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He Q, Tan X, Geng S, Du Q, Pei Z, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang Y. Network analysis combined with pharmacological evaluation strategy to reveal the mechanism of Tibetan medicine Wuwei Shexiang pills in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:941013. [PMID: 35924046 PMCID: PMC9340267 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.941013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetan medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine and a significant representative of ethnic medicine in China. Tibetan medicine is gradually recognized by the world for its unique curative effects. Wuwei Shexiang pills (WPW) has been widely used to treat “Zhenbu” disease (Also known as rheumatoid arthritis) in Tibetan medicine, however, its potential bioactive ingredients and mechanism for RA treatment remain unclear. In this study, we used a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), network analysis and experimental validation to elucidate the potential pharmacodynamic substances and mechanisms of WPW in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results showed that songoramine, cheilanthifoline, saussureanine C, acoric acid, arjunolic acid, peraksine, ellagic acid, arjungenin and other 11 components may be the main activities of WPW in the treatment of RA. PIK3CA, AKT, MAPK, IL-6, TNF, MMP1, MMP3, and CDK1 are considered as core targets. PI3K-AKT, MAPK, apoptosis, cell cycle, and other signaling pathways may be the key pathways for WPW to play a role in the treatment of RA. Furthermore, we validated the underlying molecular mechanism of WPW predicted by network analysis and demonstrated its possible mechanism through in vivo animal experiments. It was found that WPW could significantly improve the degree of paw swelling, and reduce ankle joint diameter and arthritis index. Further histomorphological analysis showed that WPW could reduce the degree of synovial tissue inflammation and ankle joint cartilage damage. Meanwhile, WPW could down-regulate the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17, and increase the levels of IL-10 and IL-4 in the serum of AA rats. TUNEL staining confirmed that WPW could significantly promote the apoptosis of synovial cells. Moreover, the immunohistochemical results showed that WPW decreased the expression of PI3K, AKT, MAPK, MMP1, MMP3, CDK1, and Bcl-2, as well as increased the expression of Bax protein. In conclusion, we successfully combined GC-MS, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, network analysis, and experimental validation strategies to elucidate the inhibition of inflammation by WPW in AA model rats via PI3K/AKT, MAPK, cell cycle and apoptotic pathways process. This not only provides new evidence for the study of potential pharmacodynamic substances and the mechanism of WPW in the treatment of RA, but also provides ideas for the study of other Tibetan medicine compound preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiu He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sang Geng
- Affiliated Hospital of University of Tibetan Medicine, University of Tibetan Medicine, Lasa, China
| | - Qinyun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoqing Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang, ; Shaohui Wang,
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang, ; Shaohui Wang,
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Feng W, Liu J, Zhang D, Tan Y, Cheng H, Peng C. Revealing the efficacy-toxicity relationship of Fuzi in treating rheumatoid arthritis by systems pharmacology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23083. [PMID: 34845218 PMCID: PMC8630009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, herbal medicines have played more and more important roles in the healthcare system in the world because of the good efficacy. However, with the increasing use of herbal medicines, the toxicity induced by herbal medicines has become a global issue. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the mechanism behind the efficacy and toxicity of herbal medicines. In this study, using Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) as an example, we adopted a systems pharmacology approach to investigate the mechanism of Fuzi in treating rheumatoid arthritis and in inducing cardiac toxicity and neurotoxicity. The results showed that Fuzi has 25 bioactive compounds that act holistically on 61 targets and 27 pathways to treat rheumatoid arthritis, and modulation of inflammation state is one of the main mechanisms of Fuzi. In addition, the toxicity of Fuzi is linked to 32 compounds that act on 187 targets and 4 pathways, and the targets and pathways can directly modulate the flow of Na+, Ca2+, and K+. We also found out that non-toxic compounds such as myristic acid can act on targets of toxic compounds and therefore may influence the toxicity. The results not only reveal the efficacy and toxicity mechanism of Fuzi, but also add new concept for understanding the toxicity of herbal medicines, i.e., the compounds that are not directly toxic may influence the toxicity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuzhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Wang H, Zhang N, Fang K, Chang X. