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Pant S, Kumar K R, Rana P, Anthwal T, Ali SM, Gupta M, Chauhan M, Nain S. Novel Substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Synthesis, Biological, and Molecular Docking Studies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:783-797. [PMID: 38320262 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The most frequent type of age-related dementia is Alzheimer's disease. To discover novel therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease, a series of substituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anti-Alzheimer's activity. All the synthesized compounds were validated by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and HRMS to assess the structural conformance of the newly synthesized compounds. The synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their in vivo acute toxicity study. Evaluation of acute toxicity showed that none of the synthesized compounds showed toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg. After in vivo acute toxicity studies, the compounds were subjected to behavioral and biochemical studies. Compound N4-(4-chlorophenyl)-N2-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 5b (SP-2) displayed an excellent anti-Alzheimer's profile, while the rest of the compounds showed satisfactory results in comparison to donepezil. Docking studies confirmed the results obtained through in vivo experiments and showed that 5b (SP-2) showed a similar interaction to that of donepezil. Further, in silico molecular property predictions showed that 5b (SP-2) possesses favorable drug-likeness and ADME properties for CNS activity. These results implied that 5b could serve as an appropriate lead molecule for the development of anti-Alzheimer's agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pant
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar K
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering and Technology, VTU, Mysuru, Karnataka 570028, India
| | - Preeti Rana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balangar, Hyderabad 500064, india
| | - Tulika Anthwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Syed Mastan Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
| | - Mohan Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Monika Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Sumitra Nain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
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Moazzam F, Hatamian-Zarmi A, Ebrahimi Hosseinzadeh B, Khodagholi F, Rooki M, Rashidi F. Preparation and characterization of brain-targeted polymeric nanocarriers (Frankincense-PMBN-lactoferrin) and in-vivo evaluation on an Alzheimer's disease-like rat model induced by scopolamine. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148622. [PMID: 37832760 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have demonstrated that frankincense may offer protection against scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease by mitigating cholinergic dysfunction and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. Nevertheless, its instability and limited water solubility lead to diminished medicinal efficacy. In this study, we utilized PMBN (poly [MPC-co-(BMA)-co-(MEONP)]) as a nanocarrier for targeted brain drug delivery of frankincense, employing lactoferrin as a ligand for precise targeting. Characterization of nanoparticle properties was conducted through FTIR and FESEM analysis, and the in-vitro drug release percentage from the nanoparticles was quantified. To induce Alzheimer's-like dementia in rats, scopolamine was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Subsequently, behavioral assessments (Y-maze, passive avoidance test, tail suspension test) were performed, followed by evaluations of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and brain histopathology at the conclusion of the treatment period. The results revealed that the nanoparticles had a size of 106.6 nm and a zeta potential of -3.8 mV. The maximum release of frankincense in the PBS environment from PMBN nanoparticles was 18.2 %, in accordance with the Peppas model. Behavioral tests indicated that targeted drug nanoparticles (F-PMBN-Lf) exhibited the capability to alleviate stress and depression while enhancing short-term memory in scopolamine-induced animals. Additionally, F-PMBN-Lf counteracted the scopolamine-induced elevation of AChE activity and GSH levels. However, it resulted in decreased activity of the antioxidant enzyme CAT compared to the scopolamine group. Histological analysis of brain tissue suggested that F-PMBN-Lf exerted a notable neuroprotective effect, preserving neuronal cells in contrast to the scopolamine-induced group. It appears that the polymer nanoparticles containing this plant extract have introduced a novel neuroprotective approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Moazzam
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashrafalsadat Hatamian-Zarmi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ebrahimi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Rooki
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemehsadat Rashidi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kandeda AK, Nguedia D, Djeuzong E, Kouamouo J, Dimo T. An aqueous macerate of Ziziphus jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose treated rats: role of anti-inflammatory pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2995-3009. [PMID: 35922734 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatments against Alzheimer disease provide only symptomatic relief and are associated with numerous side effects. Previous studies showed that a concoction of Ziziphus jujuba leaves possesses anti-amnesic effects in scopolamine-treated rats. More recently, an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba leaves has been shown to reduce short-term memory impairment in D-galactose-treated rats. However, no study on the effect of an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba on long-term memory impairment was performed. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of an aqueous macerate of Z. jujuba on long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose-treated rats. Long-term spatial memory impairment was induced in rats by administering D-galactose (350 mg/kg/day, s.c.), once dailyfor 21 days. On the 22nd day, the integrity of this memory was assessed using the Morris water maze task. Rats that developed memory impairment were treated with tacrine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), or aspirin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), or extract (41.5, 83, and 166 mg/kg, p.o.), once daily, for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, memory impairment was once more assessed using the same paradigm. Animals were then euthanized, and some pro-inflammatory cytokine markers were analyzed in the hippocampus or blood. The extract at all doses significantly reduced the latency to attain the platforming of the water maze test. The extract (83 mg/kg) also increased the time spent in the target quadrant during the retention phase. The extract markedly reduced the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine markers in the hippocampus and blood. Together, these results suggest that this aqueous extract Z. jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment. This effect may be mediated in part by its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon.
