Whole-lesion assessment of volume and signal changes after sclerotherapy of extremity venous malformations

PURPOSE

To investigate quantitative changes in MRI signal intensity (SI) and lesion volume that indicate treatment response and correlate these changes with clinical outcomes after percutaneous sclerotherapy (PS) of extremity venous malformations (VMs).

METHODS

VMs were segmented manually on pre- and post-treatment T2-weighted MRI using 3D Slicer to assess changes in lesion volume and SI. Clinical outcomes were scored on a 7-point Likert scale according to patient perception of symptom improvement; treatment response (success or failure) was determined accordingly.

RESULTS

Eighty-one patients with VMs underwent 125 PS sessions. Treatment success occurred in 77 patients (95 %). Mean (±SD) changes were -7.9 ± 24 cm3 in lesion volume and -123 ± 162 in SI (both, P <.001). Mean reduction in lesion volume was greater in the success group (-9.4 ± 24 cm3) than in the failure group (21 ± 20 cm3) (P =.006). Overall, lesion volume correlated with treatment response (ρ = -0.3, P =.004). On subgroup analysis, volume change correlated with clinical outcomes in children (ρ = -0.3, P =.03), in sodium tetradecyl sulfate-treated lesions (ρ = -0.5, P =.02), and in foot lesions (ρ = -0.6, P =.04). SI change correlated with clinical outcomes in VMs treated in 1 PS session (ρ = -0.3, P =.01) and in bleomycin-treated lesions (ρ = -0.4, P =.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Change in lesion volume is a reliable indicator of treatment response. Lesion volume and SI correlate with clinical outcomes in specific subgroups.

Volumetric analysis of artifacts from fiducial markers under cone beam computed tomography

Abstract Background/purpose

Computer aided implant surgery has been widely adopted in modern implant dentistry. However, absence of reliable anatomic landmarks for superimposing digital data sets for patients with terminal dentition or complete edentulism remained challenging. Utilization of additional fiducial markers intraorally as the reference points for the improvement of accuracy became crucial in implant digital workflow. Nevertheless, the choice of the material for fiducial markers should present the least radiographic artifacts under cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for better accuracy. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the volume of radiographic artifacts generated through different materials under the image of CBCT.

Materials and methods

Fifteen dental materials were selected and configured into cubic shape. All the materials were scanned initially with the laboratory scanner as the control groups. The samples were scanned by CBCT machine as test groups and the volume of artifact generated under CBCT images were compared and analyzed using 3D modeling software.

Results

Eleven out of fifteen materials could be recognized under CBCT images. Volumetric analysis reported that statistically significant differences among the materials could be noted, and the flowable composite resin presented the least volumetric difference. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, flowable composite resin, and gutta-percha presented the least deformation and maintained their cubic shapes.

Conclusion

The results of the present study may imply that flowable composite resin compared to all ceramic materials, amalgam and gutta-percha may be a preferable choice when utilized as fiducial markers under CBCT images.

Volumetric analysis in primary and residual type B aortic dissection treated with stented-assisted balloon-induced intimal disruption and relamination (STABILISE) technique can predict aortic reintervention

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the mid-term results of stented-assisted balloon-induced intimal disruption and relamination (STABILISE) in patients with aortic dissection with the implementation of volumetric analysis.

METHODS

This was a single-center retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. From May 2017 to September 2022, 42 patients underwent STABILISE for acute complicated or subacute high-risk aortic dissection. STABILISE was completed with distal extended endovascular aortic repair in 24 patients. A computed tomography scan was performed at baseline, before hospital discharge, and at 1, 3, and 5 years. Perfused total aortic, true lumen, and false lumen volumes were assessed for thoracic, visceral, and aorto-iliac segment. The ratio between false lumen and total volume was named perfusion dissection index (PDI). Complete remodeling was defined as PDI = 0, and positive remodeling as PDI ≤0.1.

RESULTS

Technical success was 97.6%. No 30-day deaths, spinal cord injuries, or retrograde dissections were observed. Mean follow-up was 44 ± 19.4 months. Thoracic diameter was lower at last available computed tomography scan (36.7 vs 33.0 mm; P = .01). Aortic growth >5 mm was observed in 9.5% of the patients. Thoracic and visceral aortic complete remodeling were 92.8% and 83.3%, respectively, with no difference between acute and subacute group. Distal extended endovascular aortic repair significantly increased complete remodeling in the aorto-iliac segment, compared with STABILISE alone (69.6% vs 21.4%; P < .001). Freedom from vascular reinterventions at 3 years was 83.1% (95% confidence interval, 71.5%-96.6%). Total PDI ≤0.1 at first postoperative control was a predictor of vascular reinterventions (P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

STABILISE is a safe and feasible technique associated with high mid-term rates of complete remodeling in the thoracic and visceral aorta. Volumetric analysis allows the quantification of aortic remodeling and represents a predictor of aortic reinterventions.

Association between bilateral condylar resorption and reduced volumes of the craniofacial skeleton and masticatory muscles in adult patients: A retrospective study

Objectives

This retrospective cohort study aimed to analyze volumes of craniomaxillofacial bone and masticatory muscles of young adults with bilateral idiopathic condylar resorption.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 84 adults with bilateral idiopathic condylar resorption (BCR) and 48 adults with normal temporal-mandibular joint (TMJ) matched for age and sex (mean age, 23.2 ± 3.6 years). The volumes of craniomaxillofacial bone and masticatory muscles, as well as intercondylar angle were measured. Unpaired t-tests and Pearson correlation tests were applied to analyze the data. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between bilateral condylar volume and volumes of craniomaxillofacial bone and masticatory muscles adjusted for age, sex, and disc status.

Results

Compared to the control group, the BCR group displayed significant decreased volumes of craniomaxillofacial bone (p < 0.001), craniomaxillofacial bone without mandible (p < 0.001), mandible (p < 0.001), mandible without mandibular condylar process (p < 0.001), bilateral masseter muscle (p < 0.001) and bilateral temporalis muscle (p < 0.001), as well as the intercondylar angle (p < 0.001). These variables were significantly correlated to the volume of mandibular condylar process (0.5< r < 0.8; p < 0.001). By linear regression analyses, significant associations were found for the bilateral condylar volume with craniomaxillofacial bone volume and mandible bone volume.

Conclusions

Young adults with BCR displayed smaller volumes of craniomaxillofacial skeleton and masticatory muscles, and smaller intercondylar angle than the normal patients. The craniofacial musculoskeletal volume and intercondylar angle are associated with mandibular condylar process volume.

Early-stage volume losses in the corpus callosum and thalamus predict the progression of brain atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

A method that can be used in the early stage of multiple sclerosis (MS) to predict the progression of brain volume loss (BVL) has not been fully established.

METHODS

To develop a method of predicting progressive BVL in patients with MS (pwMS), eighty-two consecutive Japanese pwMS-with either relapsing-remitting MS (86%) or secondary progressive MS (14%)-and 41 healthy controls were included in this longitudinal retrospective analysis over an observational period of approximately 3.5 years. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis with multivariate imaging data obtained by FreeSurfer analysis, we classified the pwMS into clusters.

RESULTS

At baseline and follow-up, pwMS were cross-sectionally classified into three major clusters (Clusters 1, 2, and 3) in ascending order by disability and BVL. Among the patients included in Cluster 1 at baseline, approximately one-third of patients (12/52) transitioned into Cluster 2 at follow-up. The volumes of the corpus callosum, the thalamus, and the whole brain excluding the ventricles were significantly decreased in the transition group compared with the nontransition group and were found to be the most important predictors of transition.

CONCLUSION

Decreased volumes of the corpus callosum and thalamus in the relatively early stage of MS may predict the development of BVL.

Volumetric analysis after caries excavation with caries detecting dyes and chemomechanical caries removal agents using 3D scanner-a randomised clinical trial

AIM

This research aimed to use an extra-oral 3D scanner for conducting volumetric analysis after caries excavation using caries-detecting dyes and chemomechanical caries removal agents in individuals with occlusal and proximal carious lesions.

METHODS

Patients with occlusal (A1, A2, A3) and proximal carious lesions (B1, B2, B3) were treated with the conventional rotary technique, caries detecting dyes (CDD) and chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) method on 90 teeth (n = 45 for each). Group A1, B1: Excavation was performed using diamond points. Group A2, B2: CDD (Sable Seek™ caries indicator, Ultradent) was applied and left for 10 s, and then the cavity was rinsed and dried. For caries removal, diamond points or excavators were used. Group A3 and B3: BRIX3000 papain gel was applied with a micro-brush for 20 s and was activated for 2 min, and then the carious tissue was removed with a sharp spoon excavator. Post-excavation cavity volume analysis was performed using a 3D scanner. The time required and the verbal pain score (VPS) for pain were scored during excavation. Post-restoration evaluation was performed at 1, 3, and 6 months FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale) criteria.

RESULTS

Comparison of age, time and volume with study groups were made using Independent Sample' t' test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for two and more than two groups, respectively. Using Cohen's Kappa Statistics, evaluators 1 and 2 agreed on caries removal status aesthetic, functional and biological properties at different follow-ups. The chi-square test revealed that the rotary groups [A1(2.5 ± 0.4 min) B1(4.0 ± 0.4 min)] had significantly less (p = 0.000) mean procedural time than CDD [A2(4.5 ± 0.4 min) B2(5.7 ± 0.4 min)] and CMCR [A3(5.4 ± 0.7 min) B3(6.2 ± 0.6 min)] groups. The CMCR group showed better patient acceptance and less pain during caries excavation than the rotary and CDD groups. CMCR group showed significantly less mean caries excavated volume(p = 0.000). Evaluation of restoration after 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals was acceptable for all the groups.

CONCLUSION

Brix3000 helps effectively remove denatured teeth with less pain or sensitivity. The time required for caries removal was lowest in the rotary method and highest in the brix3000 group, while the volume of caries removed was the lowest for brix3000 and highest for the rotary group.