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis of Rats and Is Accompanied by Metabolic Regulation of the Spleen and Liver. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713799. [PMID: 34539643 PMCID: PMC8440946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is significantly associated with glycolysis. This study used 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an inhibitor of glycolysis, to treat rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and investigate the metabolic regulatory mechanism of glycolysis in the disease. 2-DG significantly alleviated CIA. Metabolomics and transcriptomics, as well as their integrative analysis, detected significant changes in the pathways of bile secretion, cholesterol and linoleic acid metabolism in the plasma, liver and spleen during the CIA process and the opposite changes following 2-DG treatment, whereas the expression of the genes regulating these metabolic pathways were changed only in the spleen. In the rat liver, levels of (S)-5-diphosphomevalonic acid in the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway were significantly decreased during CIA progression and increased following 2-DG treatment, and levels of taurochenodeoxycholic acid in the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway showed the opposite results. In the spleen, levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol glucuronide in bile secretion and 12(S)-leukotriene B4 in arachidonic acid metabolism were significantly decreased during CIA progression and increased following 2-DG treatment. The changes in the gene-metabolite network of bile secretion in the spleen correlated with a decreased plasma L-acetylcarnitine level in CIA rats and an increase following 2-DG treatment. Our analysis suggests the involvement of spleen and liver metabolism in CIA under the control of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Wang
- Medical Research Center of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Clinical Laboratory of Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nanyang Zhang
- Medical Research Center of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Engineering Technology Center For Major Disease Marker, Qingdao, China
| | - Kehua Fang
- Clinical Laboratory of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Engineering Technology Center For Major Disease Marker, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Disease and Gout, Qingdao, China
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Trejo Rodríguez IS, Alcántara Quintana LE, Algara Suarez P, Ruiz Cabrera MA, Grajales Lagunes A. Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Capacity, Prebiotic Activity and Anticancer Potential in Human Cells of Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus) Seed Flour. Molecules 2021; 26:4854. [PMID: 34443442 PMCID: PMC8398192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The general aim of this study was to evaluate physicochemical properties, prebiotic activity and anticancer potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed flour. The drying processes of jackfruit seeds were performed at 50, 60 and 70 °C in order to choose the optimal temperature for obtaining the flour based on drying time, polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. The experimental values of the moisture ratio during jackfruit seed drying at different temperatures were obtained using Page's equation to establish the drying time for the required moisture between 5 and 7% in the flour. The temperature of 60 °C was considered adequate for obtaining good flour and for performing its characterization. The chemical composition, total dietary fiber, functional properties and antioxidant capacity were then examined in the flour. The seed flour contains carbohydrates (73.87 g/100 g), dietary fiber (31 g/100 g), protein (14 g/100 g) and lipids (1 g/100 g). The lipid profile showed that the flour contained monounsaturated (4 g/100 g) and polyunsaturated (46 g/100 g) fatty acids. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were found to be the predominant soluble sugars, and non-digestible oligosaccharides like 1-kestose were also found. The total polyphenol content was 2.42 mg of gallic acid/g of the sample; furthermore, the antioxidant capacity obtained by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was 901.45 µmol Trolox/100 g and 1607.87 µmol Trolox/100 g, respectively. The obtained flour exhibited good functional properties, such as water and oil absorption capacity, swelling power and emulsifier capacity. Additionally, this flour had a protective and preventive effect which is associated with the potential prebiotic activity in Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum. These results demonstrate that jackfruit seed flour has good nutritional value and antioxidant and prebiotic activity, as well as potential protective effects and functional properties, making it an attractive food or ingredient in developing innovative functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibna Suli Trejo Rodríguez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.S.T.R.); (M.A.R.C.)
