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Development of spray-dried N-acetylcysteine dry powder for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122550. [PMID: 36577481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has both antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities and has been used as adjuvant therapy in several viral infections. Recently, NAC attracted attention for its possible role in reducing the affinity of the spike protein receptor binding domain to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptors. Since only NAC solutions are available for inhalation, the purpose of the work was to develop a NAC dry powder for inhalation using mannitol or leucine as excipient. The powder was successfully produced using co-spray-drying with leucine. ATR-FTIR analyses evidenced spectral variations ascribed to the formation of specific interactions between NAC and leucine. This effect on the NAC environment was not evident for NAC-mannitol powders, but mannitol was in a different polymorphic form compared to the supplied material. Both the feedstock concentration and the leucine content have an impact on the powder aerodynamic features. In particular, to maximize the respirable fraction, it is preferable to produce the powder starting from a 0.5 % w/v feedstock solution using 33 to 50 % w/w leucine content. The NAC-leucine powder was stable for ten months maintaining NAC content of 50 % (w/w) and about 200 μg of NAC was able to deposit on a transwell insert, useful for future in vitro studies.
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Leraut J, Boissinot L, Hassani Y, Bonnet-Zamponi D, Le Gonidec P. [Reducing the environmental impact of inhalers dispensed in France. From diagnosis to sustainable action]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:123-137. [PMID: 35944697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While inhaled drugs are mainly used to treat chronic respiratory diseases, they are also responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. To highlight this issue, a dispensed analysis and a carbon footprint evaluation of inhalers in France have been conducted. METHODS A national qualitative and quantitative analysis of dispensed inhalers in community pharmacies (CP) and hospitals (H) was conducted in France for 2019. A data review from the literature led to the determination of the inhalers carbon footprint, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) during the inhaler life cycle. RESULTS Close to 40 million inhalers were dispensed by community pharmacies and one million by hospitals in 2019. It concerned three types of inhalers: metered-dose inhalers (MDI) [CP: 49%; H: 45%], dry powder inhalers (DPI) [CP: 47%; H: 51%], and soft mist inhalers (SMI) [CP: 4%; H: 4%]. According to the literature, MDI have the highest carbon footprint, ranging from 11 to 28 kgCO2e versus less than 1 kgCO2e for DPI/SMI. In 2019, the national carbon footprint of salbutamol (MDI), the most dispensed inhaler, was estimated to be over 310 million kgCO2e (CP+H) corresponding to more than 310,000 round-trip Paris-New York. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the involvement of MDI in GHG emissions. Taking actions as part of a global and coordinated approach to limit their environmental impact is possible and thus is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leraut
- OMEDIT Île-De-France, 3, avenue Victoria, 75001 Paris, France.
| | - L Boissinot
- OMEDIT Île-De-France, 3, avenue Victoria, 75001 Paris, France
| | - Y Hassani
- OMEDIT Île-De-France, 3, avenue Victoria, 75001 Paris, France
| | | | - P Le Gonidec
- OMEDIT Île-De-France, 3, avenue Victoria, 75001 Paris, France
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Salama R, Choi HJ, Almazi J, Traini D, Young P. Generic dry powder inhalers bioequivalence: Batch-to-batch variability insights. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103350. [PMID: 36096359 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) [API(s)] of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) deposition and their fate in the respiratory system are influenced by a complex matrix of formulation, device, manufacturing and physiological variations. DPIs on the market have shown bioinequivalence between batches of the same product. Despite being clinically insignificant, they affect bioequivalence studies when a generic product is compared with the originator. This review discusses implications of batch-to-batch variability on bioequivalence study outcomes and shortcomings of current regulatory requirements. Possible formulation and manufacturing factors resulting in batch-to-batch variability highlight the inherent nature of this issue. Despite scholarly investigations and official regulatory guidance, there remains a need for reliable and realistic in vitro tests that accurately guide a representative reference product batch selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Salama
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe 2037, NSW, Australia; Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University 2109, NSW, Australia.
