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Travessas JAC, dos Santos AM, Buligon RP, Arús NA, da Silveira PFT, da Silveira HLD, Vizzotto MB. Validation and comparison of volume measurements using 1 multidetector computed tomography and 5 cone-beam computed tomography protocols: An in vitro study. Imaging Sci Dent 2022; 52:399-408. [PMID: 36605864 PMCID: PMC9807801 DOI: 10.5624/isd.20220102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare volume measurements obtained using 2 image software packages on Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images acquired from 1 multidetector computed tomography and 5 cone-beam computed tomography devices, using different protocols for physical volume measurements. Materials and Methods Four pieces of bovine leg were prepared. Marrow was removed from 3 pieces, leaving cortical bone exposed. The resulting space of 1 piece was filled with water, another was filled with propylene glycol, and the third was left unfilled. The marrow in the fourth sample was left fully intact. Volume measurements were obtained after importing DICOM images into the Dolphin Imaging 11.95 and ITK-SNAP software programs. Data were analyzed using 3-way analysis of variance with a generalized linear model to determine the effects of voxel size, software, and content on percentage mean volume differences between tomographic protocols. A significance level of 0.05 was used. Results The intraclass correlation coefficients for intraobserver and interobserver reliability were, respectively, 0.915 and 0.764 for the Dolphin software and 0.894 and 0.766 for the ITK-SNAP software. Three sources of statistically significant variation were identified: the interaction between software and content (P=0.001), the main effect of content (P=0.014), and the main effect of software (P=0.001). Voxel size was not associated with statistically significant differences in volume measurements. Conclusion Both content and software influenced the accuracy of volume measurements, especially when the content had gray values similar to those of the adjacent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Andréa Corrêa Travessas
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mendonça dos Santos
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pagliarini Buligon
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nádia Assein Arús
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Heraldo Luis Dias da Silveira
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Boessio Vizzotto
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Nakajima T, Fujiwara T, Saegusa F, Inage T, Sakairi Y, Wada H, Suzuki H, Iwata T, Yoshida S, Nakatani Y, Yoshino I. Specimen acquisition training with a new biosimulator in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6513. [PMID: 28353607 PMCID: PMC5380291 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Training for endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has focused on the procedure itself; however, the techniques for obtaining adequate sample are also important for achieving a pathological diagnosis as well as for molecular testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a biosimulator for training subjects in adequate sample acquisition during EBUS-TBNA.A total of 19 bronchoscopists voluntarily participated in this study. A biosimulator (ArtiCHEST, HARADA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used for the training. After a 10-minute briefing, the first pass was performed by pairs of trainees. The trainees then received a 30-minute lecture that focused on the acquisition of samples using EBUS-TBNA. The trainees next performed their second pass under the supervision of the trainers. Each participant obtained a cytological smear that was coded and evaluated for quantity as well as quality by an independent cytotechnologist.The trainees had an average of 5.9 years of bronchoscopy experience. With regard to the quantity evaluation, 9 (47.4%) subjects sampled a greater number of lymphocytes on the second pass than on the first, whereas 2 were better on the first pass, and the others sampled roughly the same amount both times. With regard to the quality assessment, 9 (47.4%) subjects obtained better quality samples on the second pass, whereas the quality of the first and second pass was deemed to be roughly the same for the remaining subjects.A biosimulator can be used to train doctors in specimen acquisition and evaluate their skills with sampling using EBUS-TBNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakajima
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Taiki Fujiwara
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Terunaga Inage
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuichi Sakairi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hironobu Wada
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hidemi Suzuki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takekazu Iwata
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shigetoshi Yoshida
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yukio Nakatani
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yoshino
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