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78240, Mexico; (L.E.A.Q.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Luz Eugenia Alcántara Quintana
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78240, Mexico; (L.E.A.Q.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Paola Algara Suarez
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78240, Mexico; (L.E.A.Q.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Miguel Angel Ruiz Cabrera
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.S.T.R.); (M.A.R.C.)
| | - Alicia Grajales Lagunes
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.S.T.R.); (M.A.R.C.)
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Fatty Acids and Oxylipins in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis-a Complex Field with Significant Potential for Future Treatments. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:41. [PMID: 33913032 PMCID: PMC8081702 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are characterized by abnormal lipid metabolism manifested as altered fatty acid (FA) profiles of synovial fluid and tissues and in the way dietary FA supplements can influence the symptoms of especially RA. In addition to classic eicosanoids, the potential roles of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA)-derived specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) have become the focus of intensive research. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the roles of FA and oxylipins in the degradation or protection of synovial joints. Recent Findings There exists discordance between the large body of literature from cell culture and animal experiments on the adverse and beneficial effects of individual FA and the lack of effective treatments for joint destruction in OA and RA patients. Saturated 16:0 and 18:0 induce mostly deleterious effects, while long-chain n-3 PUFA, especially 20:5n-3, have positive influence on joint health. The situation can be more complex for n-6 PUFA, such as 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, and its derivative prostaglandin E2, with a combination of potentially adverse and beneficial effects. SPM analogs have future potential as analgesics for arthritic pain. Summary Alterations in FA profiles and their potential implications in SPM production may affect joint lubrication, synovial inflammation, pannus formation, as well as cartilage and bone degradation and contribute to the pathogeneses of inflammatory joint diseases. Further research directions include high-quality randomized controlled trials on dietary FA supplements and investigations on the significance of lipid composition of microvesicle membrane and cargo in joint diseases.
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Li WH, Guo BF, Peng QL, Yao WY, Gong DH, Ding WJ. Assessment of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of Gastrodia elata (tian-ma) and Radix aconitic lateralis preparata (fu-zi) via network pharmacology and untargeted metabolomics analyses. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:380-390. [PMID: 33523580 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gastrodia elata and Radix aconiti lateralis preparrata are respectively named as Tian-Ma and Fu-Zi (TF) in Chinese. We explored the active components against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from an extensively used couplet of Chinese herbs, Gastrodia elata and Radix aconiti lateralis preparata (TF) via untargeted metabolomics and network pharmacological approaches. METHODS Water extracts of TF were mixed at ratios 1:1, 3:2 and 2:3 (w/w). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was then utilized as metabolomics screening. Human Metabolome (http://www.hmdb.ca/) and Lipidmaps (http://www.lipidmaps.org/) databases were used to annotate detected compounds. Further identification of vital genes and important pathways associated with the anti-RA properties of the TF preparations was done via network pharmacology, and verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Four key compounds involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and isoflavonoid biosynthesis were identified through metabolomics analyses. Three key components of TF associated with anti-RA activity were linoleic acid, daidzein, and daidzin. Results of RT-qPCR revealed that all 3 tested TF couplets (1:1, 3:2, and 2:3) markedly suppressed the transcription of PTGS2. These results were consistent with our network pharmacological predictions. CONCLUSIONS The anti-RA properties of Tian-Ma and Fu-Zi are associated with the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Bijie Medical College, Bijie, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Hong Li
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bu-Fa Guo
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Bijie Medical College, Bijie, China
| | - Qi-Lun Peng
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Bijie Medical College, Bijie, China
| | - Wei-Yi Yao
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Di-Hong Gong
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Jun Ding