| | - Hong Jun Choi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Juhura Almazi
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe 2037, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe 2037, NSW, Australia; Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University 2109, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe 2037, NSW, Australia; Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University 2109, NSW, Australia
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Noriega-Fernandes B, Malmlöf M, Nowenwik M, Gerde P, Corvo ML, Costa E. Dry powder inhaler formulation comparison: Study of the role of particle deposition pattern and dissolution. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121025. [PMID: 34418472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The composition, morphology and dissolution profile of particles and micro-sized agglomerates delivered upon inhalation may have a significant impact on the product clinical effect. However, although several efforts are ongoing, a methodology that considers deposition structures and dissolution performance evaluation in a biorelevant set-up is not yet standardized. The goal of this work is to apply a collection and dissolution methodology able to discriminate dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations in terms of deposition structures and dissolution profile in vitro. Hence, Fluticasone Propionate (FP) engineered particles and formulated products (used as a case study) were collected employing a breath simulator and characterized regarding (i) aerodynamic particle size distribution; (ii) deposited microstructures; and (iii) dissolution/absorption profiles using the DissolvIt® bio-relevant dissolution equipment. The results indicated that the particle engineering technology had an impact on the generated and deposited microstructures, here associated to the differences on surface properties of jet milled and wet polished particles quantified by the specific surface area. Differences on surface properties modulate particle interactions, resulting in agglomerates of drug substance and excipient upon actuation with significant different morphologies, observed by microscope, as well as quantified by Marple cascade impactor. These observations allow for a further understanding of the DPI aerosolization and deposition mechanisms. The dissolution and absorption assessment indicates that the presence of lactose may accelerate the drug substance dissolution kinetics, and the FP dissolution can be significantly enhanced when formulated as a spray-dried dispersion particle. Ultimately, the results suggest dissolution testing can be an essential tool to both optimize an innovator DPI and de-risk generics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Noriega-Fernandes
- Hovione Farmaciência S.A., R&D Inhalation & Advanced Drug Delivery, Estrada do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício R, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal; iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal.
| | - Maria Malmlöf
- Inhalation Sciences, Hälsovägen 7-9, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Per Gerde
- Inhalation Sciences, Hälsovägen 7-9, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - M Luisa Corvo
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal.
| | - Eunice Costa
- Hovione Farmaciência S.A., R&D Inhalation & Advanced Drug Delivery, Estrada do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício R, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Jetzer M, Morrical B, Schneider M, Edge S, Imanidis G. Probing the particulate microstructure of the aerodynamic particle size distribution of dry powder inhaler combination products. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Design and pharmaceutical applications of a low-flow-rate single-nozzle impactor. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Particle interactions of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate detected with single particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS). Int J Pharm 2017; 532:218-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang H, Barona D, Oladepo S, Williams L, Hoe S, Lechuga-Ballesteros D, Vehring R. Macro-Raman spectroscopy for bulk composition and homogeneity analysis of multi-component pharmaceutical powders. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:180-191. [PMID: 28448887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new macro-Raman system equipped with a motorized translational sample stage and low-frequency shift capabilities was developed for bulk composition and homogeneity analysis of multi-component pharmaceutical powders. Different sampling methods including single spot and scanning measurement were compared. It was found that increasing sample volumes significantly improved the precision of quantitative composition analysis, especially for poorly mixed powders. The multi-pass cavity of the macro-Raman system increased effective sample volumes by 20 times from the sample volume defined by the collection optics, i.e., from 0.02μL to about 0.4μL. A stochastic model simulating the random sampling process of polydisperse microparticles was used to predict the sampling errors for a specific sample volume. Comparison of fluticasone propionate mass fractions of the commercial products Flixotide® 250 and Seretide® 500 simulated for different sampling volumes with experimentally measured compositions verified that the effective sample volume of a single point macro-Raman measurement in the multi-pass cavity of this instrument was between 0.3μL and 0.5μL. The macro-Raman system was also successfully used for blend uniformity analysis. It was concluded that demixing occurred in the binary mixture of l-leucine and d-mannitol from the observation that the sampling errors indicated by the standard deviations of measured leucine mass fractions increased during mixing, and the standard deviation values were all larger than the theoretical lower limit determined by the simulation. Since sample volume was shown to have a significant impact on measured homogeneity characteristics, it was concluded that powder homogeneity analysis results, i.e., the mean of individual test results and absolute and relative standard deviations, must be presented together with the effective sample volumes of the applied testing techniques for any measurement of powder homogeneity to be fully meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada
| | - David Barona
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada
| | - Sulayman Oladepo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Susan Hoe
- Pearl Therapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada.