Characterization of white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis using proton density and T1-relaxation measures

PURPOSE

Although lesion dissemination in time is a defining characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a limited understanding of lesion heterogeneity. Currently, conventional sequences such as fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted (T1W) data are used to assess MS lesions qualitatively. Estimating water content could provide a measure of local tissue rarefaction, or reduced tissue density, resulting from chronic inflammation. Our goal was to utilize the proton spin density (PD), derived from a rapid, multi-contrast STAGE (strategically acquired gradient echo) protocol to characterize white matter (WM) lesions seen on T2W, FLAIR and T1W data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty (20) subjects with relapsing-remitting MS were scanned at 3 T using T1W, T2-weighted, FLAIR and strategically acquired gradient echo (STAGE) sequences. PD and T1 maps were derived from the STAGE data. Disease severity scores, including Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), were correlated with total, high PD and high T1 lesion volumes. A probability map of high PD regions and all lesions across all subjects was generated. Five perilesional normal appearing WM (NAWM) bands surrounding the lesions were generated to compare the median PD and T1 values in each band with the lesional values and the global WM.

RESULTS

T1W intensity was negatively correlated with PD as expected (R = -0.87, p < 0.01, R2 = 0.756) and the FLAIR signal was suppressed for high PD volumes within the lesions, roughly for PD ≥ 0.85. The threshold for high PD and T1 regions was set to 0.909 and 1953.6 ms, respectively. High PD regions showed a high probability of occurrence near the boundary of the lateral ventricles. EDSS score and nine-hole peg test (dominant and non-dominant hand) were significantly correlated with the total lesion volume and the volumes of high PD and T1 regions (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in PD/T1 values between the high PD/T1 regions within the lesions and the remaining lesional tissue (p < 0.001). In addition, the PD values of the first NAWM perilesional band directly adjacent to the lesional boundary displayed a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the global WM.

CONCLUSION

Lesions with high PD and T1s had the highest probability of occurrence at the boundary of the lateral ventricles and likely represent chronic lesions with significant local tissue rarefaction. Moreover, the perilesional NAWM exhibited subtly increasing PD and T1 values from the NAWM up to the lesion boundary. Unlike on the T1 maps, the perilesional band adjacent to the lesion boundary possessed a significantly higher PD value than the global WM PD values. This shows that PD maps were sensitive to the subtle changes in NAWM surrounding the lesions.

Quantifying bone healing after mandibular displacement in orthognathic surgery

Impaired bony healing following bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) is a major unmet medical need for affected patients, and rare occurrences can hinder the identification of underlying risk factors. We hypothesised that osseous union following BSSO can be quantified using volumetric analysis, and we aimed to identify the risk factors for impaired bone healing. The percentage change in bony volume was measured in orthognathic patients following BSSO using two consecutive postoperative cone-beam computed tomography scans. Patients' characteristics and treatment parameters were documented, and correlation and regression analyses of these variables performed. Thirty-six patients (23 men and 13 women) with a mean (SD) age of 33.28 (11.86) years were included. The gap site (lingual versus buccal) (p < 0.01) had a significant impact on the change in volume. Age (p = 0.06) showed a trend towards significance. Initial width of the osteotomy gap, sex, and indication for surgery did not influence osseous healing. Increased age at surgery and the side of the buccal osteotomy are independent risk factors for impaired osseous healing following BSSO.

Toward More Accessible Fully Automated 3D Volumetric MRI Decision Trees for the Differential Diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy, Related Disorders, and Age-Matched Healthy Subjects

Differentiating multiple system atrophy (MSA) from related neurodegenerative movement disorders (NMD) is challenging. MRI is widely available and automated decision-tree analysis is simple, transparent, and resistant to overfitting. Using a retrospective cohort of heterogeneous clinical MRIs broadly sourced from a tertiary hospital system, we aimed to develop readily translatable and fully automated volumetric diagnostic decision-trees to facilitate early and accurate differential diagnosis of NMDs. 3DT1 MRI from 171 NMD patients (72 MSA, 49 PSP, 50 PD) and 171 matched healthy subjects were automatically segmented using Freesurfer6.0 with brainstem module. Decision trees employing substructure volumes and a novel volumetric pons-to-midbrain ratio (3D-PMR) were produced and tenfold cross-validation performed. The optimal tree separating NMD from healthy subjects selected cerebellar white matter, thalamus, putamen, striatum, and midbrain volumes as nodes. Its sensitivity was 84%, specificity 94%, accuracy 84%, and kappa 0.69 in cross-validation. The optimal tree restricted to NMD patients selected 3D-PMR, thalamus, superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), midbrain, pons, and putamen as nodes. It yielded sensitivities/specificities of 94/84% for MSA, 72/96% for PSP, and 73/92% PD, with 79% accuracy and 0.62 kappa. There was correct classification of 16/17 MSA, 5/8 PSP, 6/8 PD autopsy-confirmed patients, and 6/8 MRIs that preceded motor symptom onset. Fully automated decision trees utilizing volumetric MRI data distinguished NMD patients from healthy subjects and MSA from other NMDs with promising accuracy, including autopsy-confirmed and pre-symptomatic subsets. Our open-source methodology is well-suited for widespread clinical translation. Assessment in even more heterogeneous retrospective and prospective cohorts is indicated.

Prognostic value of MRI volumetric parameters in non-small cell lung cancer patients after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: comparison with response assessment criteria

BACKGROUND

Accurate response parameters are important for patients with brain metastasis (BM) undergoing clinical trials using immunotherapy, considering poorly defined enhancement and variable responses. This study investigated MRI-based surrogate endpoints for patients with BM receiving immunotherapy.

METHODS

Sixty-three non-small cell lung cancer patients with BM who received immune checkpoint inhibitors and underwent MRI were included. Tumor diameters were measured using a modification of the RECIST 1.1 (mRECIST), RANO-BM, and iRANO adjusted for BM (iRANO-BM). Tumor volumes were segmented on 3D contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Differences between the sum of the longest diameter (SLD) or total tumor volume at baseline and the corresponding measurement at time of the best overall response were calculated as "changes in SLDs" (for each set of criteria) and "change in volumetry," respectively. Overall response rate (ORR), progressive disease (PD) assignment, and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared among the criteria. The prediction of overall survival (OS) was compared between diameter-based and volumetric change using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

RESULTS

The mRECIST showed higher ORR (30.1% vs. both 17.5%) and PD assignment (34.9% vs. 25.4% [RANO-BM] and 19% [iRANO-BM]). The iRANO-BM had a longer median PFS (13.7 months) than RANO-BM (9.53 months) and mRECIST (7.73 months, P = 0.003). The change in volumetry was a significant predictor of OS (HR = 5.87, 95% CI: 1.46-23.64, P = 0.013). None of the changes in SLDs, as determined by RANO-BM or iRANO-BM, were significant predictors of OS, except for the mRECIST, which exhibited a weak association with OS.

CONCLUSION

Quantitative volume measurement may be an accurate surrogate endpoint for OS in patients with BM undergoing immunotherapy, especially considering the challenges of multiplicity and the heterogeneity of sub-centimeter size responses.

Hypothalamus volumes in adolescent Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): impact of self-reported fatigue and illness duration

Adolescent Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex illness of unknown aetiology. Emerging theories suggest ME/CFS may reflect a progressive, aberrant state of homeostasis caused by disturbances within the hypothalamus, yet few studies have investigated this using magnetic resonance imaging in adolescents with ME/CFS. We conducted a volumetric analysis to investigate whether whole and regional hypothalamus volumes in adolescents with ME/CFS differed compared to healthy controls, and whether these volumes were associated with fatigue severity and illness duration. 48 adolescents (25 ME/CFS, 23 controls) were recruited. Lateralised whole and regional hypothalamus volumes, including the anterior-superior, superior tubular, posterior, anterior-inferior and inferior tubular subregions, were calculated from T1-weighted images. When controlling for age, sex and intracranial volume, Bayesian linear regression models revealed no evidence for differences in hypothalamus volumes between groups. However, in the ME/CFS group, a weak linear relationship between increased right anterior-superior volumes and fatigue severity was identified, which was absent in controls. In addition, Bayesian quantile regression revealed a likely-positive association between illness duration and right superior tubular volumes in the ME/CFS group. While these findings suggest overall comparability in regional and whole hypothalamus volumes between adolescents with ME/CFS and controls, preliminary evidence was identified to suggest greater fatigue severity and longer illness duration were associated with greater right anterior-superior and superior-tubular volumes, respectively. These regions contain the anterior and superior divisions of the paraventricular nucleus, involved in the neuroendocrine response to stress, suggesting involvement in ME/CFS pathophysiology. However, replication in a larger, longitudinal cohort is required.

Tightened Sulci in the High Convexities as a Noteworthy Feature of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

OBJECTIVE

The presence of tightened sulci in the high-convexities (THC) is a key morphological feature for the diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), but the exact localization of THC has yet to be defined. The purpose of this study was to define THC and compare its volume, percentage, and index between iNPH patients and healthy controls.

METHODS

According to the THC definition, the high-convexity part of the subarachnoid space was segmented and measured the volume and percentage from the 3D T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images in 43 patients with iNPH and 138 healthy controls.

RESULTS

THC was defined as a decrease in the high-convexity part of the subarachnoid space located above the body of the lateral ventricles, with anterior end on the coronal plane perpendicular to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) line passing through the front edge of the genu of corpus callosum, the posterior end in the bilateral posterior parts of the callosomarginal sulci, and the lateral end at 3 cm from the midline on the coronal plane perpendicular to the AC-PC line passing through the midpoint between AC and PC. Compared to the volume and volume percentage, the high-convexity part of the subarachnoid space volume per ventricular volume ratio < 0.6 was the most detectable index of THC on both 3D T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images.

CONCLUSIONS

To improve the diagnostic accuracy of iNPH, the definition of THC was clarified, and high-convexity part of the subarachnoid space volume per ventricular volume ratio <0.6 proposed as the best index for THC detection in this study.

The effect of a convergent transmucosal neck on soft tissues and radiographic outcomes: a 1-year follow-up randomized controlled trial

PURPOSE

The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate peri-implant marginal bone levels (MBLs) and soft tissue dimension changes 1 year after loading. Patients in the control group received bone-level implants, whereas in the test group, tissue-level implants with a convergent transmucosal neck were used.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

MBLs were calculated by measuring the distance from the implant shoulder to the first visible bone-to-implant contact using standardized periapical digital radiographs. Baseline (day of loading) and follow-up digital models obtained with an intraoral scanner were used to quantify the changes in the peri-implant soft tissue dimensions with a best-fit algorithm.

