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Duvnjak M, Villois A, Ramazani F. Biodegradable Long-Acting Injectables: Platform Technology and Industrial Challenges. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:133-150. [PMID: 37059910 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting injectables have been used to benefit patients with chronic diseases. So far, several biodegradable long-acting platform technologies including drug-loaded polymeric microparticles, implants (preformed and in situ forming), oil-based solutions, and aqueous suspension have been established. In this chapter, we summarize all the marketed technology platforms and discuss their challenges regarding development including but not limited to controlling drug release, particle size, stability, sterilization, scale-up manufacturing, etc. Finally, we discuss important criteria to consider for the successful development of long-acting injectables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta Duvnjak
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Villois
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farshad Ramazani
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Dabke A, Ghosh S, Dabke P, Sawant K, Khopade A. Revisiting the in-vitro and in-vivo considerations for in-silico modelling of complex injectable drug products. J Control Release 2023; 360:185-211. [PMID: 37353161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Complex injectable drug products (CIDPs) have often been developed to modulate the pharmacokinetics along with efficacy for therapeutic agents used for remediation of chronic disorders. The effective development of CIDPs has exhibited complex kinetics associated with multiphasic drug release from the prepared formulations. Consequently, predictability of pharmacokinetic modelling for such CIDPs has been difficult and there is need for advanced complex computational models for the establishment of accurate prediction models for in-vitro-in-vivo correlation (IVIVC). The computational modelling aims at supplementing the existing knowledge with mathematical equations to develop formulation strategies for generation of predictable and discriminatory IVIVC. Such an approach would help in reduction of the burden of effect of hidden factors on preclinical to clinical translations. Computational tools like physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modelling have combined physicochemical and physiological properties along with IVIVC characteristics of clinically used formulations. Such techniques have helped in prediction and understanding of variability in pharmacodynamic parameters of potential generic products to clinically used formulations like Doxil®, Ambisome®, Abraxane® in healthy and diseased population using mathematical equations. The current review highlights the important formulation characteristics, in-vitro, preclinical in-vivo aspects which need to be considered while developing a stimulatory predictive PBPK model in establishment of an IVIVC and in-vitro-in-vivo relationship (IVIVR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dabke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India; Formulation Research & Development- Biopharmaceutics, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat 390012, India
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India
| | - Pallavi Dabke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India
| | - Krutika Sawant
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India.
| | - Ajay Khopade
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India; Formulation Research & Development- Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat 390012, India.
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3
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Wilkinson J, Ajulo D, Tamburrini V, Gall GL, Kimpe K, Holm R, Belton P, Qi S. Lipid based intramuscular long-acting injectables: current state of the art. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 178:106253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Figueiredo MG, Gagliano-Jucá T, Basaria S. Testosterone Therapy With Subcutaneous Injections: A Safe, Practical, and Reasonable Option. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:614-626. [PMID: 34698352 PMCID: PMC9006970 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Injections with intramuscular (IM) testosterone esters have been available for almost 8 decades and not only result in predictable serum testosterone levels but are also the most inexpensive modality. However, they are difficult to self-administer and associated with some discomfort. Recently, subcutaneous (SC) administration of testosterone esters has gained popularity, as self-administration is easier with this route. Available data, though limited, support the feasibility of this route. Here we review the pharmacokinetics and safety of SC testosterone therapy with both long- and ultralong-acting testosterone esters. In addition, we provide guidance for clinicians on how to counsel and manage their patients who opt for the SC route. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Systematic review of available literature on SC testosterone administration including clinical trials, case series, and case reports. We also review the pharmacology of testosterone absorption after SC administration. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Available evidence, though limited, suggests that SC testosterone therapy in doses similar to those given via IM route results in comparable pharmacokinetics and mean serum testosterone levels. With appropriate training, patients should be able to safely self-administer testosterone esters SC with relative ease and less discomfort compared with the IM route. CONCLUSION Although studies directly comparing the safety of SC vs IM administration of testosterone esters are desirable, clinicians should consider discussing the SC route with their patients because it is easier to self-administer and has the potential to improve patient adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shehzad Basaria