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Öztürk Ç, Velleman T, Bongaerts AHH, Bergman LM, van Ginkel RJ, Gietema JA, Hoekstra HJ. Assessment of Volumetric versus Manual Measurement in Disseminated Testicular Cancer; No Difference in Assessment between Non-Radiologists and Genitourinary Radiologist. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168977. [PMID: 28081195 PMCID: PMC5230761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of semi-automatic volumetric measurement of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in testicular cancer (TC) patients treated with chemotherapy versus the standardized manual measurements based on RECIST criteria. Methods 21 TC patients with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases of testicular cancer were studied with a CT scan of chest and abdomen before and after cisplatin based chemotherapy. Three readers, a surgical resident, a radiological technician and a radiologist, assessed tumor response independently using computerized volumetric analysis with Vitrea software® and manual measurement according to RECIST criteria (version 1.1). Intra- and inter-rater variability were evaluated with intra class correlations and Bland-Altman analysis. Results Assessment of intra observer and inter observer variance proved non-significant in both measurement modalities. In particularly all intraclass correlation (ICC) values for the volumetric analysis were > .99 per observer and between observers. There was minimal bias in agreement for manual as well as volumetric analysis. Conclusion In this study volumetric measurement using Vitrea software® appears to be a reliable, reproducible method to measure initial tumor volume of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases of testicular cancer after chemotherapy. Both measurement methods can be performed by experienced non-radiologists as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Öztürk
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ton Velleman
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alphons H. H. Bongaerts
- Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - L. M. Bergman
- Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J. van Ginkel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jourik A. Gietema
- Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harald J. Hoekstra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Yamashiro T, Tsubakimoto M, Nagatani Y, Moriya H, Sakuma K, Tsukagoshi S, Inokawa H, Kimoto T, Teramoto R, Murayama S. Automated continuous quantitative measurement of proximal airways on dynamic ventilation CT: initial experience using an ex vivo porcine lung phantom. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:2045-54. [PMID: 26445535 PMCID: PMC4590570 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s87588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of continuous quantitative measurement of the proximal airways, using dynamic ventilation computed tomography (CT) and our research software. Methods A porcine lung that was removed during meat processing was ventilated inside a chest phantom by a negative pressure cylinder (eight times per minute). This chest phantom with imitated respiratory movement was scanned by a 320-row area-detector CT scanner for approximately 9 seconds as dynamic ventilatory scanning. Obtained volume data were reconstructed every 0.35 seconds (total 8.4 seconds with 24 frames) as three-dimensional images and stored in our research software. The software automatically traced a designated airway point in all frames and measured the cross-sectional luminal area and wall area percent (WA%). The cross-sectional luminal area and WA% of the trachea and right main bronchus (RMB) were measured for this study. Two radiologists evaluated the traceability of all measurable airway points of the trachea and RMB using a three-point scale. Results It was judged that the software satisfactorily traced airway points throughout the dynamic ventilation CT (mean score, 2.64 at the trachea and 2.84 at the RMB). From the maximum inspiratory frame to the maximum expiratory frame, the cross-sectional luminal area of the trachea decreased 17.7% and that of the RMB 29.0%, whereas the WA% of the trachea increased 6.6% and that of the RMB 11.1%. Conclusion It is feasible to measure airway dimensions automatically at designated points on dynamic ventilation CT using research software. This technique can be applied to various airway and obstructive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Yamashiro
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Maho Tsubakimoto
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nagatani
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Moriya
- Department of Radiology, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sakuma
- Department of Radiology, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyasu Inokawa
- Center for Medical Research and Development, Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kimoto
- Center for Medical Research and Development, Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Teramoto
- Corporate Manufacturing Engineering Center, Toshiba Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Murayama