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Kfoury N, Baydakov E, Gankin Y, Robbat A. Differentiation of key biomarkers in tea infusions using a target/nontarget gas chromatography/mass spectrometry workflow. Food Res Int 2018; 113:414-423. [PMID: 30195536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Climatic conditions affect the chemical composition of edible crops, which can impact flavor, nutrition and overall consumer preferences. To understand these effects new data analysis software capable of tracking hundreds of compounds across years of samples under various environmental conditions is needed. Our recently developed mass spectral (MS) subtraction algorithms have been used with spectral deconvolution to efficiently analyze complex samples by 2-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-GC/MS). In this paper, we address the accuracy of identifying target and nontarget compounds by GC/MS. Findings indicate that Yunnan tea contains higher concentrations of floral compounds. In contrast, Fujian tea contains higher concentrations of compounds that exhibit fruity characteristics, but contains much less monoterpenes. Principal components analysis shows that seasonal changes in climate impact tea plants similarly despite location differences. For example, spring teas contained more of the sweet, floral and fruity compounds compared to summer teas, which had higher concentrations of green, woody, herbal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kfoury
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite G700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Yuriy Gankin
- EPAM Systems, 41 University Drive, Newtown, PA 18940, USA
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite G700, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Shan Z, Luo ZP, Shen X, Chen L. Promotion of fracture healing by conjugated linoleic acid in rats. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2018; 25:2309499017718910. [PMID: 28735560 DOI: 10.1177/2309499017718910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of fracture healing in Tibetans is significantly superior to Chinese Hans, which may attribute to factors from diet, altitude to physical conditions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is an important ingredient in Tibetan diet, playing a role in antioxidation, antiatherosclerosis, and decrease in body fat accumulation. Methods: This study further quantified CLA effect in fracture healing in rats using combined structural evaluation (X-ray and micro-computed tomography), biomechanical test, and histological examination. RESULTS CLA could promote fracture healing with quicker development of trabecular connection, network and thickening and were more active at the stage of bony union and remodeling. The load to failure could reach 78.12 ± 10.03 N, 41.4% stronger than the control by week 6 ( p = 0.0209). CONCLUSIONS CLA improved the quality and mechanical strength of fracture healing in rats callus. The information may offer insight in development of new therapeutic strategies of fracture healing for general populations beyond Tibetans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshu Shan
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Ping Luo
- 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Shen
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Alakpa EV, Burgess KEV, Chung P, Riehle MO, Gadegaard N, Dalby MJ, Cusack M. Nacre Topography Produces Higher Crystallinity in Bone than Chemically Induced Osteogenesis. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6717-6727. [PMID: 28665112 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is counterintuitive that invertebrate shells can induce bone formation, yet nacre, or mother of pearl, from marine shells is both osteoinductive and osteointegrative. Nacre is composed of aragonite (calcium carbonate) and induces production of vertebrate bone (calcium phosphate). Exploited by the Mayans for dental implants, this remarkable phenomenon has been confirmed in vitro and in vivo, yet the characteristic of nacre that induces bone formation remains unknown. By isolating nacre topography from its inherent chemistry in the production of polycaprolactone (PCL) nacre replica, we show that, for mesenchymal stem cells, nacre topography is osteoinductive. Gene expression of specific bone marker proteins, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osterix, is increased 10-, 2-, 1.7-, and 1.8-fold, respectively, when compared to planar PCL. Furthermore, we demonstrate that bone tissue that forms in response to the physical topographical features of nacre has a higher crystallinity than bone formed in response to chemical cues with a full width half-maximum for PO43- Raman shift of 7.6 ± 0.7 for mineral produced in response to nacre replica compared to a much broader 34.6 ± 10.1 in response to standard osteoinductive medium. These differences in mineral product are underpinned by differences in cellular metabolism. This observation can be exploited in the design of bone therapies; a matter that is most pressing in light of a rapidly aging human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enateri V Alakpa
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow , Gregory Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl E V Burgess
- Scottish Polyomics Facility, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chung