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Manoharan A, von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff A, Morrison A, Lipworth BJ. Effects of formoterol or salmeterol on impulse oscillometry in patients with persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:727-33.e1. [PMID: 26220533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of small-particle long-acting β-agonists on the small airways have been poorly documented. OBJECTIVE We used impulse oscillometry (IOS) to compare single and repeated dosing effects of small- and large-particle long-acting β-agonists. METHODS After a 1- to 2-week run-in period, patients received either 12 μg of small-particle hydrofluoroalkane 134a-formoterol solution or 50 μg of large-particle salmeterol dry powder twice daily plus inhaled corticosteroid for 1 to 2 weeks with a 1- to 2-week washout period in between. Measurements were made over 60 minutes after the first and last doses. RESULTS Sixteen patients completed the study as follows: mean age, 43 years; FEV1, 80%; forced midexpiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF(25-75)), 48%; total airway resistance at 5 Hz, 177%; peripheral airway resistance as the difference between 5 and 20 Hz, 0.18 kPa·L(-1)·s; Asthma Control Questionnaire score, 0.76; and inhaled corticosteroid dosage, 550 μg/d. There were significantly greater improvements with formoterol versus salmeterol in all IOS outcomes and FEF25-75, but not FEV1, at 5 minutes after the first dose, which were not sustained over 60 minutes. After the last dose, all IOS outcomes, but not FEV1 or FEF(25-75), were significantly better with formoterol over the entire 60 minutes: mean difference at 60 minutes between formoterol and salmeterol in total airway resistance at 5 Hz, 7.50% (95% CI, 1.56% to 13.43%, P = .02); central airway resistance at 20 Hz, 5.37% (95% CI, 0.13% to 10.62%, P = .045); peripheral airway resistance as the difference between 5 and 20 Hz, 12.76% (95% CI, 1.28% to 24.24%, P = .03); reactance area under the curve, 19.46% (95% CI, 7.56% to 31.36%, P = .003); reactance at 5 Hz, 11.19% (95% CI, 4.62% to 17.76%, P = .002); and resonant frequency, 9.34% (95% CI, 3.21% to 15.47%, P = .005). Peak expiratory flow significantly improved to a similar degree with both drugs. CONCLUSION Significant improvements in IOS outcomes but not spirometry results occurred after chronic dosing with formoterol compared with salmeterol. This might reflect better deposition to the entire lung, including the small airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Manoharan
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ashley Morrison
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Lipworth
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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Wang H, Williams L, Hoe S, Lechuga-Ballesteros D, Vehring R. Quantitative Macro-Raman Spectroscopy on Microparticle-Based Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:823-833. [PMID: 26037516 DOI: 10.1366/14-07812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative macro-Raman spectroscopy was applied to the analysis of the bulk composition of pharmaceutical drug powders. Powders were extracted from seven commercial lactose-carrier-based dry-powder inhalers: Flixotide 50, 100, 250, and 500 μg/dose (four concentrations of fluticasone propionate) and Seretide 100, 250, and 500 μg/dose (three concentrations of fluticasone propionate, each with 50 μg/dose salmeterol xinafoate ). Also, a carrier-free pressurized metered-dose inhaler of the same combination product, Seretide 50 (50 μg fluticasone propionate and 25 μg salmeterol xinafoate per dose) was tested. The applicability of a custom-designed dispersive macro-Raman instrument with a large sample volume of 0.16 μL was tested to determine the composition of the multicomponent powder samples. To quantify the error caused by sample heterogeneity, a Monte Carlo model was developed to predict the minimum sample volume required for representative sampling of potentially heterogeneous samples at the microscopic level, characterized by different particle-size distributions and compositions. Typical carrier-free respirable powder samples required a minimum sample volume on the order of 10(-4) μL to achieve representative sampling with less than 3% relative error. In contrast, dosage forms containing non-respirable carriers (e.g., lactose) required a sample volume on the order of 0.1 μL for representative measurements. Error analysis of the experimental results showed good agreement with the error predicted by the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- University of Alberta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 5-1G Mechanical Engineering Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada
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Morrical BD, Balaxi M, Fergenson D. The on-line analysis of aerosol-delivered pharmaceuticals via single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. Int J Pharm 2015; 489:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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