RESULTS

The difference between final and baseline MBLs showed a mean bone loss of 0.16 ± 0.01 mm in the test group (n = 15) and 0.45 ± 0.09 mm in the control group (n = 14) (p > 0.05). Soft tissue contour at the level of the gingival margin (GM) increased by 1.96 ± 2.69 mm in the test group and 0.65 ± 0.42 mm in the control group (p = 0.167). Both groups showed a coronal displacement of the gingival margin with no significant differences among them.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrated peri-implant hard and soft tissues stability at both implant designs with no significant differences 12 months after loading.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

There is still insufficient scientific evidence to demonstrate the role and advantages of the convergent transmucosal neck on the behavior of the peri-implant soft and hard tissues stability compared to a straight neck in bone-level implants 12 months after loading.

Role of Early Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Halting Clinical and Radiographic Disease Progression in Rasmussen Encephalitis

BACKGROUND

Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare progressive presumed autoimmune disorder characterized by pharmacoresistant epilepsy and progressive motor and cognitive deterioration. Despite immunomodulation, more than half of the patients with RE ultimately require functional hemispherotomy. In this study, we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of early initiation of immunomodulation in slowing disease progression and preventing the need for surgical interventions.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review over a 10-year period was conducted at the American University of Beirut Medical Center to identify patients with RE. Data were collected on seizure characteristics, neurological deficits, electroencephalography, brain magnetic resonance imaging results (including volumetric analyses for an objective assessment of radiographic progression), and treatment modalities.

RESULTS

Seven patients met the inclusion criteria for RE. All patients received intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) as soon as the diagnosis was entertained. Five patients with only monthly to weekly seizures at the time of IVIG initiation had favorable outcomes without resorting to surgery, along with a relative preservation of the gray matter volumes in the affected cerebral hemispheres. Motor strength was preserved in those patients, and three were seizure free at their last follow-up visit. The two patients who required hemispherotomy were already severely hemiparetic and experiencing daily seizures at the time of IVIG initiation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that the early initiation of IVIG as soon as a diagnosis of RE is suspected, and particularly before the appearance of motor deficits and intractable seizures, can maximize the beneficial effects of immunomodulation in terms of controlling seizures and reducing the rate of cerebral atrophy.

Measuring pituitary tumor volume: a comparison of the simplified and non-simplified ellipsoid equation with the 3D planimetric volume assessment

PURPOSE

The ellipsoid equation came in an attempt to facilitate the estimation of tumor volume, by measuring the height, width, and anteroposterior length of the lesion. The estimated tumor volume can sometimes be different between methods, thus, it is of extreme interest to evaluate if the methods are significantly different, as well as to discuss the main limitations of each one.

METHODS

This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. A systematic review of the literature was also performed in order to discuss the results observed in the present study.

RESULTS

A total of 82 patients (43 males and 39 females) ranging in age from 15 to 78 years (mean 47.95 ± 14.76) were included in the study. Seven patients were classified as Knosp grade 0 (8.5%), 36 Knosp grade 1 (44%), 14 Knosp grade 2 (17%), 20 Knosp grade 3 (24.4%), 5 Knosp grade 4 (6.1%). The tumor volume estimated by 3D planimetric assessment, non-simplified ellipsoid equation, and simplified ellipsoid formula averaged 10.68 cm³, 10.36 cm³, and 9.9 cm³ respectively.

CONCLUSION

A simplified form of the ellipsoid equation increases the divergence between the measurement obtained in planimetry, and should be discouraged, in view of the new automated methods of performing quick calculations using periodic digits. The non-simplified form underestimated the tumor volume by 2.9% on average but did so regularly. In clinical practice, measurement should be accompanied by an evaluation of tumor morphology.

Altered cerebellar lobular volumes correlate with clinical deficits in siblings and children with ASD: evidence from toddlers

BACKGROUND

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social and communication skills, narrow interests, and repetitive behavior. It is known that the cerebellum plays a vital role in controlling movement and gait posture. However, recently, researchers have reported that the cerebellum may also be responsible for other functions, such as social cognition, reward, anxiety, language, and executive functions.

METHODS

In this study, we ascertained volumetric differences from cerebellar lobular analysis from children with ASD, ASD siblings, and typically developing healthy controls. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 30 children were recruited, including children with ASD (N = 15; mean age = 27.67 ± 5.1 months), ASD siblings (N = 6; mean age = 17.5 ± 3.79 months), and typically developing children (N = 9; mean age = 17.67 ± 3.21 months). All the MRI data was acquired under natural sleep without using any sedative medication. We performed a correlation analysis with volumetric data and developmental and behavioral measures obtained from these children. Two-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation was performed for statistical data analysis.

RESULTS

We observed intriguing findings from this study, including significantly increased gray matter lobular volumes in multiple cerebellar regions including; vermis, left and right lobule I-V, right CrusII, and right VIIb and VIIIb, respectively, in children with ASD, compared to typically developing healthy controls and ASD siblings. Multiple cerebellar lobular volumes were also significantly correlated with social quotient, cognition, language, and motor scores with children with ASD, ASD siblings, and healthy controls, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This research finding helps us understand the neurobiology of ASD and ASD-siblings, and critically advances current knowledge about the cerebellar role in ASD. However, results need to be replicated for a larger cohort from longitudinal research study in future.

3D analysis and grading of calcifications from ex vivo human meniscus

OBJECTIVE

Meniscal calcifications are associated with the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis (OA). We propose a micro-computed tomography (μCT) based 3D analysis of meniscal calcifications ex vivo, including a new grading system.

METHOD

Human medial and lateral menisci were obtained from 10 patients having total knee replacement for medial compartment OA and 10 deceased donors without knee OA (healthy references). The samples were fixed; one subsection was imaged with μCT, and the adjacent tissue was processed for histological evaluation. Calcifications were examined from the reconstructed 3D μCT images, and a new grading system was developed. To validate the grading system, meniscal calcification volumes (CV_M) were quantitatively analyzed and compared between the calcification grades. Furthermore, we estimated the relationship between histopathological degeneration and the calcification severity.

RESULTS

3D μCT images depict calcifications in every sample, including diminutive calcifications that are not visible in histology. In the new grading system, starting from grade 2, each grade results in a CV_M that is 20.3 times higher (95% CI 13.3-30.5) than in the previous grade. However, there was no apparent difference in CV_M between grades 1 and 2. The calcification grades appear to increase with the increasing histopathological degeneration, although histopathological degeneration is also observed with small calcification grades.

CONCLUSIONS

3D μCT grading of meniscal calcifications is feasible. Interestingly, it seems that there are two patterns of degeneration in the menisci of our sample set: 1) with diminutive calcifications (calcification grades 1-2), and 2) with large to widespread calcifications (calcification grades 3-5).

The Diversity of the Brains of Ray-Finned Fishes

Brains are very plastic, both in response to phenotypic diversity and to larger evolutionary trends. Differences between taxa cannot be easily attributed to either factors. Comparative morphological data on higher taxonomic levels are scarce, especially in ray-finned fishes. Here we show the great diversity of brain areas of more than 150 species of ray-finned fishes by volumetric measurements using block-face imaging. We found that differences among families or orders are more likely due to environmental needs than to systematic position. Most notable changes are present in the brain areas processing sensory input (chemosenses and lateral line vs. visual system) between salt- and freshwater species due to fundamental differences in habitat properties. Further, some patterns of brain volumetry are linked to characteristics of body morphology. There is a positive correlation between cerebellum size and body depth, as well as the presence of a swim bladder. Since body morphology is linked to ecotypes and habitat selection, a complex character space of brain and body morphology and ecological factors together could explain better the differentiation of species into their ecological niches and may lead to a better understanding of how animals adapt to their environment.

Using the deformity index of vital structures to predict outcome of patients with large vestibular schwannomas after Gamma Knife radiosurgery

PURPOSE

Microsurgery is the mainstay of treatment for large vestibular schwannomas (VS), but the benefits of radiosurgery remain incompletely defined. Here, we aim to use automated volumetric analysis software to quantify the degree of brain stem deformity to predict long-term outcomes of patients with large VS following GKRS.

METHODS

Between 2003 and 2020, 39 patients with large VS (volume > 8 cc) undergoing GKRS with a margin dose of 10-12 Gy were analyzed. The reconstruction 3D MRI was used to evaluate the extent of deformity for predicting the long-term outcome of patients.

RESULTS

Their mean tumor volume was 13.7 ± 6.3 cc, and their mean follow-up after GKRS was 86.7 ± 65.3 months. Favorable clinical outcome was observed in 26 (66.7%) patients, while 13 (33.3%) patients had treatment failure. Patients with small tumor volumes, low vital structure deformity indice [(TV/(BSV + CerV) and (TV + EV)/(BSV + CerV)], and long distance of tumor to the central line were more likely to have favorable clinical outcome after GKRS. Significant prognostic value was with tumor shrinkage ratio (< 50%) were CV, CV/TV, TV/CerV, (TV + EV)/(BSV + CerV), and the distance of tumor to the central line. In cox regression, favorable clinical outcome was correlated with the Charlson comorbidity index and cochlear dosage (both p < 0.05). In multivariant analysis, tumor regression was highly correlated with the CV/TV ratio (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The brainstem deformity ratio is likely a useful index to assess the clinical and tumor regression outcomes. Clinical outcomes are multifactorial and the tumor regression was highly correlated with the ratio of cystic components.

Outcomes of endodontic microsurgery using different calcium silicate-based retrograde filling materials: a cohort retrospective cone-beam computed tomographic analysis

PURPOSE

To evaluate the outcomes of endodontic microsurgery (EMS) using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA), EndoSequence root repair material (RRM putty; Brasseler, Savannah, GA), and injectable Bioceramic (BC) sealer (Brasseler USA) followed by the application of RRM putty (lid technique) as root-end filling materials.

METHODS

One hundred and ten patients who underwent EMS between 2016 and 2020 at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital were recruited for clinical and radiographic follow-up after a minimum of 1 year. Radiographic assessment was performed using periapical radiographs (PAs) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Volumetric analysis of periapical radiolucencies (PARLs) was performed using Amira software.