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow , Gregory Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis O Riehle
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew John Dalby
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maggie Cusack
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling , Cottrell Building, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
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Vernon K, Cloy S, Boone L, Coverdale J, Jenkins T, Sharp J. Dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in horses: establishment of baseline values on bone turnover, synovial prostaglandin E 2, and gait kinematics. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown anti-inflammatory effects in laboratory and food animal species by modulating production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), reducing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Bone remodelling may also be affected by CLA. Thus, CLA may reduce inflammation consistent with joint disease. Effects of CLA supplementation in horses have not been previously reported. This study aimed to determine baseline values of CLA supplementation on bone turnover, synovial PGE2 and gait kinematics in mature, idle horses. It was not expected that CLA would affect bone metabolism or gait kinematics in this animal model, as COX2 pathway should not be upregulated. In a crossover study, 12 mature mares were blocked by breed, age, and body condition score and separated into two treatment groups (n=6 per group) fed CLA or corn oil (CO; isocaloric control) for two 6-week feeding periods, separated by a 4-week period when oil treatment was withheld. Corn oil or CLA supplement (55% mixed CLA isomers) was incorporated into diets at 0.01% body weight/day. Blood and synovial fluid samples were collected before (day 0) and after (day 42) each feeding period for evaluation of serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and synovial PGE2. Stride length and fetlock flexion and extension were captured on day 0 and 42 of period 1. ANOVA was conducted to compare the response of BAP, DPD, and PGE2 of CLA-treated and control mares. Kinematic data were analysed with Student t-tests. Dietary CLA supplementation did not affect serum BAP or DPD, synovial PGE2, or stride length (all P>0.05). This study provides a baseline for CLA supplementation on bone metabolism and gait kinematics in horses; CLA supplementation in horses at varying levels of growth, exercise, and progression of joint disease may now be more revealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.L. Vernon
- Department of Animal Science, Clemson University, 135 Poole Ag Ctr., Clemson, SC 29634-0311, USA
| | - S. Cloy
- Department of Animal Science, Clemson University, 135 Poole Ag Ctr., Clemson, SC 29634-0311, USA
| | - L.H. Boone
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J.A. Coverdale
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - T.C. Jenkins
- Department of Animal Science, Clemson University, 135 Poole Ag Ctr., Clemson, SC 29634-0311, USA
| | - J.L. Sharp
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1877, USA
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CLA Has a Useful Effect on Bone Markers in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Lipids 2016; 51:1397-1405. [PMID: 27815799 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic, chronic disease which may increase the risk of osteoporosis. This study was carried out in order to examine the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on bone markers in rheumatoid arthritis disease which is the most common autoimmune disease. The present study is a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Subjects included 52 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who were divided into two groups. Group I received standard treatment plus 2 daily 1.25 g capsules (Containing about 2 g of 9-cis 11-trans isomer and 10-cis 12-trans isomer in ratio of 50 -50 CLA in glycerinated form), Group II received standard treatment plus 2 Placebo 1.25 g capsules containing sunflower oil with high oleic acid. Telopeptides C, osteocalcin, and MMP3 were analyzed by ELISA method, PGE2 was done by competitive enzymatic immunoassay method, and IGF-1 was analyzed by the IRMA method based on the sandwich method and ALK-P of bone. Before and after the intervention, the questionnaires about general information, nutrition assessment and medical history were filled out by the subjects. Nutritional assessment was done by a 24-h record questionnaire for the three-day diet. The results were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18). FINDINGS There was no significant difference between the groups in enzyme activity of ALK-P of bone, PGE2 and MMP3 variables. However, differences between the two groups in terms of activity of telopeptides C, Osteocalcin, and IGF1 were significant (P < 0.05). CLA has a potentially beneficial effect on bone markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, in order to study the effect of CLA on bone health in patients with RA and all patients with autoimmune and bone diseases more studies with longer duration and evaluation of bone mass density are required.