- Correspondence: Shehzad Basaria, MD, Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, BLI 541, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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McCartan AJS, Curran DW, Mrsny RJ. Evaluating parameters affecting drug fate at the intramuscular injection site. J Control Release 2021; 336:322-335. [PMID: 34153375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular (IM) injections are a well-established method of delivering a variety of therapeutics formulated for parenteral administration. While the wide range of commercial IM pharmaceuticals provide a wealth of pharmacokinetic (PK) information following injection, there remains an inadequate understanding of drug fate at the IM injection site that could dictate these PK outcomes. An improved understanding of injection site events could improve approaches taken by formulation scientists to identify therapeutically effective and consistent drug PK outcomes. Interplay between the typically non-physiological aspects of drug formulations and the homeostatic IM environment may provide insights into the fate of drugs at the IM injection site, leading to predictions of how a drug will behave post-injection in vivo. Immune responses occur by design after e.g. vaccine administration, however immune responses post-injection are not in the scope of this article. Taking cues from existing in vitro modelling technologies, the purpose of this article is to propose "critical parameters" of the IM environment that could be examined in hypothesis-driven studies. Outcomes of such studies might ultimately be useful in predicting and improving in vivo PK performance of IM injected drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J S McCartan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David W Curran
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, UK.
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Nkanga CI, Fisch A, Rad-Malekshahi M, Romic MD, Kittel B, Ullrich T, Wang J, Krause RWM, Adler S, Lammers T, Hennink WE, Ramazani F. Clinically established biodegradable long acting injectables: An industry perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 167:19-46. [PMID: 33202261 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long acting injectable formulations have been developed to sustain the action of drugs in the body over desired periods of time. These delivery platforms have been utilized for both systemic and local drug delivery applications. This review gives an overview of long acting injectable systems that are currently in clinical use. These products are categorized in three different groups: biodegradable polymeric systems, including microparticles and implants; micro and nanocrystal suspensions and oil-based formulations. Furthermore, the applications of these drug delivery platforms for the management of various chronic diseases are summarized. Finally, this review addresses industrial challenges regarding the development of long acting injectable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Isalomboto Nkanga
- Center for Chemico- and Bio-Medicinal Research (CCBR), Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa, XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Fisch
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Mazda Rad-Malekshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Birgit Kittel
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ullrich
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Rui Werner Maçedo Krause
- Center for Chemico- and Bio-Medicinal Research (CCBR), Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Sabine Adler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Farshad Ramazani
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
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7
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Abruzzo A, Cerchiara T, Luppi B, Bigucci F. Transdermal Delivery of Antipsychotics: Rationale and Current Status. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:849-865. [PMID: 31493244 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide the rationale for the development of transdermal formulations of antipsychotics by highlighting their main advantages, starting with an overview of the antipsychotic formulations that are currently available on the market. Progress regarding transdermal antipsychotic formulations was investigated by performing a search of papers, patents and clinical trials published in the last 10 years. Available data on antipsychotic transdermal formulations are reported and discussed, focusing on the characteristics of the dosage forms and their ability to promote drug absorption. Despite the current availability of a large number of antipsychotics, only a few of these drugs (e.g. aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, olanzapine, prochlorperazine, quetiapine, and risperidone) have been developed as transdermal delivery systems. Several papers and patents show that transdermal formulations, such as creams, films, gels, nanosystems, patches, solutions, and sprays, have been evaluated with the aim of expanding the clinical utility of antipsychotic drugs. In particular, the employment of different strategies, such as the use of nanoparticles/vesicles, or permeation enhancers as well as microneedles with iontophoresis, may improve the absorption of antipsychotic drugs through the skin. However, few clinical trials on transdermal delivery of antipsychotic drugs are available and only delivery systems containing asenapine and blonanserin have shown interesting clinical results in terms of pharmacokinetic data, efficacy, and tolerability. Recently, the transdermal patch formulation of blonanserin was approved in Japan for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Abruzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Cerchiara