| | - Danide Nguedia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Etienne Djeuzong
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Jonas Kouamouo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
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Anand A, Khurana N, Ali N, AlAsmari AF, Alharbi M, Waseem M, Sharma N. Ameliorative effect of vanillin on scopolamine-induced dementia-like cognitive impairment in a mouse model. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1005972. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1005972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which is among the top five causes of death in the United States. It is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes permanent loss of memory and cognition. The current pharmacotherapy for AD is based on providing symptomatic relief only and has many side effects. There is a need for a safer, disease-modifying drug for the treatment of AD.Experimental approachThe PASS online software was used to screen phytoconstituents based on their predicted effects on various AD-related targets. Vanillin was selected as the compound of interest, as it has not been researched elaborately on any animal model of AD. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of vanillin was established in vitro. Thereafter, ameliorative effect of vanillin was evaluated using the exteroceptive memory model in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment mice model.ResultsVanillin showed an acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in vitro, and the IC50 value was calculated to be 0.033 mM. Vanillin significantly reversed the memory and behavioral deficits caused by scopolamine as demonstrated by significant improvement in memory in negative reinforcement, elevated plus maze, and spatial learning paradigms. Vanillin also proved to have a nootropic effect. Also, vanillin proved to have significantly better antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects in vivo than donepezil hydrochloride. The potential anti-AD activity of vanillin was also confirmed by the reduction in IL-6 levels and TNF-α levels.ConclusionOur results suggest that vanillin is a safe and effective natural drug candidate having a great potential for the treatment of AD. However, more research is required to evaluate its effect on A beta plaques and Tau neurofibrillary tangles in vivo.
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Ogunsuyi OB, Omage FB, Ijomone OM, Oboh G, Rocha JBT. Effect of chlorogenic acid plus donepezil on critical neurocortical enzyme activities, inflammatory markers, and synaptophysin immunoreactivity in scopolamine-assaulted rats, supported by multiple ligand simultaneous docking. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14312. [PMID: 35791518 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chlorogenic acid (a natural phenolic acid ubiquitous in plant foods) on selected therapeutic properties of donepezil (DON) in a scopolamine (SCOP)-induced rat model of amnesia was the focus of this study. Adult albino (Wister strain) rats were allocated into five groups (n = 11) consisting of control, SCOP, SCOP + chlorogenic acid (CGA), SCOP + DON, and SCOP + CGA + DON for 7 days. Post-treatment, the rat brain cerebral cortex homogenate was assayed for cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities. Also, the reactive oxygen species, total thiol and nitric oxide contents, alongside catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were determined. Routine histology for neuronal and glial cells as well as synaptophysin immunoreactivity was also carried out on the cerebral cortex. Thereafter, multiple ligand simultaneous docking was carried out for DON and CGA at the active sites of AChE and BChE. The results revealed that the biochemical parameters, glial cells, and synaptophysin immunoreactivity were significantly impaired in the cerebral cortex of scopolamine-treated rats. However, impaired butyrylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activity, together with antioxidant, glial cells, and synaptophysin levels were significantly ameliorated in scopolamine-treated rats administered DON + CGA compared to donepezil alone. The docking of both DON and CGA at the active sites of AChE or BChE showed higher binding energy to both enzymes compared to individual interactions of either DON or CGA. Hence, this study has been able to show that CGA could improve some of the therapeutic effects of DON, which could broaden the therapeutic spectrum of this drug. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study showed that chlorogenic acid (a major phenolic acid found in plant foods such as coffee) modulated some of the therapeutic properties of donepezil (an anticholinesterase drug used in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease). The combinations elicited better anti-butyrylcholinesterase, antimonoamine oxidase, and antioxidant properties, thus presenting this food-drug interaction as potentially able to offer better therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi B Ogunsuyi
- Biomedical Technology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Folorunsho B Omage