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Kim Y, Kelly OJ, Ilich JZ. Synergism of α-linolenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid and calcium in decreasing adipocyte and increasing osteoblast cell growth. Lipids 2013; 48:787-802. [PMID: 23757205 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whole fat milk and dairy products (although providing more energy compared to low- or non-fat products), are good sources of α-linolenic acid (ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and calcium, which may be favorable in modulating bone and adipose tissue metabolism. We examined individual and/or synergistic effects of ALA, CLA and calcium (at levels similar to those in whole milk/dairy products) in regulating bone and adipose cell growth. ST2 stromal, MC3T3-L1 adipocyte-like and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were treated with: (a) linoleic acid (LNA):ALA ratios = 1-5:1; (b) individual/combined 80-90 % c9, t11 (9,11) and 5-10 % t10, c12 (10,12) CLA isomers; (c) 0.5-3.0 mM calcium; (d) combinations of (a), (b), (c); and (e) control. Local mediators, including eicosanoids and growth factors, were measured. (a) The optimal effect was found at the 4:1 LNA:ALA ratio where insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) production was the lowest in MC3T3-L1 cells. (b) All CLA isomer blends decreased MC3T3-L1 and increased MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. (c) 1.5-2.5 mM calcium increased ST2 and MC3T3-E1, and decreased MC3T3-L1 cell proliferation. (d) Combination of 4:1 LNA:ALA + 90:10 % CLA + 2.0 mM calcium lowered MC3T3-L1 and increased MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Overall, the optimal LNA:ALA ratio to enhance osteoblastogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis was 4:1. This effect was enhanced by 90:10 % CLA + 2.0 mM calcium, indicating possible synergism of these dietary factors in promoting osteoblast and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Kim
- Bayer CropScience Ltd., Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-979, South Korea
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Phospholipases of mineralization competent cells and matrix vesicles: roles in physiological and pathological mineralizations. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5036-129. [PMID: 23455471 PMCID: PMC3634480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to systematically and critically analyze the current knowledge on phospholipases and their role in physiological and pathological mineralization undertaken by mineralization competent cells. Cellular lipid metabolism plays an important role in biological mineralization. The physiological mechanisms of mineralization are likely to take place in tissues other than in bones and teeth under specific pathological conditions. For instance, vascular calcification in arteries of patients with renal failure, diabetes mellitus or atherosclerosis recapitulates the mechanisms of bone formation. Osteoporosis—a bone resorbing disease—and rheumatoid arthritis originating from the inflammation in the synovium are also affected by cellular lipid metabolism. The focus is on the lipid metabolism due to the effects of dietary lipids on bone health. These and other phenomena indicate that phospholipases may participate in bone remodelling as evidenced by their expression in smooth muscle cells, in bone forming osteoblasts, chondrocytes and in bone resorbing osteoclasts. Among various enzymes involved, phospholipases A1 or A2, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, autotaxin and sphingomyelinase are engaged in membrane lipid remodelling during early stages of mineralization and cell maturation in mineralization-competent cells. Numerous experimental evidences suggested that phospholipases exert their action at various stages of mineralization by affecting intracellular signaling and cell differentiation. The lipid metabolites—such as arachidonic acid, lysophospholipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in cell signaling and inflammation reactions. Phospholipases are also important members of the cellular machinery engaged in matrix vesicle (MV) biogenesis and exocytosis. They may favour mineral formation inside MVs, may catalyse MV membrane breakdown necessary for the release of mineral deposits into extracellular matrix (ECM), or participate in hydrolysis of ECM. The biological functions of phospholipases are discussed from the perspective of animal and cellular knockout models, as well as disease implications, development of potent inhibitors and therapeutic interventions.
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Abstract
The primary purpose of the present review was to determine if the scientific evidence available for potential human health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is sufficient to support health claims on foods based on milk naturally enriched with cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA). A search of the scientific literature was conducted and showed that almost all the promising research results that have emerged in relation to cancer, heart health, obesity, diabetes and bone health have been in animal models or in vitro. Most human intervention studies have utilised synthetic CLA supplements, usually a 50:50 blend of c9, t11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA). Of these studies, the only evidence that is broadly consistent is an effect on body fat and weight reduction. A previous review of the relevant studies found that 3.2 g CLA/d resulted in a modest body fat loss in human subjects of about 0.09 kg/week, but this effect was attributed to the t10, c12-CLA isomer. There is no evidence of a consistent benefit of c9, t11-CLA on any health conditions; and in fact both synthetic isomers, particularly t10, c12-CLA, have been suspected of having pro-diabetic effects in individuals who are already at risk of developing diabetes. Four published intervention studies using naturally enriched CLA products were identified; however, the results were inconclusive. This may be partly due to the differences in the concentration of CLA administered in animal and human studies. In conclusion, further substantiation of the scientific evidence relating to CLA and human health benefits are required before health claims can be confirmed.