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Basilio-de-Leo CI, Villeda-Sandoval CI, Culebro-García C, Rodríguez-Covarrubias F, Castillejos-Molina RA. Volumetric assessment of lymph node metastases in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumours treated with chemotherapy. Can Urol Assoc J 2015; 9:E247-51. [PMID: 26029289 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluate volumetry and RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) as methodologies for response after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous germ cell tumour with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of non-seminomatous testicular tumours and concurrent retroperitoneal lymph node metastases, which received chemotherapy and had computed tomography scans before and after treatment. Volumetric analysis and RECIST criteria were used to calculate response rates. We included a new category (favourable response) for patients with response rates between <100% and >70%. We calculated the correlation between volumetric and RECIST criteria with histological and clinical variables. RESULTS In total, 18 patients met the inclusion criteria. Histopathologic analysis of orchiectomy showed teratoma in 55.5% of patients, and those without teratoma had predominantly embryonal carcinoma. The mean baseline volume of retroperitoneal metastases was 447 cc, the mean post-chemotherapy volume was 33.6 cc, and the response rate was 62.6%. According to RECIST criteria, the mean baseline diameter was 4.93 cm, the mean post-chemotherapy diameter was 2.39 cm, and the response rate was 42.4%. Large post-chemotherapy residual masses correlated in both classifications with teratoma. The response rate was associated with the need for surgical treatment and the volumetric classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated volumetry as a way to measure clinical response in lymph node metastases of non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Volumetric analysis is the next step in the evaluation of response rate; its accuracy remains to be determined. Teratoma had greater residual masses and our classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Basilio-de-Leo
- Department of Urology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carolina Culebro-García
- Department of Radiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Dinkel J, Khalilzadeh O, Hintze C, Fabel M, Puderbach M, Eichinger M, Schlemmer HP, Thorn M, Heussel CP, Thomas M, Kauczor HU, Biederer J. Inter-observer reproducibility of semi-automatic tumor diameter measurement and volumetric analysis in patients with lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2013; 82:76-82. [PMID: 23932487 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Therapy monitoring in oncologic patient requires precise measurement methods. In order to improve the precision of measurements, we used a semi-automated generic segmentation algorithm to measure the size of large lung cancer tumors. The reproducibility of computer-assisted measurements were assessed and compared with manual measurements. METHODS CT scans of 24 consecutive lung cancer patients who were referred to our hospital over a period of 6 months were analyzed. The tumor sizes were measured manually by 3 independent radiologists, according to World Health Organization (WHO) and the Revised Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines. At least 10 months later, measurements were repeated semi-automatically on the same scans by the same radiologists. The inter-observer reproducibility of all measurements was assessed and compared between manual and semi-automated measurements. RESULTS Manual measurements of the tumor longest diameter were significantly (p < 0.05) smaller compared with the semi-automated measurements. The intra-rater correlations coefficients were significantly higher for measurements of longest diameter (intra-class correlation coefficients: 0.998 vs. 0.986; p < 0.001) and area (0.995 vs. 0.988; p = 0.032) using semi-automated compared with manual method. The variation coefficient for manual measurement of the tumor area (WHO guideline, 15.7% vs. 7.3%) and the longest diameter (RECIST guideline, 7.7% vs. 2.7%) was 2-3 times that of semi-automated measurement. CONCLUSIONS By using computer-assisted size assessment in primary lung tumor, interobserver-variability can be reduced to about half to one-third compared to standard manual measurements. This indicates a high potential value for therapy monitoring in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dinkel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lin M, Pellerin O, Bhagat N, Rao PP, Loffroy R, Ardon R, Mory B, Reyes DK, Geschwind JF. Quantitative and volumetric European Association for the Study of the Liver and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors measurements: feasibility of a semiautomated software method to assess tumor response after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013. [PMID: 23177109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To show that hepatic tumor volume and enhancement pattern measurements can be obtained in a time-efficient and reproducible manner on a voxel-by-voxel basis to provide a true three-dimensional (3D) volumetric assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data obtained from 20 patients recruited for a single-institution prospective study were retrospectively evaluated. All patients had a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and underwent drug-eluting beads (DEB) transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the first time. All patients had undergone contrast-enhanced MR imaging before and after DEB transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; poor image quality excluded 3 patients, resulting in a final count of 17 patients. Volumetric RECIST (vRECIST) and quantitative EASL (qEASL) were measured, and segmentation and processing times were recorded. RESULTS There were 34 scans analyzed. The time for semiautomatic segmentation was 65 seconds±33 (range, 40-200 seconds). vRECIST and qEASL of each tumor were computed<1 minute for each. CONCLUSIONS Semiautomatic quantitative tumor enhancement (qEASL) and volume (vRECIST) assessment is feasible in a workflow-efficient time frame. Clinical correlation is necessary, but vRECIST and qEASL could become part of the assessment of intraarterial therapy for interventional radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingDe Lin