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Bigucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Smilkstein MJ, Pou S, Krollenbrock A, Bleyle LA, Dodean RA, Frueh L, Hinrichs DJ, Li Y, Martinson T, Munar MY, Winter RW, Bruzual I, Whiteside S, Nilsen A, Koop DR, Kelly JX, Kappe SHI, Wilder BK, Riscoe MK. ELQ-331 as a prototype for extremely durable chemoprotection against malaria. Malar J 2019; 18:291. [PMID: 31455339 PMCID: PMC6712883 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential benefits of long-acting injectable chemoprotection (LAI-C) against malaria have been recently recognized, prompting a call for suitable candidate drugs to help meet this need. On the basis of its known pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles after oral dosing, ELQ-331, a prodrug of the parasite mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor ELQ-300, was selected for study of pharmacokinetics and efficacy as LAI-C in mice. Methods Four trials were conducted in which mice were injected with a single intramuscular dose of ELQ-331 or other ELQ-300 prodrugs in sesame oil with 1.2% benzyl alcohol; the ELQ-300 content of the doses ranged from 2.5 to 30 mg/kg. Initial blood stage challenges with Plasmodium yoelii were used to establish the model, but the definitive study measure of efficacy was outcome after sporozoite challenge with a luciferase-expressing P. yoelii, assessed by whole-body live animal imaging. Snapshot determinations of plasma ELQ-300 concentration ([ELQ-300]) were made after all prodrug injections; after the highest dose of ELQ-331 (equivalent to 30 mg/kg ELQ-300), both [ELQ-331] and [ELQ-300] were measured at a series of timepoints from 6 h to 5½ months after injection. Results A single intramuscular injection of ELQ-331 outperformed four other ELQ-300 prodrugs and, at a dose equivalent to 30 mg/kg ELQ-300, protected mice against challenge with P. yoelii sporozoites for at least 4½ months. Pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed rapid and essentially complete conversion of ELQ-331 to ELQ-300, a rapidly achieved (< 6 h) and sustained (4–5 months) effective plasma ELQ-300 concentration, maximum ELQ-300 concentrations far below the estimated threshold for toxicity, and a distinctive ELQ-300 concentration versus time profile. Pharmacokinetic modeling indicates a high-capacity, slow-exchange tissue compartment which serves to accumulate and then slowly redistribute ELQ-300 into blood, and this property facilitates an extremely long period during which ELQ-300 concentration is sustained above a minimum fully-protective threshold (60–80 nM). Conclusions Extrapolation of these results to humans predicts that ELQ-331 should be capable of meeting and far-exceeding currently published duration-of-effect goals for anti-malarial LAI-C. Furthermore, the distinctive pharmacokinetic profile of ELQ-300 after treatment with ELQ-331 may facilitate durable protection and enable protection for far longer than 3 months. These findings suggest that ELQ-331 warrants consideration as a leading prototype for LAI-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Smilkstein
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Sovitj Pou
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alina Krollenbrock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Lisa A Bleyle
- Bioanalytical Shared Resource Core Pharmacokinetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L334, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Rozalia A Dodean
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | - Lisa Frueh
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - David J Hinrichs
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Yuexin Li
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Thomas Martinson
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute (VGTI), Oregon Health and Science University (West Campus), 505 NW 185th Avenue, #1, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Myrna Y Munar
- Oregon State University/Oregon Health and Science University College of Pharmacy, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, CL5CP, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Rolf W Winter
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | - Igor Bruzual
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Samantha Whiteside
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N., Suite 500, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Dennis R Koop
- Bioanalytical Shared Resource Core Pharmacokinetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L334, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jane X Kelly
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N., Suite 500, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brandon K Wilder
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute (VGTI), Oregon Health and Science University (West Campus), 505 NW 185th Avenue, #1, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Riscoe
