alkanoic acid derivative, flurbiprofen, on the proliferation and differentiation of human primer chondrocyte cultures in vitro.

Methods

Primer chondrocyte cultures were prepared from osteochondral tissue obtained during surgery for gonarthrosis. Samples not exposed to the pharmacological agent were used as the control group. The samples were treated with 1, 10, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 μM of the agent for 24, 48, and 72 h. The cell viability, toxicity, and proliferation were assessed with MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) analysis and prechondrocytic precursor stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) expression using a commercial ELISA kit spectrophotometrically. The surface morphology of the samples in each group was compared using an inverted light microscope and an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). An analysis of variance was used to compare between-group differences. Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) method (95 % confidence interval) was used to evaluate the differences and significance in averages. The alpha significance value was considered <0.01.

Results

Statistically significant cytotoxicity was observed in the treatment groups. NSAID had a significant negative effect on the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes as compared to the control group (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Before administering phenyl alkanoic acid derivatives in the clinical setting, their role in suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes should be taken into account. Thus, caution should be given when prescribing these drugs.

Anti-inflammatory effect of interleukin-10 on human neutrophil respiratory burst involves inhibition of GM-CSF-induced p47PHOX phosphorylation through a decrease in ERK1/2 activity

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) exerts its anti-inflammatory properties by down-regulating polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) functions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via NADPH oxidase. The molecular mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. Partial phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase cytosolic component p47(PHOX) induced by proinflammatory cytokines, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, is essential for priming ROS production by PMN. The aim of this study was to determine whether IL-10 inhibits GM-CSF- and TNFalpha-induced p47(PHOX) phosphorylation and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect. We found that IL-10 selectively inhibited GM-CSF- but not TNFalpha-induced p47PHOX phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. As GM-CSF-induced p47PHOX phosphorylation is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), we tested the effect of IL-10 on this pathway. We found that IL-10 inhibited GM-CSF-induced ERK1/2 activity in an immunocomplex kinase assay. This inhibitory effect was confirmed by analyzing the phosphorylation status of the endogenous substrate of ERK1/2, p90RSK, in intact PMN. Furthermore, IL-10 decreased ROS production by adherent GM-CSF-treated PMN in keeping with the higher ROS production observed in whole blood from IL-10 knockout mice compared to their wild-type counterparts. Together, these results suggest that IL-10 inhibits GM-CSF-induced priming of ROS production by inhibiting p47PHOX phosphorylation through a decrease in ERK1/2 activity. This IL-10 effect could contribute to the tight regulation of NADPH oxidase activity at the inflammatory site.

Nitric oxide-modulating agents for gastrointestinal disorders

Almost 20 years after the identification of the biological role of nitric oxide (NO), the full therapeutic potential of novel agents that mimic the activity of NO or interfere with its synthesis has yet to be realised for utilities involving the gastrointestinal tract. New utilities for classical NO donors, which were used as vasodilators for decades, in the treatment of motility disorders have been explored and a product for treating anal fissure was recently launched. New classes of compounds incorporating a NO-donating moiety into standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the NO-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) or COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donors (CINODs) have also been developed. These have been shown to exhibit reduced gastrointestinal injury in experimental models, and reports on their efficacy and safety in Phase I and II studies are now available. Modulation of the inducible NO synthase isoform that generates excessive NO that can lead to subsequent cytotoxic moieties, such as peroxynitrite, may have therapeutic possibilities in a range of inflammatory diseases of the gut. Likewise, agents that promote the decomposition of peroxynitrite or removal of its other component, superoxide, may also prove to be of use. Further targets for pharmaceutical exploitation are likely to come from both genomic and molecular insights into the processes that regulate the NO system.

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