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Jutzeler van Wijlen RP. Long-term conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans - effects on body composition and safety. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Park Y, Terk M, Park Y. Interaction between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and calcium supplementation affecting bone and fat mass. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:268-78. [PMID: 20697754 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown wide biologically beneficial effects, such as anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, and antiobesity effects. However, the effects of CLA on total body ash, reflective of bone mineral content, have not been consistent. We hypothesized that the inconsistency of the CLA effect on ash may be linked to interaction between CLA and dietary calcium levels. Thus, we investigated the effects of CLA on body ash in conjunction with various calcium levels. Male ICR mice were fed three different levels of calcium (0.01, 0.5, and 1%) with or without 0.5% CLA for 4 weeks for Experiment 1 and separate CLA isomers at 0.22% level with 1% calcium in Experiment 2. CLA feeding reduced body fat regardless of dietary calcium level, whereas CLA supplementation increased body ash compared to control only in animals fed the 1% calcium. In Experiment 2 it was confirmed that this observation was associated with the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer, but not with the cis-9, trans-11 isomer. CLA administration with 1% dietary calcium significantly improved total ash percent (%) in femurs, confirming that CLA has the potential to be used to improve bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooheon Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 100 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Kee JI, Ganesan P, Kwak HS. Bioactive Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Milk. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2010. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.6.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ierna M, Kerr A, Scales H, Berge K, Griinari M. Supplementation of diet with krill oil protects against experimental rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:136. [PMID: 20587038 PMCID: PMC2907316 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the efficacy of standard fish oil has been the subject of research in arthritis, the effect of krill oil in this disease has yet to be investigated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate a standardised preparation of krill oil and fish oil in an animal model for arthritis. METHODS Collagen-induced arthritis susceptible DBA/1 mice were provided ad libitum access to a control diet or diets supplemented with either krill oil or fish oil throughout the study. There were 14 mice in each of the 3 treatment groups. The level of EPA + DHA was 0.44 g/100 g in the krill oil diet and 0.47 g/100 g in the fish oil diet. Severity of arthritis was determined using a clinical scoring system. Arthritis joints were analysed by histopathology and graded. Serum samples were obtained at the end of the study and the levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17 and TGF-beta were determined by a Luminex assay system. RESULTS Consumption of krill oil and supplemented diet significantly reduced the arthritis scores and hind paw swelling when compared to a control diet not supplemented with EPA and DHA. However, the arthritis score during the late phase of the study was only significantly reduced after krill oil administration. Furthermore, mice fed the krill oil diet demonstrated lower infiltration of inflammatory cells into the joint and synovial layer hyperplasia, when compared to control. Inclusion of fish oil and krill oil in the diets led to a significant reduction in hyperplasia and total histology score. Krill oil did not modulate the levels of serum cytokines whereas consumption of fish oil increased the levels of IL-1alpha and IL-13. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that krill oil may be a useful intervention strategy against the clinical and histopathological signs of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ierna
- MD Biosciences Gmbh Postfach, Gewerbestrasse 9, 8132 Egg b Zürich, Switzerland
