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Kim YG, Jeon H, Boya BR, Lee JH, Lee J. Targeting biofilm formation in Candida albicans with halogenated pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2025; 290:117528. [PMID: 40121868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2025] [Revised: 03/10/2025] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Growing concern over environmental contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and antifungal agents, highlights their role in promoting resistance and biofilm formation by microorganisms. Antifungal resistance, especially in drug-resistant Candida spp., poses a global threat, worsened by the widespread use of antifungal agents in both clinical applications and environmental contamination. This study investigates the antibiofilm properties of various halogenated pyrrolo pyrimidine derivatives, specifically 4-chloro-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (10) and 2,4-dichloro-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (16), against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans. Both compounds demonstrated strong biofilm inhibition, with 16 showing greater efficacy even at lower concentrations. qRT-PCR analysis revealed downregulation of key biofilm- and hyphae/germ tube-relating genes, including ALS3, HWP1, and ECE1, alongside upregulation of stress response and biofilm regulator genes such as CDR11, GST3, IFD6, UCF1, YWP1, and ZAP1, indicating complex regulatory responses to the treatments. Molecular docking analysis revealed that these compounds bind effectively to the binding cavity of the ALS3 protein, with halogen atoms playing a key role in stabilizing interaction. Compound 16 exhibited minimal cytotoxicity in Brassica rapa and Caenorhabditis elegans models, suggesting a favorable ADMET safety profile. Confocal microscopy analysis confirmed the compounds effectiveness in preventing biofilm formation when applied as biodegradable PLGA coatings on biomaterial surfaces. These findings suggest that 16 holds promise as a potent antifungal agent with reduced environmental impact, offering both efficacy and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guy Kim
- The Institute of Clean Technology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehakro, Gyeongsansi, Gyeonsanggbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehakro, Gyeongsansi, Gyeonsanggbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharath Reddy Boya
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehakro, Gyeongsansi, Gyeonsanggbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- The Institute of Clean Technology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehakro, Gyeongsansi, Gyeonsanggbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehakro, Gyeongsansi, Gyeonsanggbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Khoder ZM, Mohamed MS, Awad SM, Gharib AF, Aly O, Khodair MAEF, Fatahala SS, El-Hameed RHA. Synthesis, Anti-Cancer Activity, Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis Induction, and Docking Study of Fused Benzo[ h]chromeno[2,3- d]pyrimidine on Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7. Molecules 2024; 29:4697. [PMID: 39407625 PMCID: PMC11478142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29194697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the predominant form of cancer among women and ranks as the second most prevalent cancer globally, affecting both developed and less developed countries. Presently, accessible cancer treatment methods either employ recently created, secure, and efficient chemotherapeutic medications or directly target innovative pathways that cause apoptosis. One of the indirect strategies for treating this fatal illness has mostly depended on its essential role in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction, as well as the antagonistic interaction between the Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins, in order to avert major health repercussions. We reported that newly synthesized fused chromenopyrimidines (3a and 4a) showed potential cell cycle arrest and dual Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 inhibitory characteristics. Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were the targets of a molecular docking procedure. The previous docking results are in line with the biological data and suggest that 3a may have promising anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab M. Khoder
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (Z.M.K.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.A.); (R.H.A.E.-H.)
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, NY 14260, USA
| | - Mosaad S. Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (Z.M.K.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.A.); (R.H.A.E.-H.)
| | - Samir M. Awad
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (Z.M.K.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.A.); (R.H.A.E.-H.)
- Pharmacy Department, Al-zahrawi University College, Carbala 56001, Iraq
| | - Amal F. Gharib
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Omnia Aly
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Doki, P.O. Box 12622 Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Marwa Abd El-Fattah Khodair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (Z.M.K.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.A.); (R.H.A.E.-H.)
| | - Samar S. Fatahala
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (Z.M.K.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.A.); (R.H.A.E.-H.)
| | - Rania H. Abd El-Hameed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (Z.M.K.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.A.); (R.H.A.E.-H.)