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, Human Anatomy Department, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Zhao Y, Lu Z, Xu X, Sun N, Lin S. Sea Cucumber-Derived Peptide Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Preventing Hippocampal Cholinergic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:567-576. [PMID: 34989228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases related to cognitive decline and memory loss is on the rise as the global elderly population increases. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the sea cucumber-derived peptide Phe-Tyr-Asp-Trp-Pro-Lys (FYDWPK) on scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in an animal model. The Morris water maze, passive avoidance apparatus, and shuttle box test were used to assess learning and memory abilities. In behavioral tests, FYDWPK effectively alleviated learning and memory impairment. FYDWPK also alleviated cholinergic dysfunction in mice with dementia. Furthermore, FYDWPK significantly improved oxidative imbalance by increasing superoxide dismutase activity and decreasing malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). The pathological results showed that FYDWPK alleviated neuronal loss, blurred caryotheca, and pyknotic nuclei in the hippocampus, and a high dose of FYDWPK had the best effect. In conclusion, FYDWPK alleviated cognitive and memory impairments by regulating oxidative imbalance, reducing cholinergic dysfunction, and relieving pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Na Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Songyi Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
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Abu Almaaty AH, Mosaad RM, Hassan MK, Ali EHA, Mahmoud GA, Ahmed H, Anber N, Alkahtani S, Abdel-Daim MM, Aleya L, Hammad S. Urtica dioica extracts abolish scopolamine-induced neuropathies in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18134-18145. [PMID: 33405105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by alterations in monoamines, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunctions. We aim to assess the therapeutic impacts of roots or leaf extract from Urtica dioica (UD; stinging nettle) against scopolamine (SCOP)-induced memory dysfunction, amnesia, and oxidative stress in rats. Spatial memory was assessed by Y maze test. Tissue analyses of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH, GSSG), AMP, ADP, and ATP were assessed by HPLC. mRNA levels of Tau and Hsp70 were estimated by PCR. UD extracts particularly nettle root (NR) significantly normalized the SCOP-induced memory deficits even more potent than sermion (SR) and donepezil (DON). Similarly, NR had potent therapeutic impacts on the levels of cortical and hippocampal monoamines e.g. DA, NE, and 5-HT. SCOP induced a dramatic oxidative stress as measured by MDA, NO, and GSSG levels; however, UD extracts showed significant anti-oxidative stress impacts. Additionally, UD extracts restored ATP levels and reduced the levels of AMP and ADP compared to SCOP-treated rats. Furthermore, cortical Tau and hippocampal Hsp70 were modulated by UD extracts particularly NR compared to the SCOP group. In conclusion, UD extracts particularly roots have potential therapeutic impacts against SCOP-induced neuroinflammatory and/or Alzheimer-like phenotype in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Abu Almaaty
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Mosaad
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K Hassan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Elham H A Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Hassan Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Nahla Anber
- Emergency Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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Bay Leaf ( Laurus Nobilis L.) Incense Improved Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Rats by Restoring Cholinergic Dysfunction and Brain Antioxidant Status. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020259. [PMID: 33567537 PMCID: PMC7914738 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) has been shown to possesses various biological activities such as wound healing activity, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, antiviral activity, immunostimulant activity, anticholinergic activity, antifungal activity, insect repellant activity, anticonvulsant activity, antimutagenic activity, and analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to investigate whether the bay leaf incense (BL) elicits the memory formation via the action on the cholinergic system using a scopolamine (Sco)-induced rat model. Rats were exposed to BL over 5 min in a smoking chamber apparatus once daily for 22 days, whereas memory impairment was induced by Sco (0.7 mg/kg), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, delivered 30 min before each behavioral test. The phytochemical composition of BL was achieved by gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry (GCMS). Behavioral effects in rats were assessed by Y-maze, radial arm maze (RAM), and novel object recognition (NOR) paradigms. Additionally, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the oxidative stress markers in the rat hippocampus were also evaluated. Exposure to BL significantly ameliorated Sco-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus. The obtained results suggested that BL-induced ameliorative cognitive effects are mediated by enhancement of the cholinergic system and antioxidant activities.