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Racine NM, Watras AC, Carrel AL, Allen DB, McVean JJ, Clark RR, O'Brien AR, O'Shea M, Scott CE, Schoeller DA. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1157-64. [PMID: 20200257 PMCID: PMC2854896 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a supplemental dietary fatty acid that decreases fat mass accretion in young animals. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine CLA's efficacy with regard to change in fat and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) in children. DESIGN We conducted a 7 +/- 0.5-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of CLA in 62 prepubertal children aged 6-10 y who were overweight or obese but otherwise healthy. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive 3 g/d of 80% CLA (50:50 cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 isomers) or placebo in chocolate milk. RESULTS Fifty-three subjects completed the trial (n = 28 in the CLA group, n = 25 in the placebo group). CLA attenuated the increase in BMI (0.5 +/- 0.8) compared with placebo (1.1 +/- 1.1) (P = 0.05). The percentage change in body fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was smaller (P = 0.001) in the CLA group (-0.5 +/- 2.1%) than in the placebo group (1.3 +/- 1.8%). The change in abdominal body fat as a percentage of total body weight was smaller (P = 0.02) in the CLA group (-0.09 +/- 0.9%) than in the placebo group (0.43 +/- 0.6%). There were no significant changes in plasma glucose, insulin, or LDL cholesterol between groups. Plasma HDL cholesterol decreased significantly more (P = 0.05) in the CLA group (-5.1 +/- 7.3 mg/dL) than in the placebo group (-0.7 +/- 8 mg/dL). Bone mineral accretion was lower (P = 0.04) in the CLA group (0.05 +/- 0.03 kg) than in the placebo group (0.07 +/- 0.03 kg). Reported gastrointestinal symptoms did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS CLA supplementation for 7 +/- 0.5 mo decreased body fatness in 6-10-y-old children who were overweight or obese but did not improve plasma lipids or glucose and decreased HDL more than in the placebo group. Long-term investigation of the safety and efficacy of CLA supplementation in children is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Racine
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Benjamin S, Spener F. Conjugated linoleic acids as functional food: an insight into their health benefits. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:36. [PMID: 19761624 PMCID: PMC2754987 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates the health benefits of the functional food, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) - a heterogeneous group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid predominantly found in milk, milk products, meat and meat products of ruminants. During the past couple of decades, hundreds of reports - principally based on in vitro, microbial, animal, and of late clinical trials on humans - have been accumulating with varying biological activities of CLA isomers. These studies highlight that CLA, apart form the classical nuclear transcription factors-mediated mechanism of action, appear to exhibit a number of inter-dependent molecular signalling pathways accounting for their reported health benefits. Such benefits relate to anti-obesitic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetagenic, immunomodulatory, apoptotic and osteosynthetic effects. On the other hand, negative effects of CLA have been reported such as fatty liver and spleen, induction of colon carcinogenesis and hyperproinsulinaemia. As far as human consumption is concerned, a definite conclusion for CLA safety has not been reached yet. Parameters such as administration of the type of CLA isomer and/or their combination with other polyunsaturated fatty acids, mode of administration (eg., as free fatty acid or its triglyceride form, liquid or solid), daily dose and duration of consumption, gender, age, or ethnic and geographical backgrounds remain to be determined. Yet, it appears from trials so far conducted that CLA are functional food having prevailing beneficial health effects for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailas Benjamin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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ARYAEIAN N, SHAHRAM F, DJALALI M, ESHRAGIAN MR, DJAZAYERI A, SARRAFNEJAD A, SALIMZADEH A, NADERI N, MARYAM C. Effect of conjugated linoleic acids, vitamin E and their combination on the clinical outcome of Iranian adults with active rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2009; 12:20-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2009.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Park JG, Song WH, Hong SM, Kim CH. Production of Conjugated Linoleic Acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus Isolated from Breast-Fed Infants. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2008. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2008.28.5.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Park Y, Pariza M, Park Y. Cosupplementation of Dietary Calcium and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Improves Bone Mass in Mice. J Food Sci 2008; 73:C556-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oxidative Stability of Polyunsaturated Triacylglycerols Encapsulated in Oleaginous Yeast. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-008-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim Y, Cerbo R, Hah C, Bahn K, Kim J, Ha Y. Growth Inhibition of Osteosarcoma Cell MG-63 by a Mixture of trans,trans Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers: Possible Mechanistic Actions. J Food Sci 2007; 73:T7-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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