- VA Portland Health Care System Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, RD-33, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Tucker IG, Jain R, Alawi F, Nanjan K, Bork O. Translational studies on a ready-to-use intramuscular injection of penethamate for bovine mastitis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:317-328. [PMID: 28512690 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by bacterial infections of the mammary gland (udder) of dairy cows is a costly pathology for the dairy industry due to direct and indirect losses in production. Penethamate, a pro-drug of benzylpenicillin, is used by intramuscular injection (IM). The existing products are powders which must be reconstituted in water-for-injection and this presents difficulties in the field. Penethamate is too unstable to be formulated as an aqueous formulation but a chemically stable suspension formulation was possible in certain oils; however, some literature suggests that such formulations would have unacceptable prolonged release. The translational research proceeded iteratively from lab to the target species, rather than via laboratory animal trials. Pilot studies in cows suggested that some oily suspensions would give concentrations of benzylpenicillin, (in both blood and milk) comparable with those of the reconstituted product. A physicochemical screen and a low level in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was cautiously used to guide selection of formulations for subsequent animal trials which have resulted in a lead formulation for good laboratory practices (GLP), good clinical practices (GCP) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Tucker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
| | - R Jain
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - F Alawi
- APAC Development Centre, Bayer New Zealand Limited, 3 Argus Place, Hillcrest, Auckland, 0627, New Zealand
| | - K Nanjan
- APAC Development Centre, Bayer New Zealand Limited, 3 Argus Place, Hillcrest, Auckland, 0627, New Zealand
| | - O Bork
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
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Guo Y, Yang Y, He L, Sun R, Pu C, Xie B, He H, Zhang Y, Yin T, Wang Y, Tang X. Injectable Sustained-Release Depots of PLGA Microspheres for Insoluble Drugs Prepared by hot-Melt Extrusion. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2211-2222. [PMID: 28741064 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Progesterone (PRG) was selected as a model drug to develop a long-acting injection system for poorly water-soluble drugs. METHODS Microspheres with high density-low porosity were prepared by hot-melt extrusion (HME) combined with wet-milling as the representative formulation, and a microcrystal suspension was also studied as a comparison. The morphology, particle size and distribution, polymorphism, drug distribution, density and porosity were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction particle size analyzer, power X-ray diffraction and DSC respectively. The in vivo performance of the different formulations within 7 days after intramuscular injection was evaluated in male SD rats. RESULTS The drug-loading rate of the microspheres could be as high as 40%. The average initial burst release of the microspheres (PLGA lactide:glycolide = 75:25) was only 6.7% much lower than that of the microsuspension (25.7%) and a sustained release was exhibited for at least 7 days. The release mechanism was speculated to be as follows. The microspheres are a drug depot with drug microcrystals in the PLGA matrix which is a layer by layer honeycomb structure. CONCLUSIONS Microspheres prepared by HME combined with wet-milling could achieve a long-term sustained release effect as a novel long-acting formulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yunning Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Luying He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Rong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chenguang Pu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bin Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Haibing He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
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11
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Kalicharan RW, Oussoren C, Schot P, de Rijk E, Vromans H. The contribution of the in-vivo fate of an oil depot to drug absorption. Int J Pharm 2017. [PMID: 28629984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sustained release of lipophilic compounds can be achieved with oil depots. These parenteral formulations are generally injected in the vastus lateralis and deltoid muscle. It is known that the absorption rate differs between these two muscles. The reason for this is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was to investigate the fate of an oil depot in different tissues to elucidate whether the disappearance rate of oil is the cause of observed differences in absorption rate. A study with healthy volunteers was conducted to determine 1.0mL oil depots in the vastus lateralis and deltoid muscle for two weeks. The spatial distribution of the oil depots was determined using MRI. Additionally, a study in rats was conducted to microscopically examine the oil immediately and after 31days of injection. All rats were injected with a 0.1mL oil depot with and without benzyl alcohol (BOH), a commonly used excipient in oil depots. In humans, it was shown that all oil depots were equal in volume and surface area directly after injection. Moreover, the disappearance rate for all oil depots was similar; within one week there was no depot visible anymore by MRI. This in contrast to the depots in rats, which were still microscopically visible after 31days. It is concluded from these observations that the oil is dispersed to small droplets in the course of time. The resulting increase in surface area does not lead to an increase in absorption rate however. The results of this paper show that the variation in drug absorption as found for the two muscles is not caused by a distinction in surface areas or disappearance rates of the oil depots. Therefore, it is argued that the local tissue drainage (e.g. lymph flow) plays a considerable role in drug absorption from oil depots, whereby the lymph flow differs between the muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kalicharan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory & Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, P/O Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, UIPS, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - C Oussoren