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9
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Moriasi G, Ireri A, Ngugi M. Cognitive-Enhancing, Ex Vivo Antilipid Peroxidation and Qualitative Phytochemical Evaluation of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Lonchocarpus eriocalyx (Harms.). Biochem Res Int 2020; 2020:8819045. [PMID: 33354371 PMCID: PMC7734602 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8819045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 50 million persons are living with cognitive deficits worldwide, with over 80% of these individuals living in the developing world. The number of affected persons is projected to go over 152 million by the year 2050. Current drugs used for cognitive impairment are debatably ineffective, costly, inaccessible, and associated with undesirable events that call for the search for alternative and complementary approaches. Plants are arguably affordable, accessible, and efficacious. However, despite the reported healing claims, scientific data validating these claims are lacking. L. eriocalyx is traditionally used for the management of various conditions, including cognitive impairment but has not been scientifically explored. In this study, the Morris Water Maze (MWM) method was used to evaluate in vivo cognitive-enhancing effects of studied extracts of L. eriocalyx. Furthermore, following MWM experiments, brains were dissected and processed, and malondialdehyde profiles were determined. Qualitative phytochemical profiles of the studied plant extracts were also determined. The results showed that mice that were treated with the studied plant extracts took significantly shorter transfer latencies, navigation distances, and significantly longer latencies in the target quadrant (NW) (p < 0.05) compared with the negative control mice, indicating cognitive-enhancing activities. Furthermore, cognitively impaired mice that received the studied plant extracts had significantly lower MDA profiles compared with the MDA profile of the negative control group mice (p < 0.05). The cognitive-enhancing and MDA profile lowering effects were attributed to the presence of antioxidant phytoconstituents that ought to have modulated the redox state, thereby attenuating brain damage. These extracts can be, therefore, used for the management of cognitive deficits. Further studies leading to isolation and characterization of active molecules for cognitive impairment are recommended. Furthermore, the precise mechanism(s) through which these extracts exert their pharmacologic activity should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervason Moriasi
- Kenyatta University, Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Mount Kenya University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, P.O. Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Anthony Ireri
- Kenyatta University, Department of Educational Psychology, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Ngugi
- Kenyatta University, Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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10
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Gupta M, Ojha M, Yadav D, Pant S, Yadav R. Novel Benzylated (Pyrrolidin-2-one)/(Imidazolidin-2-one) Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Synthesis and Pharmacological Investigations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2849-2860. [PMID: 32816447 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-benzylated (pyrrolidin-2-one)/(imidazolidin-2-one) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anti-Alzheimer's activity. The analogs were designed and synthesized on the basis of lead compound donepezil, which is currently prescribed as a major drug for the management of mild to severe Alzheimer's disease. Considering the structure activity relationship (SAR) of the lead compound, we first replaced the 5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone moiety with N-benzylated (pyrrolidin-2-one)/(imidazolidin-2-one) (head) without depriving the key functionality interactions like carbonyl and dimethoxyphenyl and second substituted the spacer linkage (tail) in donepezil. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by structural conformity and purity using various techniques. The compounds were then subjected to in vivo (behavioral studies) and in vitro (biochemical assays) evaluation using appropriate animal models against the standard drug. Compounds 3-(4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one (10b) and 1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-((1-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl)-methyl)-imidazolidin-2-one (18c) displayed an excellent anti-Alzheimer's profile, while the rest of the compounds showed satisfactory results in comparison to donepezil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Madhwi Ojha
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Divya Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Swati Pant
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
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Kowalczyk J, Kurach Ł, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Kruk-Słomka M, Kurzepa J, Wydrzynska-Kuźma M, Biała G, Skiba A, Budzyńska B. Bergapten Improves Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice via Cholinergic and Antioxidative Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:730. [PMID: 32903765 PMCID: PMC7438900 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergapten is a furanocoumarin naturally occurring in the Apiaceae family and it is a well-known photosensitizing agent used in photochemotherapy. In this study, we investigated the influence of bergapten on cognitive function and mechanism underlying these effects in scopolamine-induced memory impairment in male Swiss mice. The passive avoidance test was used to evaluate the efficiency of memory acquisition and consolidation. The results demonstrated that both single and repeated administration of bergapten improved not only the acquisition but also consolidation of memory. The behavioral tests showed that bergapten prevented memory impairment induced by administration of scopolamine. Observed effects may result from the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Also, bergapten caused significant anti-oxidative effects. These new findings provide pharmacological and biochemical support for the development of the coumarin’s potential in cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kowalczyk
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kurach
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Kruk-Słomka
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Chair and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Biała
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrianna Skiba
- Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Kumar D, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Ubiquitin biology in neurodegenerative disorders: From impairment to therapeutic strategies. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 61:101078. [PMID: 32407951 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of neurotoxic proteins is the typical hallmark of various age-related neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Multiple sclerosis. The anomalous proteins, such as Aβ, Tau in Alzheimer's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, perturb the neuronal physiology and cellular homeostasis in the brain thereby affecting the millions of human lives across the globe. Here, ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays a decisive role in clearing the toxic metabolites in cells, where any aberrancy is widely reported to exaggerate the neurodegenerative pathologies. In spite of well-advancement in the ubiquitination research, their molecular markers and mechanisms for target-specific protein ubiquitination and clearance remained elusive. Therefore, this review substantiates the role of UPS in the brain signaling and neuronal physiology with their mechanistic role in the NDD's specific pathogenic protein clearance. Moreover, current and future promising therapies are discussed to target UPS-mediated neurodegeneration for better public health.