RESULTS

Seventy-nine patients (103 teeth: MTA group, n = 28; RRM putty, n = 41; lid technique, n = 34), attended the follow-up visit, with an average follow-up period of 24 months (recall rate = 74.5%). Of the 103 teeth, 40 were anteriors, 24 were premolars, and 39 were molars. All three groups of retrograde filling materials (MTA, RRM putty, and lid technique) showed high success rates on both PA (85.7, 85.4, 94.1%, respectively) and CBCT imaging (67.9, 75.6, 88.2%, respectively), without any significant difference among the success rates of different materials. Overall, a slight agreement was noted between the PA and CBCT outcomes, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.029). None of the patient-, tooth-, or treatment-related factors significantly influenced the outcomes of EMS. Adequate density of root canal filling material was significantly associated with a high percentage of completely healed cases on CBCT (P = 0.044). PARL volumes were reduced significantly over 1-4 years follow-up after EMS (P < 0.001) CONCLUSIONS: EMS showed high success rates on both PA and CBCT when MTA, RRM putty or lid technique were used as retrograde filling materials. CBCT imaging is more precise than PA in detecting the healing outcomes of EMS.

Development of a system to assess the two- and three-dimensional bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae from clinical quantitative CT images

This study developed a system to quantify the lumbar spine's bone mineral density (BMD) in two and three dimensions for osteoporosis screening using quantitative CT images. Measuring the two-dimensional BMD could reproduce the BMD measurement performed in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and an accurate diagnosis of osteoporosis was possible.

PURPOSE

To date, the assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) using CT images has been made in three dimensions, leading to errors in detecting osteoporosis based on the two-dimensional assessments of BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA-BMD). Herein, we aimed to develop a system that measures two- and three-dimensional lumbar BMD from quantitative CT images and validated the accuracy of the system in diagnosing osteoporosis with regard to the DXA classification.

METHODS

Fifty-nine pairs of spinal CT and DXA images were analyzed. First, the three-dimensional BMD was measured at the axial slice of the L1 vertebra on CT images (L1-vBMD). Then, the L1-L4 vertebrae were segmented from the CT images to measure the three-dimensional BMD at the trabecular region of the L1-L4 vertebral bodies (CT-vBMD). Lastly, the segmented vertebrae were projected onto the coronal plane to measure the two-dimensional BMD (CT-aBMD). Each parameter was correlated with DXA-BMD, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to diagnose osteoporosis was assessed.

RESULTS

The correlation coefficients of DXA-BMD with L1-vBMD, CT-vBMD, and CT-aBMD were 0.364, 0.456, and 0.911, respectively (all p < 0.01). In the ROC curve analysis to diagnose osteoporosis, the area under the curve for CT-aBMD (0.941) was significantly higher than those for L1-vBMD (0.582) and CT-vBMD (0.657) (both p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Compared with L1-vBMD and CT-vBMD, CT-aBMD could accurately predict DXA-BMD and detect patients with osteoporosis. Given that our method can quantify BMD in both two and three dimensions, it could be used to screen for osteoporosis from quantitative CT images.

Immediate versus delayed implant placement in the esthetic zone: a prospective 3D volumetric assessment of peri-implant tissue stability

PURPOSE

To evaluate the volumetric stability of peri-implant soft and hard tissue prospectively, this study compared immediate versus delayed implants placed in the anterior esthetic region.

METHODS

This non-randomized controlled clinical study included 25 patients, who received an immediate (type 1) or a delayed (type 4) implant placement for the replacement of a single anterior tooth. The anterior maxillae were intraorally scanned at three timepoints: before surgery (S0), 6 months (S1), and 12 months (S2) after surgery. A specific region of interest (ROI), divided into marginal and apical regions, was determined and superimposed for volumetric changes analysis. At 6 and 12 months, the probing depth (PD), bleeding/suppuration on probing (BOP/SUP), modified plaque index (PI), keratinized mucosa (KM) width, mucosal recession (MR), and implant stability (PTV) by means of periotest were recorded.

RESULTS

Between S0-S2, tissue surrounding immediate implants was reduced in 0.37 ± 0.31 mm, whereas delayed implants gained 0.84 ± 0.57 mm mean tissue volume. Peri-implant tissue loss at type 1 implants occurred primarily in the marginal section of the ROI (0.42 ± 0.31 mm), whereas tissue gain at type 4 implants occurred mainly in the apical section (0.83 ± 0.51 mm). These values were significantly different between both groups for the entire ROI (p = 0.0452) and the marginal region (p = 0.0274). In addition, the mean buccal KM width around type 1 implants was significantly wider in comparison with the type 4 implants group after 12 months (p = 0.046). There were no significant differences between groups regarding PD, BOP/SUP, or PTV.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that type 1 implants placed in the esthetic region experience more tissue loss than type 4 implants, thus marginal tissue remodeling should be considered for planning immediate implants placement in the anterior maxillae.

Prediction of shunt failure facilitated by rapid and accurate volumetric analysis: a single institution's preliminary experience

BACKGROUND

Shunt malfunction is a common complication and often presents with hydrocephalus. While the diagnosis is often supported by radiographic studies, subtle changes in CSF volume may not be detectable on routine evaluation. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel automated volumetric software for evaluation of shunt failure in pediatric patients, especially in patients who may not manifest a significant change in their ventricular size.

METHODS

A single-institution retrospective review of shunted patients was conducted. Ventricular volume measurements were performed using manual and automated methods by three independent analysts. Manual measurements were produced using OsiriX software, whereas automated measurements were produced using the proprietary software. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Twenty-two patients met the inclusion criteria (13 males, 9 females). Mean age of the cohort was 4.9 years (range 0.1-18 years). Average measured CSF volume was similar between the manual and automated methods (169.8 mL vs 172.5 mL, p = 0.56). However, the average time to generate results was significantly shorter with the automated algorithm compared to the manual method (2244 s vs 38.3 s, p < 0.01). In 3/5 symptomatic patients whose neuroimaging was interpreted as stable, the novel algorithm detected the otherwise radiographically undetectable CSF volume changes.

CONCLUSION

The automated software accurately measures the ventricular volumes in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. The application of this technology is valuable in patients who present clinically without obvious radiographic changes. Future studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate our preliminary findings and further assess the utility of this technology.

Regenerative Endodontic Treatment Using Periapical Blood or Circulating Blood as Scaffold: A Volumetric Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Circulating blood is a readily available scaffold when enough bleeding cannot be induced from periapical tissues during regenerative endodontic treatments (RET). The aim of this investigation was to compare the radiographic outcome, linear and 3-dimensional volumetric, of RET using periapical blood or circulating blood as scaffolds in sheep immature mandibular incisors.

METHODS

Thirty-two immature sheep mandibular central incisors were randomly assigned to the following groups (n=8)- Positive control: the pulps were removed without any treatment; Periapical blood: RET was performed using periapical blood as scaffold; Circulating blood: RET was performed using circulating blood as scaffold; Negative control: intact teeth without any treatment. After 8 months micro computed tomography images of mandibular blocks were taken to assess the followings: root length; root thickness at mid-root and CEJ levels; and incidence of apical closure. Root structures were segmented, and root volumes were calculated and analyzed statistically.

RESULTS

RET using periapical blood and circulating blood resulted in increase in root length, root wall thickness at mid-root and CEJ levels, incidence of apical closure, and root volume (P<.05). There were no significant differences between RET groups and negative control group regarding linear measurements (i.e., root length, root thickness, and apical closure) (P>.05). Root volumes of the two RET groups were similar (P>.05) and were less than those observed in negative control group (P<.05).

CONCLUSIONS

There were no significant radiographic differences between RET groups using periapical blood and circulating blood as scaffolds. RET resulted in less root volume compared to normal root development.

A CBCT based analysis of the correlation between volumetric morphology of the frontal sinuses and the facial growth pattern in caucasian subjects. A cross-sectional study

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between frontal sinus shape and facial growth pattern.

Methods

The three-dimensional examination was carried out by means of 80 CBCT scans selected from a sample of 1247 records of patients treated, for different reason, at the Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences at University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan. The sample (age ranges between 12 and 40 years) was divided according to gender and age in four groups (12-17, 18-20, 21-30, 31-40). Left and right frontal sinus volume (VOL), surface (SUP) and linear maximum width (XMAX), depth (ZMAX) and height (YMAX) were calculated using Mimics Research 17.0 (Materialise N.V., Leuven, Belgium). Cephalometric analysis has been performed for all subjects to categorize the patients depending on their facial growth pattern. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were performed to investigate any association of frontal sinuses measurements (height, width, depth, volume and surface) and cephalometric variables. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 160 frontal sinuses were measures in 80 patients: 40 men and 40 women, average age of 23.5 ±14.6. Globally the frontal sinuses had the following average dimensions: volumes of 9055.8 ± 6505 mm³ and surfaces of 3820.3 ± 2125 mm². The statistical analysis showed that frontal sinus volume was statistically significant (p=0.003) greater for male (11,425 mm³) than female (6597.5 mm³). Similarly, the surface showed to be greater in men than in women (p=0.005). No correlation between age and frontal sinuses characteristics has been found. A statistically significant (p<0.05) increase of frontal sinus depth, surface and volume was correlated with SNB angle. In addition, frontal sinus volume increased in subjects with greater anterior skeletal dimension values and with a superior length of the cranial base. Furthermore, a decrease of ANB has been found related to an increase in frontal sinus volume (p=0.04).

Conclusions

The present study showed a correlation between frontal sinuses dimensions and craniofacial aspects, despite the inter-individual variability of their morphology. The results suggested that young adults in whom the frontal sinuses have reached their maximum size, while vertical growth continues, a larger frontal sinus may be associated with future vertical growth.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13005-022-00308-3.