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Hakim MS, Gazali FM, Widyaningsih SA, Parvez MK. Driving forces of continuing evolution of rotaviruses. World J Virol 2024; 13:93774. [PMID: 38984077 PMCID: PMC11229848 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i2.93774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus that causes acute diarrheal diseases in children (< 5 years). More than 90% of the global rotavirus infection in humans was caused by Rotavirus group A. Rotavirus infection has caused more than 200000 deaths annually and predominantly occurs in the low-income countries. Rotavirus evolution is indicated by the strain dynamics or the emergence of the unprecedented strain. The major factors that drive the rotavirus evolution include the genetic shift that is caused by the reassortment mechanism, either in the intra- or the inter-genogroup. However, other factors are also known to have an impact on rotavirus evolution. This review discusses the structure and types, epidemiology, and evolution of rotaviruses. This article also reviews other supplemental factors of rotavirus evolution, such as genetic reassortment, mutation rate, glycan specificity, vaccine introduction, the host immune responses, and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saifudin Hakim
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GD, Netherlands
- Viral Infection Working Group, International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, London EC4R 9AN, United Kingdom
| | - Faris Muhammad Gazali
- Master Program in Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Suci Ardini Widyaningsih
- Master of Medical Sciences in Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sayed AI, Mansour YE, Ali MA, Aly O, Khoder ZM, Said AM, Fatahala SS, Abd El-Hameed RH. Novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives: design, synthesis, molecular docking, molecular simulations and biological evaluations as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1821-1837. [PMID: 35762086 PMCID: PMC9246196 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current medical approaches to control the Covid-19 pandemic are either to directly target the SARS-CoV-2 via innovate a defined drug and a safe vaccine or indirectly target the medical complications of the virus. One of the indirect strategies for fighting this virus has been mainly dependent on using anti-inflammatory drugs to control cytokines storm responsible for severe health complications. We revealed the discovery of novel fused pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The newly synthesised compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using RAW264.7 cells after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The results revealed that 3a, 4b, and 8e were the most potent analogues. Molecular docking and simulations of these compounds against COX-2, TLR-2 and TLR-4 respectively was performed. The former results were in line with the biological data and proved that 3a, 4b and 8e have potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira I. Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara E. Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia Aly
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Zainab M. Khoder
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed M. Said
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Athenex Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Samar S. Fatahala
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania H. Abd El-Hameed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Jeelan Basha N, Basavarajaiah SM, Shyamsunder K. Therapeutic potential of pyrrole and pyrrolidine analogs: an update. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2915-2937. [PMID: 35079946 PMCID: PMC8788913 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound pyrrole and pyrrolidine has been a versatile field of study for a long time for its diverse biological and medicinal importance. Biomolecules such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome are naturally occurring metal complexes of pyrrole. These metal complexes play a vital role in a living system like photosynthesis, oxygen carrier, as well storage, and redox cycling reactions. Apart from this, many medicinal drugs are derived from either pyrrole, pyrrolidine, or by its fused analogs. This review mainly focuses on the therapeutic potential of pyrrole, pyrrolidine, and its fused analogs, more specifically anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antituberculosis. Further, this review summarizes more recent reports on the pyrrole, pyrrolidine analogs, and their biological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India.
| | - S M Basavarajaiah
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560004, India
| | - K Shyamsunder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India
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Mamedov VА, Zhukova NА, Kadyrova MS. The Dimroth Rearrangement in the Synthesis of Condensed Pyrimidines - Structural Analogs of Antiviral Compounds. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:342-368. [PMID: 34024912 PMCID: PMC8121644 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the use of the Dimroth rearrangement in the synthesis of condensed pyrimidines which are key structural fragments of antiviral agents. The main attention is given to publications over the past 10 years. The bibliography includes 107 references.
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Key Words
- Dimroth rearrangement
- [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
- [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines
- antiviral activity
- furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines
- imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines
- purines
- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines
- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines
- quinazolin(on)es
- thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines
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Affiliation(s)
- Vakhid А. Mamedov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St, Kazan, 420088 Russia
| | - Nataliya А. Zhukova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St, Kazan, 420088 Russia
| | - Milyausha S. Kadyrova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St, Kazan, 420088 Russia
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Sroor FM, Basyouni WM, Tohamy WM, Abdelhafez TH, El-awady MK. Novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives: Design, synthesis, structure elucidation and in vitro anti-BVDV activity. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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