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13
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Fan C, Song Q, Wang P, Li Y, Yang M, Liu B, Yu SY. Curcumin Protects Against Chronic Stress-induced Dysregulation of Neuroplasticity and Depression-like Behaviors via Suppressing IL-1β Pathway in Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 392:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Zhang C, Gong P, Ye Y, Zhang L, Chen M, Hu Y, Gu A, Chen S, Wang Y. NF-κB-vimentin is involved in steroidogenesis stimulated by di- n-butyl phthalate in prepubertal female rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:826-833. [PMID: 30310660 PMCID: PMC6116176 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00035b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at assessing steroidogenesis stimulated by low-dose exposure to DBP in prepubertal female rats. Animals were gavaged with DBP from postnatal day 21 to 33 at 0, 1, 10 and 500 mg kg-1 day-1. 500 mg kg-1 day-1 was selected since it was used in numerous studies and the inhibitory effect could be observed at this dosage. After treatment, hormone levels in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA and protein expressions of vimentin, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 (p-p65) were assayed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Uterus weights, progesterone levels in serum, and protein expression of vimentin and p-p65 in ovaries increased significantly after the animals were exposed to DBP at 1 mg kg-1 day-1. Additionally, steroidogenesis and vimentin expression stimulated by DBP were blocked when the activity of NF-κB p65 was inhibited by the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid (PDTC). These results strongly suggested that DBP may activate uterus development by up-regulated steroidogenesis through the NF-κB-vimentin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8390
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China
| | - Pan Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8390
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China
| | - Yan Ye
- Donghai Town Community Health Service Center , Qidongcounty , Jiangsu province 226253 , PR China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug , Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , PR China
| | - Minjian Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8390
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug , Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , PR China
| | - Aihua Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8390
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8390
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China
| | - Yubang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8390
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Institute of Toxicology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , 211166 , PR China
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug , Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , PR China
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El-Marasy SA, Abd-Elsalam RM, Ahmed-Farid OA. Ameliorative Effect of Silymarin on Scopolamine-induced Dementia in Rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1215-1224. [PMID: 30087724 PMCID: PMC6062269 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study aims to elucidate the possible ameliorative effect of silymarin on scopolamine-induced dementia using the object recognition test (ORT) in rats. METHODS: The study was extended to demonstrate the role of cholinergic activity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, brain neurotransmitters and histopathological changes in the anti-amnestic effect of silymarin in demented rats. Wistar rats were pre-treated with silymarin (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) or donepezil (10 mg/kg) orally for 14 consecutive days. Dementia was induced after the last drug administration by a single intraperitoneal dose of scopolamine (16 mg/kg). Then behavioural, biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were then performed. RESULTS: Rats pre-treated with silymarin counteracted scopolamine-induced non-spatial working memory impairment in the ORT and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), elevated reduced glutathione (GSH), restored gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine (DA) contents in the cortical and hippocampal brain homogenates. Silymarin reversed scopolamine-induced histopathological changes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that silymarin mitigated protein expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the brain cortex and hippocampus. All these effects of silymarin were similar to that of the standard anti-amnestic drug, donepezil. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that the ameliorative effect of silymarin on scopolamine-induced dementia in rats using the ORT maybe in part mediated by, enhancement of cholinergic activity, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as mitigation in brain neurotransmitters and histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Giza, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar A Ahmed-Farid
- Physiology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
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Kulshreshtha A, Piplani P. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of carboxamide and carbothioamide derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole as the inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and oxipiperazine)ative stress for the management of cognitive debility. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Li SP, Wang YW, Qi SL, Zhang YP, Deng G, Ding WZ, Ma C, Lin QY, Guan HD, Liu W, Cheng XM, Wang CH. Analogous β-Carboline Alkaloids Harmaline and Harmine Ameliorate Scopolamine-Induced Cognition Dysfunction by Attenuating Acetylcholinesterase Activity, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:346. [PMID: 29755345 PMCID: PMC5932362 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The analogous β-carboline alkaloids, harmaline (HAL) and harmine (HAR), possess a variety of biological properties, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and many others, and have great potential for treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, studies have showed that the two compounds have similar structures and in vitro AChE inhibitory activities but with significant difference in bioavailability. The objective of this study was to comparatively investigate the effects of HAL and HAR in memory deficits of scopolamine-induced mice. In the present study, mice were pretreated with HAL (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg), HAR (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) and donepezil (5 mg/kg) by intragastrically for 7 days, and were daily intraperitoneal injected with scopolamine (1 mg/kg) to induce memory deficits and then subjected to behavioral evaluation by Morris water maze. To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of HAL and HAR in improving learning and memory, the levels of various biochemical factors and protein expressions related to cholinergic function, oxidative stress, and inflammation were examined. The results showed that HAL and HAR could effectively ameliorate memory deficits in scopolamine-induced mice. Both of them exhibited an enhancement in cholinergic function by inhibiting AChE and inducing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities, and antioxidant defense via increasing the antioxidant enzymes activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and reducing maleic diadehyde production, and anti-inflammatory effects through suppressing myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor α, and nitric oxide as well as modulation of critical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch), L-tryptophan (L-Trp), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA), and L-glutamic acid (L-Glu). Furthermore, the regulations of HAL on cholinergic function, inflammation, and neurotransmitters were more striking than those of HAR, and HAL manifested a comparable antioxidant capacity to HAR. Remarkably, the effective dosage of HAL (2 mg/kg) was far lower than that of HAR (20 mg/kg), which probably due to the evidently differences in the bioavailability and metabolic stability of the two analogs. Taken together, all these results revealed that HAL may be a promising candidate compound with better anti-amnesic effects and pharmacokinetic characteristics for the treatments of AD and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Wen Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Lan Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Zheng Ding
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Yan Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Da Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Mei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Hong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
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Rahimzadegan M, Soodi M. Comparison of Memory Impairment and Oxidative Stress Following Single or Repeated Doses Administration of Scopolamine in Rat Hippocampus. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:5-14. [PMID: 29942435 PMCID: PMC6015638 DOI: 10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, is widely used to induce memory impairment in experimental animals. The present study aims to compare memory impairment and oxidative stress following single and repeated doses administration of scopolamine. Methods A group of rats received a single shot of scopolamine in different doses (0.5, 1, or 3 mg/kg, IP) 24 hours after the passive avoidance training. Then the memory retrieval test was performed 30 minutes and 7 days after the injection. In the other experiment, rats received similar doses of scopolamine for 7 consecutive days, 24 hours after the training session. Then the memory retrieval test was performed 30 minutes and 7 days after the last injection. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and lipid peroxidation were measured in their hippocampus tissue, too. Results Scopolamine administered in repeated doses caused more impairment in memory function compared to single dose injection based on the evaluation 30 minutes after injection. Moreover, the memory impairment persisted for 7 days only in repeated doses treated groups. Increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in both groups was observed 30 minutes after scopolamine administration. These abnormal increases persisted for 7 days only in repeated doses treated groups. Increased AChE activity and lipid peroxidation was well correlated with behavioral deficit. Also AChE activity was well associated with lipid peroxidation. Conclusion The results of present study showed that repeated administration of scopolamine induced results in memory impairment. This effect can be due to long-lasting oxidative stress which may damage the hippocampus tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rahimzadegan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Soodi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Diverse Effects of an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor, Donepezil, on Hippocampal Neuronal Death after Pilocarpine-Induced Seizure. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112311. [PMID: 29099058 PMCID: PMC5713280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are short episodes of abnormal brain electrical activity. Many survivors of severe epilepsy display delayed neuronal death and permanent cognitive impairment. Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and is an effective treatment agent for Alzheimer’s disease. However, the role of donepezil in seizure-induced hippocampal injury remains untested. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (25 mg/kg). Donepezil (2.5 mg/kg/day) was administered by gavage in three different settings: (1) pretreatment for three days before the seizure; (2) for one week immediately after the seizure; and (3) for three weeks from three weeks after the seizure. We found that donepezil showed mixed effects on seizure-induced brain injury, which were dependent on the treatment schedule. Pretreatment with donepezil aggravated neuronal death, oxidative injury, and microglia activation. Early treatment with donepezil for one week showed neither adverse nor beneficial effects; however, a treatment duration of three weeks starting three weeks after the seizure showed a significant reduction in neuronal death, oxidative injury, and microglia activation. In conclusion, donepezil has therapeutic effects when injected for three weeks after seizure activity subsides. Therefore, the present study suggests that the therapeutic use of donepezil for epilepsy patients requires a well-conceived strategy for administration.