Why Size Matters: an Evaluation of Gastric Pouch Size in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Using CT Volumetric Analysis and its Effect on Marginal Ulceration

PURPOSE

Marginal ulceration (MU) is a common long-term complication following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The causes of MU after RYGB are multifactorial and include surgical technique of constructing the gastrojejunal anastomosis (GJA). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between gastric pouch size in RYGB and MU using CT volumetrics.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patients were retrospectively identified who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) following RYGB at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Measurement of gastric pouch size was performed using 3-D CT software. Standard statistical methods were used, a univariate comparison was performed between MU and non-MU patients followed by a propensity-matched comparison to control for factors known to affect MU, and a propensity-matched subgroup analysis was also performed.

RESULTS

In total, 122 patients met criteria, 57 of which had MU on EGD and 65 who did not. The MU group had more smokers and patients with PPI use than the non-MU group, and the mean time from operation to CT scan was 26.6 months (range: 0-108 months). The MU group had a larger gastric pouch size than the non-MU group (34.1 ± 11.8 versus 20.1 ± 6.8 cm³). When analyzed for matched patient cohorts, this difference remained for the MU group that included smokers and PPI use. When stratified for pouch size, for each 5 cm³ increase in pouch size, patients had 2.4 times odds increase of MU formation.

CONCLUSIONS

CT volumetric analysis demonstrated that a larger gastric pouch size was associated with MU following RYGB.

Right Ventricular Pump Efficiency in Secundum-Type Atrial Septal Defect

BACKGROUND

A well-functioning cardiopulmonary system, which works as a pump, should generate adequate stroke volume with as little stroke work as possible. We propose a new composite parameter, right ventricular (RV) pump efficiency (η) = left ventricular stroke volume / right ventricular stroke work, to describe this idea in a volume overload population with secundum-type atrial septal defect (ASD).

METHODS

We consecutively enrolled 50 patients with secundum-type ASD to investigate the relationship between right-sided volume overload and RV pump efficiency. Sixteen patients with a pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) > 1.5 underwent implantation of an occluder. The paired t test was used to compare RV pump efficiency before and after ASD closure.

RESULTS

RV pump efficiency was inversely correlated with Qp/Qs and was 60 ± 20‰ · mmHg^-1 at Qp/Qs = 1. After ASD closure, RV volume, ejection fraction and free wall strain all significantly decreased, while RV pump efficiency significantly increased from 27.4 ± 13.6 to 63.9 ± 20.4‰ · mmHg^-1.

CONCLUSIONS

RV pump efficiency can superiorly reflect the chronicity and severity of secundum-type ASD.

Three-dimensional muscle loss assessment: a novel computed tomography-based quantitative method to evaluate rotator cuff muscle fatty infiltration

BACKGROUND

Rotator cuff fatty infiltration (FI) is one of the most important parameters to predict the outcome of certain shoulder conditions. The primary objective of this study was to define a new computed tomography (CT)-based quantitative 3-dimensional (3D) measure of muscle loss (3DML) based on the rationale of the 2-dimensional (2D) qualitative Goutallier score. The secondary objective of this study was to compare this new measurement method to traditional 2D qualitative assessment of FI according to Goutallier et al and to a 3D quantitative measurement of fatty infiltration (3DFI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

102 CT scans from healthy shoulders (46) and shoulders with cuff tear arthropathy (21), irreparable rotator cuff tears (18), and primary osteoarthritis (17) were analyzed by 3 experienced shoulder surgeons for subjective grading of fatty infiltration according to Goutallier, and their rotator cuff muscles were manually segmented. Quantitative 3D measurements of fatty infiltration (3DFI) were completed. The volume of muscle fibers without intramuscular fat was then calculated for each rotator cuff muscle and normalized to the patient's scapular volume to account for the effect of body size (NV_fibers). 3D muscle mass (3DMM) was calculated by dividing the NV_fibers value of a given muscle by the mean expected volume in healthy shoulders. 3D muscle loss (3DML) was defined as 1 - (3DMM). The correlation between Goutallier grading, 3DFI, and 3DML was compared using a Spearman rank correlation.

RESULTS

Interobserver reliability for the traditional 2D Goutallier grading was moderate for the infraspinatus (ISP, 0.42) and fair for the supraspinatus (SSP, 0.38), subscapularis (SSC, 0.27) and teres minor (TM, 0.27). 2D Goutallier grading was found to be significantly and highly correlated with 3DFI (SSP, 0.79; ISP, 0.83; SSC, 0.69; TM, 0.45) and 3DML (SSP, 0.87; ISP, 0.85; SSC, 0.69; TM, 0.46) for all 4 rotator cuff muscles (P < .0001). This correlation was significantly higher for 3DML than for the 3DFI for SSP only (P = .01). The mean values of 3DFI and 3DML were 0.9% and 5.3% for Goutallier 0, 2.9% and 25.6% for Goutallier 1, 11.4% and 49.5% for Goutallier 2, 20.7% and 59.7% for Goutallier 3, and 29.3% and 70.2% for Goutallier 4, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The Goutallier score has been helping surgeons by using 2D CT scan slices. However, this grading is associated with suboptimal interobserver agreement. The new measures we propose provide a more consistent assessment that correlates well with Goutallier's principles. As 3DML measurements incorporate atrophy and fatty infiltration, they could become a very reliable index for assessing shoulder muscle function. Future algorithms capable of automatically calculating the 3DML of the cuff could help in the decision process for cuff repair and the choice of anatomic or reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

CSF-space volumetric change following posterior fossa decompression in paediatric Chiari type-I malformation: a correlation with outcome

OBJECTIVE

We have previously reported inferior post-operative clinical outcomes in younger children with Chiari type-I malformation (CIM). We sought to quantify the CSF volumetric changes pre- and post-decompression, in a paediatric cohort, to determine whether cisternal volume change is associated with clinical outcomes.

METHODS

In this retrospective clinical study, the CSF spaces of the posterior fossa (supracerebellar/quadrigeminal, prepontine, fourth ventricle, cisterna magna) were measured on magnetic resonance images pre- and post-operatively using a semi-automated method. Additionally, we describe a novel CSF space of the upper cervical canal incorporating the subarachnoid space from the foramen magnum to the inferior cortex of the C2 body, FM-C2 cistern. Morphometric measurements included the pB-C2 distance, clivoaxial angle, clival length, clival angle and Boogard's angle. Volumetric and morphometric data were correlated with clinical outcomes at 4-12 months post-operatively as measured by the Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale (CCOS).

RESULTS

Of 59 adequate clinical cases, 57 and 36 patients had acceptable imaging for morphometric and volumetric analysis respectively. All CSF spaces measured had a significant increase in volume post-operatively (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the change in volume or post-operative CSF volumes and CCOS. The pre-operative volume of the FM-C2 was positively correlated with total CCOS (Wald [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) and was significantly smaller in the 0-6-year age group (2.38 ± 1.27 ml vs. 3.67 ± 1.56 ml, p = 0.014). No morphometric measurement changed significantly after surgery or demonstrated a relationship with CCOS.

CONCLUSIONS

Volumetric changes in the CSF cisterns of the posterior cranial fossa and upper cervical canal do not correlate with the age-related differences in clinical outcomes in paediatric CIM. The pre-operative volume of the FM-C2 cistern may have a role in predicting the likelihood of a beneficial post-operative outcome in paediatric CIM.

Morphological analysis of the brain subcortical gray structures in restless legs syndrome

BACKGROUND

Although several studies have shown the involvement of specific structures of the central nervous system, the dopaminergic system, and iron metabolism in restless legs syndrome (RLS), the exact location and extent of its anatomical substrate is not yet known. The scope of this new study was to investigate the brain subcortical gray structures, by means of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, in RLS patients in order to assess the presence of any volume or shape abnormalities involving these structures.

METHODS

Thirty-three normal controls (24 females and nine males) and 45 RLS patients (34 females and 11 males) were retrospectively recruited and underwent a 1.5 Tesla MRI study with two-dimensional T1 sequences in the sagittal plane. Post-processing was performed by means of the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Analysis Group Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST) software, and both volumetric and morphological analyses of the thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, brainstem, hippocampus, and amygdala, bilaterally, were carried out.

RESULTS

A statistically significant volumetric reduction in the left amygdala and left globus pallidus was found in subjects with RLS, as well as large surface morphological alterations affecting the amygdala bilaterally and other less widespread surface changes in both hippocampi, the right caudate, the left globus pallidus, and the left putamen.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings seem to indicate that the basic mechanisms of RLS might include a pathway involving not only the hypothalamus-spinal dopaminergic circuit (nucleus A11), but also pathways including the basal ganglia and structures that are part of the limbic system; moreover, structural alterations in RLS seem to concern the morphology as well as the volume of the above structures. The role of basal ganglia in the complex neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanism of RLS needs to carefully reconsidered.

Morphological analysis of the brain subcortical gray structures in restless legs syndrome

BACKGROUND

Although several studies have shown the involvement of specific structures of the central nervous system, the dopaminergic system, and iron metabolism in restless legs syndrome (RLS), the exact location and extent of its anatomical substrate is not yet known. The scope of this new study was to investigate the brain subcortical gray structures, by means of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, in RLS patients in order to assess the presence of any volume or shape abnormalities involving these structures.

METHODS

Thirty-three normal controls (24 females and nine males) and 45 RLS patients (34 females and 11 males) were retrospectively recruited and underwent a 1.5 Tesla MRI study with two-dimensional T1 sequences in the sagittal plane. Post-processing was performed by means of the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Analysis Group Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST) software, and both volumetric and morphological analyses of the thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, brainstem, hippocampus, and amygdala, bilaterally, were carried out.

RESULTS

A statistically significant volumetric reduction in the left amygdala and left globus pallidus was found in subjects with RLS, as well as large surface morphological alterations affecting the amygdala bilaterally and other less widespread surface changes in both hippocampi, the right caudate, the left globus pallidus, and the left putamen.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings seem to indicate that the basic mechanisms of RLS might include a pathway involving not only the hypothalamus-spinal dopaminergic circuit (nucleus A11), but also pathways including the basal ganglia and structures that are part of the limbic system; moreover, structural alterations in RLS seem to concern the morphology as well as the volume of the above structures. The role of basal ganglia in the complex neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanism of RLS needs to carefully reconsidered.

Anatomical and volumetric analysis of fibro-osseous lesions of the craniofacial skeleton

PURPOSE

Our study aimed to provide volumetric data relating to fibro-osseous lesions of the craniofacial skeleton, in order to highlight risk factors due to the different entities, and to guide clinical decisions for jeopardized patients.