- Clinical Informatics, Interventional, and Translational Solutions (CIITS), Philips Research North America, Briarcliff Manor, New York, USA
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Liu XP, Xu X, Tian Y, Tang RB, Yu RH, Long DY, Sang CH, Jiang CX, Ning M, Dong JZ, Ma CS. Morphologies of the atria and pulmonary veins in relation to lone atrial fibrillation progression: a dual-source computed tomography scan study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23 Suppl 1:S29-35. [PMID: 22994909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Atrial Remodeling and Lone Atrial Fibrillation. BACKGROUND We sought to investigate the role of anatomic remodeling of the atria and pulmonary veins (PVs) in the progression of lone atrial fibrillation (AF) using dual-source computed tomography (DSCT). METHODS AND RESULTS From 1,308 consecutive patients referred for an index ablation procedure for AF, we prospectively enrolled 29 consecutive patients with recently developed (<3 months) lone persistent AF (PsAF) and 23 consecutive patients with short-lasting (6-12 months) lone PsAF, all of whom had a history of paroxysmal AF (PAF). The control group consisted of 33 patients with lone PAF. On DSCT, the recently developed PsAF group showed more extensive atrial anatomic remodeling than the PAF group as shown by ∼40% higher spot biatrial volume, even though the mean duration of continuous AF was only 6 weeks. In contrast, the DSCT variables in the recently developed PsAF group and the short-lasting PsAF group were comparable, despite the fact that the mean duration of continuous AF in the latter group was 8 months. Series of cross-sectional areas of the ostial 1.5 cm of PV trunks were comparable in the PAF and PsAF groups in all but 3 ostial planes. A higher spot left atrial volume was the only independent factor associated with the progression of lone PAF to PsAF (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03-1.09, P<0.0001) on logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS Prominent anatomic remodeling of the atria, rather than the PVs, underlies the mechanism of recent progression of lone paroxysmal AF to the persistent variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Peng Liu
- Center for Atrial Fibrillation, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lee YC, Fullerton GD, Baiu C, Lescrenier MG, Goins BA. Preclinical multimodality phantom design for quality assurance of tumor size measurement. BMC MEDICAL PHYSICS 2011; 11:1. [PMID: 21958653 PMCID: PMC3206432 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6649-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of changes in tumor size from images acquired by ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common measure of cancer chemotherapy efficacy. Tumor size measurement based on either the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria or the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) is the only imaging biomarker for anti-cancer drug testing presently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The aim of this paper was to design and test a quality assurance phantom with the capability of monitoring tumor size changes with multiple preclinical imaging scanners (US, CT and MRI) in order to facilitate preclinical anti-cancer drug testing. METHODS Three phantoms (Gammex/UTHSCSA Mark 1, Gammex/UTHSCSA Mark 2 and UTHSCSA multimodality tumor measurement phantom) containing tumor-simulating test objects were designed and constructed. All three phantoms were scanned in US, CT and MRI devices. The size of test objects in the phantoms was measured from the US, CT and MRI images. RECIST, WHO and volume analyses were performed. RESULTS The smaller phantom size, simplified design and better test object CT contrast of the UTHSCSA multimodality tumor measurement phantom allowed scanning of the phantom in preclinical US, CT and MRI scanners compared with only limited preclinical scanning capability of Mark 1 and Mark 2 phantoms. For all imaging modalities, RECIST and WHO errors were reduced for UTHSCSA multimodality tumor measurement phantom (≤1.69 ± 0.33%) compared with both Mark 1 (≤ -7.56 ± 6.52%) and Mark 2 (≤ 5.66 ± 1.41%) phantoms. For the UTHSCSA multimodality tumor measurement phantom, measured tumor volumes were highly correlated with NIST traceable design volumes for US (R2 = 1.000, p < 0.0001), CT (R2 = 0.9999, p < 0.0001) and MRI (R2 = 0.9998, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The UTHSCSA multimodality tumor measurement phantom described in this study can potentially be a useful quality assurance tool for verifying radiologic assessment of tumor size change during preclinical anti-cancer therapy testing with multiple imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsook C Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gary D Fullerton
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Beth A Goins
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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