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Chen C, Zhang H, Xu H, Zheng Y, Wu T, Lian Y. Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates cisplatin-induced learning and memory impairments. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:499-507. [PMID: 31695559 PMCID: PMC6823748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), a dominant component from the extract of Panax ginseng root, exhibits neuroprotective functions in many neurological diseases. This study was intended to investigate whether Rb1 can attenuate cisplatin-induced memory impairments and explore the potential mechanisms. Methods Cisplatin was injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 5 mg/kg/wk, and Rb1 was administered in drinking water at the dose of 2 mg/kg/d to rats for 5 consecutive wk. The novel objects recognition task and Morris water maze were used to detect the memory of rats. Nissl staining was used to examine the neuron numbers in the hippocampus. The activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, cholineacetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and the levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, acetylcholine, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10 were measured by ELISA to assay the oxidative stress, cholinergic function, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. Results Rb1 administration effectively ameliorates the memory impairments caused by cisplatin in both novel objects recognition task and Morris water maze task. Rb1 also attenuates the neuronal loss induced by cisplatin in the different regions (CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus) of the hippocampus. Meanwhile, Rb1 is able to rescue the cholinergic neuron function, inhibit the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in cisplatin-induced rat brain. Conclusion Rb1 rescues the cisplatin-induced memory impairment via restoring the neuronal loss by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and recovering the cholinergic neuron functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Hongliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yake Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Tianwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yajun Lian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
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22
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Seo JY, Lim SS, Kim J, Lee KW, Kim JS. Alantolactone and Isoalantolactone Prevent Amyloid β 25-35 -induced Toxicity in Mouse Cortical Neurons and Scopolamine-induced Cognitive Impairment in Mice. Phytother Res 2017; 31:801-811. [PMID: 28326625 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Given the evidence for detoxifying/antioxidant enzyme-inducing activities by alantolactone (AL) and isoalantolactone (IAL), the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AL and IAL on Aβ25-35 -induced cell death in mouse cortical neuron cells and to determine their effects on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Our data demonstrated that both compounds effectively attenuated the cytotoxicity of Aβ25-35 (10 μM) in neuronal cells derived from the mouse cerebral cortex. It was also found that the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion induced by Aβ25-35 , was inhibited. Moreover, the administration of the sesquiterpenes reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments as assessed by Morris water, Y-maze, and the passive avoidance tests, and the compounds decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, AL and IAL did not improve scopolamine-induced cognitive deficit in Nrf2-/- mice, suggesting that memory improvement by sesquiterpenes was mediated not only by the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway but also by their inhibitory activity against AChE. In conclusion, our results showed that AL and IAL had neuroprotective effects and reversed cognitive impairments induced by scopolamine in a mouse model. Therefore, AL and IAL deserve further study as potential therapeutic agents for reactive oxygen species-related neurodegenerative diseases. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Seo
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
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Habibyar AF, Sharma N, Khurana N. PASS assisted prediction and pharmacological evaluation of hesperidin against scopolamine induced amnesia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:385-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ameliorative effects of amide derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles on scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:557-573. [PMID: 27448914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the effect of amide derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadizoles on scopolamine induced deficit cholinergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress serving as promising leads for the therapeutics of cognitive dysfunction. Fourteen compounds (2c-8d) have been synthesised and evaluated against behavioural alterations using step down passive avoidance protocol and morris water maze and at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg with reference to the standard, Rivastigmine. All the synthesised compounds were evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition at five different concentrations using mice brain homogenate as the source of the enzyme. Biochemical estimation of markers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, plasma nitrite, catalase) has also been carried out to assess the role of synthesised molecules on the oxidative damage induced by scopolamine. The compounds 5c, 6c and 8c displayed appreciable activity with an IC50 value of 3 μM, 3.033 μM and 2.743 μM, respectively towards acetylcholinesterase inhibition. These compounds also decreased scopolamine induced oxidative stress, thus serving as promising leads for the amelioration of oxidative stress induced cognitive decline. The molecular docking study performed to predict the binding mode of the compounds also suggested that these compounds bind appreciably with the amino acids present in the active site of recombinant human acetylcholinesterase (rhAChE). The results indicated that these compounds could be further traversed as inhibitors of AChE and oxidative stress for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.