METHODS

Volumetric measurements of osteomas and ossifying fibromas were performed by applying the open-source software ITK-Snap to cone-beam computed tomography images. DICOM datasets were imported, identified, and delineated using semiautomatic segmentation; this was then verified using manual segmentation. The volumes of the lesions were computed automatically in cubic millimeters using the program. For statistical investigations, descriptive statistics and independent Student t-tests were performed. Additionally, Pearson's correlation was applied as a bivariate analysis. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

45 patients (11 male and 34 female) were included in this study. The mean volumes were 10.02 ± 18.79 cm³ for osteomas and 4.80 ± 5.71 cm³ for ossifying fibromas (p = 0.016). Males (12.81 ± 20.38 cm³) presented significantly larger volumes than females (5.43 ± 10.32 cm³) (p = 0.042). With regard to shape, morphology, and affection of surrounding anatomical structures, irregular shape (p = 0.001; p = 0.037), multilocular morphology (p = 0.001; p = 0.037), nerve affection (p = 0.001; p = 0.002), tooth affection (p = 0.001; p = 0.594), cortical bone exceedance (p = 0.033; p = 0.001), and clinically visible symptoms (p = 0.004; p = 0.001) were statistically significantly associated with a larger volume of both entities.

CONCLUSION

Volumetric analysis revealed that osteomas significantly exceeded the mean size of ossifying fibromas, supporting the argument that special attention should be paid to this entity. In cases of difficult histopathological examination, lesions with irregular shape, multilocular morphology, nerve and tooth affection, cortical bone exceedance, and clinically visible symptoms should be considered for close clinico-radiological follow-up, irrespective of the entity.

Volumetric analysis of subthalamic nucleus and red nucleus in patients of advanced Parkinson's disease using SWI sequences

Background:

Parkinson’s disease is associated with significant changes in morphometry of subthalamic nucleus (STN); however, not much is known as the disease progresses. The aim of present study was to investigate the volume of STN and Red nucleus (RN) on 3T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its possible correlation with disease progression in advanced Parkinson’s disease patients.

Methods:

Patients of advanced Parkinson’s disease were prospectively followed for clinical details, motor severity scores, and radiological evaluation. Volumes of the STN and RN were measured on susceptibility weighted imaging, coronal sections in 3T MRI and were correlated with demographic and clinical features.

Results:

A total of 52 patients were included in our study. There were 42 (80.77%) males and 10 (19.23%) females. Mean age of onset of Parkinson’s disease was 49.48 + 10.90 years. Average duration of disease in the present cohort was 7.65 + 4.31 years. Average STN and RN volume were 103.46 + 21.17 mm³ and 321.73 + 67.66 mm³. Age of onset, disease duration and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III scores were not found to be associated with changes in STN Volumes. Weak positive trend was noted between RN volume and disease duration (Pearson cor. 0.204, P = 0.14). Patients in early-onset Parkinson’s disease group had significantly more volume of RN than patients in late-onset Parkinson’s disease group (P = 0.014).

Conclusion:

Disease duration and early age of onset in Parkinson’s disease can be associated with increased RN volume. Volume of STN shows relatively no change even with disease progression.

Long-term global and focal cerebral atrophy in perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage-a case-control study

PURPOSE

Non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (PmSAH) represents 6.8% of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, and usually has a benign clinical course. However, patients might have early cerebral ischemic lesions and long-term neurocognitive complaints. Cerebral atrophy has been described in patients after aneurysmal SAH, but not in PmSAH. We aimed to investigate if PmSAH associates with increased brain volume loss.

METHODS

In this prospective study, we included consecutive patients with PmSAH that performed MR in the first 10 days after hemorrhage, and follow-up MR 6-7 years later. Automated volumetric measurements of intracranial, white matter, gray matter, whole brain, lateral ventricles, hippocampus, and amygdala volumes were performed. Volumes were compared to a normal population, matched for age.

RESULTS

Eight patients with PmSAH were included, with a mean age of 51.5 (SE 3.6) at baseline. The control group included 22 patients with a mean age of 56.3 (SE 2.0). A relative reduction of all volumes was found in both groups; however, PmSAH patients had significant reductions in intracranial, white and gray matter, whole brain, and hippocampal volumes when compared to controls. These changes had a higher magnitude in whole brain volume, with a significant absolute decrease of 6.5% in PmSAH patients (versus 1.9% in controls), and a trend for an increase in lateral ventricle volume (absolute 21.3% increase, versus 3.9% in controls).

CONCLUSION

Our cohort of PmSAH patients showed significant long-term parenchymal atrophy, and higher global and focal parenchymal volume loss rates when compared to a non-SAH population.

Outcomes and CT scan three-dimensional volumetric analysis of emergent paraesophageal hernia repairs: predicting patients who will require emergent repair

Introduction

Elective repair versus watchful waiting remains controversial in paraesophageal hernia (PEH) patients. Generation of predictive factors to determine patients at greatest risk for emergent repair may prove helpful. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients undergoing elective versus emergent PEH repair and supplement this comparison with 3D volumetric analysis of hiatal defect area (HDA) and intrathoracic hernia sac volume (HSV) to determine risk factors for increased likelihood of emergent repair.

Methods

A retrospective review of a prospectively enrolled, single-center hernia database was performed on all patients undergoing elective and emergent PEH repairs. Patients with adequate preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging were analyzed using volumetric analysis software.

Results

Of the 376 PEH patients, 32 (8.5%) were emergent. Emergent patients had lower rates of preoperative heartburn (68.8%vs85.1%, p = 0.016) and regurgitation (21.9%vs40.2%, p = 0.04), with similar rates of other symptoms. Emergent patients more frequently had type IV PEHs (43.8%vs13.5%, p < 0.001). Volumetric analysis was performed on 201 patients, and emergent patients had a larger HSV (805.6 ± 483.5vs398.0 ± 353.1cm³, p < 0.001) and HDA (41.7 ± 19.5vs26.5 ± 14.7 cm², p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, HSV increase of 100cm³ (OR 1.17 CI 1.02–1.35, p = 0.022) was independently associated with greater likelihood of emergent repair. Post-operatively, emergent patients had increased length of stay, major complication rates, ICU utilization, reoperation, and mortality (all p < 0.05). Emergent group recurrence rates were higher and occurred faster secondary to increased use of gastropexy alone as treatment (p > 0.05). With a formal PEH repair, there was no difference in rate or timing of recurrence.

Conclusions

Emergent patients are more likely to suffer complications, require ICU care, have a higher mortality, and an increased likelihood of reoperation. A graduated increase in HSV increasingly predicts the need for an emergent operation. Those patients presenting electively with a large PEH may benefit from early elective surgery.

Quantitative imaging features predict spinal tap response in normal pressure hydrocephalus

PURPOSE

Gait improvement following high-volume lumbar puncture (HVLP) and continuous lumbar drain (cLD) is widely used to predict shunt response in patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Here, we investigate differences in MRI volumetric and traditional measures between HVLP/cLD responders and non-responders to identify imaging features that may help predict HVLP/cLD response.

METHODS

Eighty-two patients with suspected NPH were studied retrospectively. Gait testing was performed before and immediately/24 h/72 h after HVLP/cLD. A positive response was defined as improvement in gait post-procedure. Thirty-six responders (26 men; mean age 79.3 ± 6.3) and 46 non-responders (25 men; mean age 77.2 ± 6.1) underwent pre-procedure brain MRI including a 3D T1-weighted sequence. Subcortical regional volumes were segmented using FreeSurfer. After normalizing for total intracranial volume, two-way type III ANCOVA test and chi-square test were used to characterize statistical group differences. Evans' index, callosal angle (CA), and disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression models were tested using Akaike information criterion to determine which combination of metrics most accurately predicts HVLP/cLD response.

RESULTS

Responders and non-responders demonstrated no differences in total ventricular and white/gray matter volumes. CA (men only) and third and fourth ventricular volumes were smaller; and hippocampal volume was larger in responders (p < 0.05). Temporal horns volume correlated with degree of improvement in gait velocity in responders (p = 0.0006). The regression model was 76.8% accurate for HVLP/cLD response.

CONCLUSION

CA and third and fourth ventricular volumes and hippocampal volume may serve as potentially useful imaging features that may help predict spinal tap response and hence potentially shunt response.

Standardized assessment of bone micromorphometry around teeth following orthodontic tooth movement : A µCT split-mouth study in mice

Purpose

Volumetric quantitative analyses of bone micromorphometry changes following orthodontic tooth movements are hardly standardizable. The present study aimed at validating and applying a novel microcomputed tomography (CT)-based approach that enables the segmentation of teeth and definition of a standardized volume of interest (VOI) around the roots to assess local bone micromorphometry.

Methods

The jaws of 3 untreated and 14 orthodontically treated mice (protraction of the upper right molar for 11 days with 0.5 N; untreated left upper molar) were scanned with a micro-CT. The first molars and the alveolar bone were segmented, and a standardized VOI was defined around the teeth. The bone volume per total volume (BV/TV) was assessed within the VOI, and BV/TV values were compared between contralateral sites in both untreated (method validation) and treated animals (method application).

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 revealed high reliability of the method. In the untreated animals, Bland–Altman analysis confirmed comparable BV/TV fractions (mean difference: −1.93, critical difference: 1.91, Wilcoxon: p = 0.03). In the orthodontically treated animals, BV/TV values were significantly lower at the test compared to the control site (test: 33.23% ± 5.74%, control: 41.33% ± 4.91%, Wilcoxon: p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Within the limits of the study, the novel approach demonstrated the applicability to evaluate bone micromorphometry around teeth subjected to orthodontic treatment.