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UIPS, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Schot
- OrgaNext Research BV, Jansbuitensingel 7, 6811 AA Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - E de Rijk
- Charles River Laboratories, P/O Box 3476, 5203 DL, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - H Vromans
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory & Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, P/O Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, UIPS, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yang GZ, Li JJ, Yu DG, He MF, Yang JH, Williams GR. Nanosized sustained-release drug depots fabricated using modified tri-axial electrospinning. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:233-241. [PMID: 28137657 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale drug depots, comprising a drug reservoir surrounded by a carrier membrane, are much sought after in contemporary pharmaceutical research. Using cellulose acetate (CA) as a filament-forming polymeric matrix and ferulic acid (FA) as a model drug, nanoscale drug depots in the form of core-shell fibers were designed and fabricated using a modified tri-axial electrospinning process. This employed a solvent mixture as the outer working fluid, as a result of which a robust and continuous preparation process could be achieved. The fiber-based depots had a linear morphology, smooth surfaces, and an average diameter of 0.62±0.07μm. Electron microscopy data showed them to have clear core-shell structures, with the FA encapsulated inside a CA shell. X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy results verified that FA was present in the crystalline physical form. In vitro dissolution tests revealed that the fibers were able to provide close to zero-order release over 36h, with no initial burst release and minimal tailing-off. The release properties of the depot systems were much improved over monolithic CA/FA fibers, which exhibited a significant burst release and also considerable tailing-off at the end of the release experiment. Here we thus demonstrate the concept of using modified tri-axial electrospinning to design and develop new types of heterogeneous nanoscale biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Nanoscale drug depots with a drug reservoir surrounded by a carrier are highly attractive in biomedicine. A cellulose acetate based drug depot was investigated in detail, starting with the design of the nanostructure, and moving through its fabrication using a modified tri-axial electrospinning process and a series of characterizations. The core-shell fiber-based drug depots can provide a more sustained release profile with no initial burst effect and less tailing-off than equivalent monolithic drug-loaded fibers. The drug release mechanisms are also distinct in the two systems. This proof-of-concept work can be further expanded to conceive a series of new structural biomaterials with improved or new functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Mei-Feng He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jun-He Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Kalicharan RW, Bout MR, Oussoren C, Vromans H. Where does hydrolysis of nandrolone decanoate occur in the human body after release from an oil depot? Int J Pharm 2016; 515:721-728. [PMID: 27989828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term therapy of nandrolone (N) is recommended to increase mineral density and muscle strength. Using a parenteral sustained release drug formulation with nandrolone decanoate (ND), therapeutic N levels can be achieved and maintained. Until now, it is unknown if hydrolysis of ND into N occurs in tissue at the injection site or after systemic absorption. Therefore, hydrolysis studies were conducted to investigate the location and rate of ND hydrolysis after its release from the oil depot. ND hydrolysis was studied in porcine tissues, to mimic the human muscular and subcutaneous tissues. Additionally, the ND hydrolysis was studied in human whole blood, plasma and serum at a concentration range of 23.3-233.3μM. ND hydrolysis only occurred in human whole blood. The hydrolysis did not start immediately, but after a lag time. The mean lag time for all studied concentrations was 34.9±2.5min. Because of a slow penetration into tissue, hydrolysis of ND is found to be very low in surrounding tissue. Therefore the local generation of the active compound is clinically irrelevant. It is argued that after injection of the oil depot, ND molecules will be transported via the lymphatic system towards lymph nodes. From here, it will enter the central circulation and within half an hour it will hydrolyse to the active N compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kalicharan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory & Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, P/O Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, UIPS, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M R Bout
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory & Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, P/O Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Oussoren
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UIPS, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Vromans
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory & Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, P/O Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, UIPS, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Spatial distribution of oil depots monitored in human muscle using MRI. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kalicharan R, El Amrani M, Schot P, Vromans H. Pharmacokinetics in Elderly Women of Benzyl Alcohol From an Oil Depot. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1519-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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