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Guo C, Shen J, Meng Z, Yang X, Li F. Neuroprotective effects of polygalacic acid on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:149-155. [PMID: 26926176 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygala tenuifolia Willd is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used for the treatment of learning and memory deficits. Triterpenoid saponins, the main bioactive compounds of Polygala tenuifolia Willd, are easily hydrolyzed to polygalacic acid (PA). PURPOSE The present study was undertaken to investigate the neuroprotective effects of PA on scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. METHODS PA (3, 6, and 12 mg/kg) was administered orally to mice for fourteen days, and scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for fourteen days to induce memory impairment. Memory-related behaviors were evaluated using the Morris water maze. Cholinergic and neuroinflammatory activities were measured in brain tissue. Superoxide dismutase activities, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione contents were also measured in the brains. RESULTS Treatment with scopolamine significantly increased the escape latency time, decreased the number of crossings, and shortened the time spent in the target quadrant, while PA reversed these scopolamine-induced effects. PA significantly improved cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and elevated levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. PA also significantly ameliorated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PA might exert a significant neuroprotective effect on cognitive impairment, driven in part by the modulation of cholinergic activity and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Jinyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhaoqing Meng
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Mehan S, Kaur R, Khanna D, Kalra S, Parveen S. Precautionary Ellagic Acid Treatment Ameliorates Chronically Administered Scopolamine Induced Alzheimer's Type Memory and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2015.192.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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PMC-12, a Prescription of Traditional Korean Medicine, Improves Amyloid β-Induced Cognitive Deficits through Modulation of Neuroinflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:768049. [PMID: 25945111 PMCID: PMC4405226 DOI: 10.1155/2015/768049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PMC-12 is a prescription used in traditional Korean medicine that consists of a mixture of four herbal medicines, Polygonum multiflorum, Rehmannia glutinosa, Polygala tenuifolia, and Acorus gramineus, which have been reported to have various pharmacological effects on age-related neurological diseases. In the present study, we investigated whether PMC-12 improves cognitive deficits associated with decreased neuroinflammation in an amyloid-β-(Aβ-) induced mouse model and exerts the antineuroinflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) stimulated murine BV2 microglia. Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25−35 in mice resulted in impairment in learning and spatial memory, whereas this was reversed by oral administration of PMC-12 (100 and 500 mg/kg/day) in dose-dependent manners. Moreover, PMC-12 reduced the increase of Aβ expression and activation of microglia and astrocytes in the Aβ25−35-injected brain. Furthermore, quantitative PCR data showed that inflammatory mediators were significantly decreased by administration of PMC-12 in Aβ-injected brains. Consistent with the in vivo data, PMC-12 significantly reduced the inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells without cell toxicity. Moreover, PMC-12 exhibited anti-inflammatory properties via downregulation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathways. These findings suggest that the protective effects of PMC-12 may be mediated by its antineuroinflammatory activities, resulting in the attenuation of memory impairment; accordingly, PMC-12 may be useful in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of scutellarein-O-alkylamines as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 94:348-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Duan JL, Yin J, Ren WK, Wu MM, Chen S, Cui ZJ, Wu X, Huang RL, Li TJ, Yin YL. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate restores gastric damages and suppressive autophagy induced by hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:210-8. [PMID: 25471085 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.993627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that gastric barrier is very important for protecting host from various insults. Simultaneously, autophagy serving as a prominent cytoprotective and survival pathway under oxidative stress conditions is being increasingly recognized. Thus, this study was conducted for investigating the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on gastric barrier function and autophagy under oxidative stress induced by intragastric administration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The gastric tight junction proteins [zonula occludens-1 (ZO1), occludin, and claudin1], autophagic proteins [microtubule-associated protein light chain 3I(LC3I), LC3II, and beclin1], and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway (p65 and IκB kinase α/β) were determined by Western blot. The results showed that H2O2 exposure disturbed gastric barrier function with decreased expression of ZO1, occludin, and claudin1, and reduced gastric autophagy with decreased conversion of LC3I into LC3II in mice. However, treatment with PDTC restored these adverse effects evidenced by increased expression of ZO1 and claudin1 and increased conversion of LC3I into LC3II. Meanwhile, H2O2 exposure decreased normal human gastric epithelial mucosa cell line (GES-1) viability in a concentration-dependent way. However, after being exposed to H2O2, GES-1 exhibited autophagic response which was inconsistent with our in vivo results in mice, while PDTC failed to decrease autophagy in GES-1 induced by H2O2. Simultaneously, the beneficial effect of PDTC on gastric damage and autophagy in mice might be independent of inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, PDTC treatment restores gastric damages and reduced autophagy induced by H2O2. Therefore, PDTC may serve as a potential adjuvant therapy for gastric damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan , P. R. China
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