Correlation between CT-derived cardiac chamber volume, myocardial injury and mortality in acute pulmonary embolism

INTRODUCTION

The release of troponin in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is assumed to be secondary to elevated intracardiac chamber pressure. Since right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy does not develop in the acute setting, pressure overload correlates with chamber dilatation, causing myocardial injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate correlations between cardiac chamber volume, troponin and subsequent early mortality in patients with acute PE and refine risk stratification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients who underwent a computerized tomographic pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) and a troponin test within 24 h of the CTPA were included. Automated software calculated the volumes of the four cardiac chambers indexed to body surface area (BSA) and correlated them to troponin and early all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

The final cohort consisted of 370 patients (56% females) with acute PE. RV volume and right to left ventricular volume ratio (VVR) were the most significant indicators for elevated troponin (receiving operating characteristic [ROC] 0.796, confidence interval [CI]: 0.749-0.843, p < 0.001, and ROC 0.802, CI: 0.753-0.851, p < 0.001, respectively). VVR cutoff values, which are predictive of elevated troponins, correlated with higher 30-day mortality (odds ratio = 3.1, CI 1.5-6.7, p = 0.003) for a VVR >3 compared to a VVR <2.

CONCLUSION

Cardiac chamber volume correlates to elevated troponin in patients with acute PE. A higher VVR reflects an increased likelihood for myocardial ischemia, as well as an increased short-term mortality risk. These data are available seconds after CTPA performance and may contribute to refining patients' risk stratification.

A volumetric study of mandibular condyles in orthognathic patients by semiautomatic segmentation

Purpose

This study was conducted to elucidate volumetric data of mandibular condyles of orthognathic patients by analyzing cone beam computed tomography images based upon semiautomatic segmentation.

Methods

Cone beam computed tomography images of 87 patients with malocclusions were analyzed in this retrospective study. Patients were between 17 and 53 years old and diagnosed with Angle class I, II, or III malocclusion. By using the validated open-source software “ITK-SNAP,” the volumetric measurements of 174 mandibular condyles were performed. Volumetric analysis was performed according to intra-subject side differences by paired Student t test. In accordance to inter-subject side, gender, age and type of malocclusion differences bivariate analysis and ANOVA were applied.

Results

The mean volume for the right condyle was 1.378 ± 0.447 cm³, with a maximum of 2.379 cm³ and a minimum of 0.121 cm³. The mean volume for the left side was 1.435 ± 0.474 cm³, with a maximum of 3.264 cm³ and a minimum of 0.109 cm³. Bivariate analysis indicated a highly significant inter-subject difference between the volume of the left and right mandibular condyles (p < 0.01). Females had a significantly smaller condyle volume than males (p < 0.05 left condyle; p < 0.01 right condyle).

Conclusion

The fact that shape and volume of mandibular condyles show a high susceptibility to pathological alterations and particularly malocclusions makes a precise knowledge about volumetric changes indispensable. Our results show that significant inter-subject differences in condyle volume could be found with respect to the side and gender. Larger volumes could be assessed for the left condyle and for male patients.

Longitudinal MRI brain volume changes over one year in children with mucopolysaccharidosis types IIIA and IIIB

OBJECTIVE

To quantify changes in segmented brain volumes over 12 months in children with mucopolysaccharidosis types IIIA and IIIB (MPS IIIA and IIIB).

METHODS

In order to establish suitable outcome measures for clinical trials, twenty-five children greater than 2 years of age were enrolled in a prospective natural history study of MPS IIIA and IIIB at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Data from sedated non-contrast brain 3 T MRIs and neuropsychological measures were reviewed from the baseline visit and at 12-month follow-up. No intervention beyond standard clinical care was provided. Age- and sex-matched controls were gathered from the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive. Automated brain volume segmentation with longitudinal processing was performed using FreeSurfer.

RESULTS

Of the 25 subjects enrolled with MPS III, 17 children (4 females, 13 males) completed at least one MRI with interpretable volumetric data. The ages ranged from 2.8 to 13.7 years old (average 7.2 years old) at enrollment, including 8 with MPS IIIA and 9 with MPS IIIB. At baseline, individuals with MPS III demonstrated reduced cerebral white matter and corpus callosum volumes, but greater volumes of the lateral ventricles, cerebellar cortex, and cerebellar white matter compared to controls. Among the 13 individuals with MPS III with two interpretable MRIs, there were annualized losses or plateaus in supratentorial brain tissue volumes (cerebral cortex -42.10 ± 18.52 cm³/year [mean ± SD], cerebral white matter -4.37 ± 11.82 cm³/year, subcortical gray matter -6.54 ± 3.63 cm³/year, corpus callosum -0.18 ± 0.62 cm³/yr) and in cerebellar cortex (-0.49 ± 12.57 cm³/year), with a compensatory increase in lateral ventricular volume (7.17 ± 6.79 cm³/year). Reductions in the cerebral cortex and subcortical gray matter were more striking in individuals younger than 8 years of age. Greater cerebral cortex volume was associated with higher fine and gross motor functioning on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, while greater subcortical gray matter volume was associated with higher nonverbal functioning on the Leiter International Performance Scale. Larger cerebellar cortex was associated with higher receptive language performance on the Mullen, but greater cerebellar white matter correlated with worse adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales and visual problem-solving on the Mullen.

CONCLUSIONS

Loss or plateauing of supratentorial brain tissue volumes may serve as longitudinal biomarkers of MPS III age-related disease progression compared to age-related growth in typically developing controls. Abnormally increased cerebellar white matter in MPS III, and its association with worse performance on neuropsychological measures, suggest the possibility of pathophysiological mechanisms distinct from neurodegeneration-associated atrophy that warrant further investigation.

The Impact of 5-Year Tumor Doubling Time to Predict the Subsequent Long-Term Natural History of Asymptomatic Meningiomas

OBJECTIVE

Meningiomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors. The long-term natural history of asymptomatic meningiomas remains unclear and difficult to predict accurately, however. The purpose of this study was to determine the subsequent course of asymptomatic meningiomas preceded by 5 years of no treatment.

METHODS

We retrospectively studied patients with radiologically suspected intracranial asymptomatic meningiomas preceded by 5 years of no treatment. We volumetrically measured the lesions' chronological changes during the initial 5 years to obtain the 5-year tumor doubling time (5y-TdT).

RESULTS

A total of 201 cases met the inclusion criteria. They were further divided into 3 subgroups: those who remained asymptomatic (group A; 174 cases), those who developed neurological symptoms and underwent treatment (group B; 8 cases), and those who received intentional intervention for a preventative reason (group C; 19 cases). 5y-TdT of group B (median: 46.5 months) was significantly shorter than that of group A (median: 216.3 months) (P < 0.001). Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly different between tumors that exhibited 5y-TdT ≥ 98.8 months and <98.8 months (P < 0.001). When we combined groups B and C and set the PFS endpoint as either disease progression or treatment, we found that more than 20% of patients would require treatment within 15 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study revealed the subsequent course of asymptomatic meningiomas after 5 years of no treatment and demonstrated that 5y-TdT is useful to detect patients who may require treatment.

Changing Enhancement Pattern and Tumor Volume of Vestibular Schwannomas After Subtotal Resection

BACKGROUND

Surgical strategy in vestibular schwannomas may require subtotal resection to preserve neurologic function. Residual tumor growth pattern and contrast enhancement in the immediate postresection period remain uncertain. We sought to evaluate changes in the enhancement pattern and volume of vestibular schwannomas after subtotal resection in the immediate postoperative period.

METHODS

Volumetric analysis of tumor size and enhancement patterns of vestibular schwannomas were measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans obtained within 3 days of surgery, 3 months after surgery, and 1 year after surgery.

RESULTS

Nineteen patients were eligible for inclusion in the study (9 male and 10 female) with an average age of 47 years. Contrast enhancement was absent in 6 of 19 (32%) of cases on the immediate postresection MRI with return of expected enhancement on subsequent studies. Volumetric analysis identified that tumors decreased in size by an average of 35% in the first 3 months (P = 0.025) after resection and 46% in the first year after resection (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Vestibular schwannomas that undergo subtotal resection tend to decrease in size over the first 3 months after resection. Residual tumor volume may fail to enhance on the immediate postresection MRI. Both of these findings could lead surgeons to misinterpret degree of resection after surgery and have implications for clinical decision making and research reporting in the scientific literature for vestibular schwannomas after subtotal resection.

Detection of severe pulmonary hypertension based on computed tomography pulmonary angiography

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is often diagnosed late in the disease course. As many patients may undergo computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for exclusion of pulmonary embolism (PE), we aimed to create a model that can detect the existence of PH and grade its severity. Consecutive patients who underwent CTPA which was negative for PE, and echocardiography study within 24 h, were included. The CT parameters evaluated to assess PH were: the diameters of the main pulmonary artery (MPA), ascending aorta (AA), calculation of each heart chamber volume, and the severity of reflux of contrast material. Randomly, 70% of patients were included in the model creation group, and 30% were used to validate the model. The final study group included 740 patients, 268 male patients, median age 72 years. 374 patients (51%) had PH, of them 94 (13%) had severe PH on the echocardiography. Right atrium (RA) and Left atrium (LA) volume indices were the strongest parameter to indicate PH (area under the curve, AUC = 0.738 and 0.736, respectively), while Right ventricle (RV) and RA volume indices were the strongest parameter to identify severe PH (AUC = 0.735 and 0.715, respectively) with MPA diameter being the least influential indicator (AUC = 0.623). Using the patients age, gender, and multiple CTPA parameters, we created a model for predicting the existence of severe PH. After validation, the model demonstrated 91% sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 97%. Applying our models, CTPA can be used to identify severe PH immediately after the completion of CTPA exam.

Reliability of an Automated Computerized Hematoma Volumetric Analysis Protocol in Patients with Chronic Subdural Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Hematoma volume in chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) may predict neurologic deterioration and need for surgical evacuation. Several computer software-assisted methods exist for accurate volume measurements of intracerebral hemorrhage, but no reliable method has been identified for measurement of CSDH volume.

METHODS

A total of 30 consecutive patients with CSDH from 2018-2019 admitted to our institution were selected. The noncontrast computed tomography head studies were reviewed by 2 residents. The region of interest method on a Horos Open Source Medical Image Viewer (version 3.3.6) was utilized for volume measurement by each resident (resident-1 and resident-2) independently. Resident-1 repeated the protocol on the same studies 1 month later. We calculated the intra- and interobserver reliability of hematoma volume measurements using the Bland-Altman method.

RESULTS

Mean age of the patients was 79 years (range, 50-92 years). For interobserver analysis, resident-1 mean hematoma volume was 85.46 cm³ (range, 6.40-178.63 cm³) and was 87.15 cm³ (range, 8.79-165.97 cm³) for resident-2. The Bland-Altman coefficient of variation was 13.15% (range, 0.07%-46.29%, 97% within the limits of acceptance). For intraobserver analysis, the initial average volume measured by resident-1 was 85.46 cm³ (range, 6.40-178.63 cm³) and subsequent was 95.26 cm³ (range, 10.48-182.99 cm³). The Bland-Altman coefficient of variation was 13.76% (range, 0.81%-48.34%, 97% within the limits of acceptance).

CONCLUSIONS

We are reporting inter- and intraobserver reliability for a novel volumetric analysis of CSDH volume using Horos Medical Image Viewer region of interest generated volume calculation. This method is accurate and efficient and could have important clinical and research implications for risk stratification.

Patterns of Interaction Between Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma and Pregnancy: An Institutional Case Series

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of pregnancy in patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) constitutes a unique therapeutic challenge. Owing to the rarity of cases, there is a dearth of information in existing literature.

METHODS

We retrospectively identified all patients with a diagnosis of LGG and pregnancy at some point during their illness. Clinical course and obstetrical outcomes were reviewed. A volumetric analysis of tumor growth rate in association with pregnancy was performed.

RESULTS

Of 15 women identified, 13 (86.7%) had a prepregnancy LGG diagnosis. Of the 2 patients in whom LGG was diagnosed during pregnancy, one underwent upfront surgery, and the other had watchful waiting with resection after 60 weeks. Nine patients (60.0%) remained asymptomatic during pregnancy, while 5 (33.3%) experienced recurrence of seizures. There was one case of transformation of an astrocytoma to glioblastoma during the third trimester, which was resected emergently. In 10 cases, progression occurred after pregnancy at a median interval of 24.2 months (interquartile range 6.6-37.5 months), with progression within 6 months of delivery in 2 cases. Mean (SD) growth rate during pregnancy was 7.8 (22.2) mm/year compared with 0.62 (1.12) mm/year before pregnancy and 0.29 (1.18) mm/year after pregnancy; the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.306).

CONCLUSIONS

Pregnancy was associated with clinical deterioration in one third of patients. No significant change in growth rate was identified. Time to progression and malignant dedifferentiation were unaffected. Patients with LGG wishing to pursue pregnancy should be counseled regarding the risk of complications, and if pregnancy is pursued, close neurological and obstetrical follow-up is recommended.

Brain Volume Changes in Patients with Acute Brain Dysfunction Due to Sepsis

BACKGROUND

Sepsis-induced brain dysfunction (SIBD) is often encountered in sepsis patients and is related to increased morbidity. No specific tests are available for SIBD, and neuroimaging findings are often normal. In this study, our aim was to analyze the diagnostic value of volumetric analysis of the brain structures and to find out its significance as a prognostic measure.

METHODS

In this prospective observational study, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sections of 25 consecutively enrolled SIBD patients (17 with encephalopathy and 8 with coma) and 22 healthy controls underwent volumetric evaluation by an automated segmentation method.

RESULTS

Ten SIBD patients had normal MRI, and 15 patients showed brain lesions or atrophy. The most prominent volume reduction was found in cerebral and cerebellar white matter, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala, whereas deep gray matter regions and cerebellar cortex were relatively less affected. SIBD patients with normal MRI showed significantly reduced volumes in hippocampus and cerebral white matter. Caudate nuclei, putamen, and thalamus showed lower volume values in non-survivor SIBD patients, and left putamen and right thalamus showed a more pronounced volume reduction in coma patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Volumetric analysis of the brain appears to be a sensitive measure of volumetric changes in SIBD. Volume reduction in specific deep gray matter regions might be an indicator of unfavorable outcome.

Bisphosphonate application and volumetric effects on MRONJ lesions

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the volume of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) lesions by semi-automatic segmentation of cone-beam computed tomography images, and correlate the results with the underlying diseases and applied medication. MRONJ lesions detected in cone-beam computed tomography images were assessed. The open-source software ITK-Snap enabled volumetric measurements of MRONJ lesions based on semi-automatic segmentation. Results were analyzed according to necrosis volume, localization, and gender. In addition, the underlying disease and the type of application of antiresorptive medication were investigated. Cone-beam computed tomography images of 66 patients were studied. 34 male and 32 female patients were included, with ages ranging from 50 to 93 years at the time of diagnosis. The mean volume was 993.24 ± 620.94 mm³: 484.73 ± 230.97 mm³ for the upper jaw and 1084.04 ± 625.74 mm³ for the lower jaw. The results indicated statistically significant differences between lesions of the upper and lower jaw, regardless of gender (p = 0.003). The analysis of differences between males and females did not show any significant results (p = 0.464), although males presented slightly larger lesions than females. With regard to the underlying disease, patients with osteoporosis presented larger volumes, whereas patients with malignant tumors presented smaller volumes. Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences according to the underlying disease (p = 0.313) were detected. However, patients with intravenous (iv) application showed statistically significantly larger lesions than patients who underwent oral or subcutaneous (s.c.) applications (p = 0.004). It seems that the osteonecrosis volume correlates with the applied antiresorptive agents. Larger MRONJ lesions should be expected in patients who receive intravenous antiresorptive therapy.

Hard tissue volumetric and soft tissue contour linear changes at implants with different surface characteristics after experimentally induced peri-implantitis: an experimental in vivo investigation

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the hard tissue volumetric and soft tissue contour linear changes in implants with two different implant surface characteristics after a ligature-induced peri-implantitis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In eight beagle dogs, implants with the same size and diameter but distinct surface characteristics were placed in the healed mandibular sites. Test implants had an external monolayer of multi-phosphonate molecules (B+), while control implants were identical but without the phosphonate-rich surface. Once the implants were osseointegrated, oral hygiene was interrupted and peri-implantitis was induced by placing subgingival ligatures. After 16 weeks, the ligatures were removed and peri-implantitis progressed spontaneously. Bone to implant contact (BIC) and bone loss (BL) were assessed three-dimensionally with Micro-Ct (μCT). Dental casts were optically scanned and the obtained digitalized standard tessellation language (STL) images were used to assess the soft tissue vertical and horizontal contour linear changes.

RESULTS

Reduction of the three-dimensional BIC percentage during the induction and progression phases of the experimental peri-implantitis was similar for both the experimental and control implants, without statistically significant differences between them. Soft tissue analysis revealed for both implant groups an increase in horizontal dimension after the induction of peri-implantitis, followed by a decrease after the spontaneous progression period. In the vertical dimension, a soft tissue dehiscence was observed in both groups, being more pronounced at the buccal aspect.

CONCLUSIONS

The added phosphonate-rich surface did not provide a more resistant environment against experimental peri-implantitis, when assessed by the changes in bone volume and soft tissue contours.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Ligature-induced peri-implantitis is a validated model to study the tissue changes occurring during peri-implantitis. It was hypothesized that a stronger osseointegration mediated by the chemical bond of a phosphonate-rich implant surface would develop an environment more resistant to the inflammatory changes occurring after experimental peri-implantitis. These results, however, indicate that the hard and soft tissue destructive changes occurring at both the induction and progression phases of experimental peri-implantitis were not influenced by the quality of osseointegration.

Vestibular schwannomas with spontaneous shrinkage: about 35 cases

PURPOSES

The first aim is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and radiological characteristics of regressive vestibular schwannomas (VS), based on volumetric measurements on MRI to define which regressions are significant. The secondary aim is to look for a correlation between a shrinkage of the tumor and the medical history, and the presence of clinical symptoms.

METHODS

We first selected all patients presenting with a VS who underwent two or more MRI of the internal auditory canal on the same 3 T MRI machine retrospectively between January 2013 and June 2018. All MRI images were evaluated independently by two radiologists. The volumetric analysis was performed contrast-enhanced 2D spin-echo T1-weighted sequence and expressed in cubic centimeters.

RESULTS

Thirty-five patients presented with a regressive VS on MRI (14%). The annual mean shrinkage rate was 0.08 cm³/year. Eighty percent of the patients present both a shrinkage by more than 0.01 cm³/year and a decrease of the initial tumor volume by more than 20%. The majority of patients are asymptomatic or presented moderate balance disorders, which remained stable or improved over time. Tinnitus was observed in 47% and was stable or improved in the majority of cases and the mean annual mean hearing loss was by < or = 4 dB/year.

CONCLUSION

Out of 247 VS, 14% decreased using follow-up (by > or = 2 MRI), and a spontaneous shrinkage greater than 0.01 cm³/year and greater than 20% could be considered significant.

Microsurgical Fenestration of Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts: Volumetric Analysis and Clinical Outcome

INTRODUCTION

There is paucity of data regarding change in arachnoid cyst (AC) volume following surgery. This study aimed at investigating the clinical outcome of ACs and applying 2 volumetric methods for determination of their volume change post microsurgical fenestration.

METHODS

Twenty-one ACs in 20 patients that underwent microsurgical fenestration were analyzed using 2 volumetric methods; the modified McDonald equation and the picture archiving and communication (PAC) system-based method. Patients were followed up for 23 ± 40.3 months.

RESULTS

The majority of the patients (13 or 65%) were children. Preoperative symptoms in children were mainly seizures and less commonly headache. Of the 20 patients, 12 (60%) had complete resolution of their preoperative symptoms with 8 (40.0%) showing partial improvement. Volumetric studies showed a mean reduction in AC size of 73.7% in children and 64.4% in adults using the PAC system versus 67.9% in children and 70.5% in adults using the modified McDonald equation method. There was no correlation between the percentage decrease in AC volume post surgery and degree of symptom improvement (49.2 ± 34.3% in patients with complete vs. 60.9 ± 40.3% in patients with only partial resolution of symptoms, p = 0.57).

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION

Microsurgical fenestration is an effective approach for ACs with an excellent clinical outcome apparent in the complete or partial improvement of symptoms in all patients. Volumetric estimates of ACs and their change following surgery are feasible using the modified McDonald or PAC system methods. However, there is no correlation between the percentage decrease in AC volume after surgery and degree of clinical improvement.