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Overview of Engineering Carbon Nanomaterials Such As Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs), Graphene and Nanodiamonds and Other Carbon Allotropes inside Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) Templates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:260. [PMID: 36678014 PMCID: PMC9861583 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and design of carbon-based hierarchical structures with tailored nano-architectures have attracted the enormous attention of the materials science community due to their exceptional chemical and physical properties. The collective control of nano-objects, in terms of their dimensionality, orientation and size, is of paramount importance to expand the implementation of carbon nanomaterials across a large variety of applications. In this context, porous anodic alumina (PAA) has become an attractive template where the pore morphologies can be straightforwardly modulated. The synthesis of diverse carbon nanomaterials can be performed using PAA templates, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and nanodiamonds, or can act as support for other carbon allotropes such as graphene and other carbon nanoforms. However, the successful growth of carbon nanomaterials within ordered PAA templates typically requires a series of stages involving the template fabrication, nanostructure growth and finally an etching or electrode metallization steps, which all encounter different challenges towards a nanodevice fabrication. The present review article describes the advantages and challenges associated with the fabrication of carbon materials in PAA based materials and aims to give a renewed momentum to this topic within the materials science community by providing an exhaustive overview of the current synthesis approaches and the most relevant applications based on PAA/Carbon nanostructures materials. Finally, the perspective and opportunities in the field are presented.
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Spinel-Type Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Supported on Platelet-Type Carbon Nanofibers as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Macro-/Micro-Controlled 3D Lithium-Ion Batteries via Additive Manufacturing and Electric Field Processing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1846. [PMID: 29382925 PMCID: PMC5789829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a new concept for making battery electrodes that can simultaneously control macro-/micro-structures and help address current energy storage technology gaps and future energy storage requirements. Modern batteries are fabricated in the form of laminated structures that are composed of randomly mixed constituent materials. This randomness in conventional methods can provide a possibility of developing new breakthrough processing techniques to build well-organized structures that can improve battery performance. In the proposed processing, an electric field (EF) controls the microstructures of manganese-based electrodes, while additive manufacturing controls macro-3D structures and the integration of both scales. The synergistic control of micro-/macro-structures is a novel concept in energy material processing that has considerable potential for providing unprecedented control of electrode structures, thereby enhancing performance. Electrochemical tests have shown that these new electrodes exhibit superior performance in their specific capacity, areal capacity, and life cycle.
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3D Ordered Macroporous Carbon Encapsulated ZnO Nanoparticles as a High-Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li4Ti5O12/Ketjen Black with open conductive frameworks for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Control of Atomic or Nano-Scale Structure of Functional Metal Oxides for Clean Energy Conversion Systems. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Facile preparation of 3D hierarchical porous carbon from lignin for the anode material in lithium ion battery with high rate performance. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Spontaneous reduction and assembly of graphene oxide into three-dimensional graphene network on arbitrary conductive substrates. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2065. [PMID: 23799368 PMCID: PMC3691888 DOI: 10.1038/srep02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) is the main route to produce the mass graphene-based materials with tailored surface chemistry and functions. However, the toxic reducing circumstances, multiple steps, and even incomplete removal of the oxygen-containing groups were involved, and the produced graphenes existed usually as the assembly-absent precipitates. Herein, a substrate-assisted reduction and assembly of GO (SARA-GO) method was developed for spontaneous formation of 3D graphene network on arbitrary conductive substrates including active and inert metals, semiconducting Si, nonmetallic carbon, and even indium-tin oxide glass without any additional reducing agents. The SARA-GO process offers a facile, efficient approach for constructing unique graphene assemblies such as microtubes, multi-channel networks, micropatterns, and allows the fabrication of high-performance binder-free rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The versatile SARD-GO method significantly improves the processablity of graphenes, which could thus benefit many important applications in sensors and energy-related devices.
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Two-Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon Nanosheets as a High-Performance Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chempluschem 2013; 78:797-800. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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In situ formation of hollow graphitic carbon nanospheres in electrospun amorphous carbon nanofibers for high-performance Li-based batteries. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6800-6805. [PMID: 23000946 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on in situ formation of hollow graphitic carbon nanospheres (HGCNs) in amorphous carbon nanofibers (ACNFs) by a combination of electrospinning, calcination and acid treatment. The prepared carbon nanofibers contain many HGCNs on which defects such as discontinuous graphene sheets with a large d-spacing in their wall exist and provide extra sites for Li(+) storage and serve as buffers for withstanding large volume expansion and shrinkage during the Li insertion and extraction procedure. Furthermore, some exposed HGCNs on the surface of the ACNFs as well as hollow structures are favorable for lithium ion diffusion from different orientations and sufficient contact between active material and electrolyte. In addition, the high conductivity architectures facilitate collection and transport of electrons during the cycling process. As a result, the ACNFs/HGCNs display a high reversible specific gravimetric capacity of ∼750 mA h g(-1) and volumetric capacity of ∼1.1 A h cm(-3) with outstanding rate capability and good cycling stability, which is superior to those of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), porous ACNFs, graphene nanosheets (GNSs), GNSs/CNFs, hollow carbon nanospheres and graphite. The synthesis process is simple, low-cost and environmentally friendly, providing new avenues for the rational engineering of high-energy carbon-based anode materials.
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Synthesis of silicon monoxide-pyrolytic carbon-carbon nanofiber composites and their hybridization with natural graphite as a means of improving the anodic performance of lithium-ion batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:355601. [PMID: 22895198 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/35/355601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel composites of silicon monoxide, pyrolytic carbon and carbon nanofiber (SiO/PyC/CNF) were hybridized with natural graphite (NG) as a means of improving the anodic performance of Li-ion batteries. Samples were made with hybridization levels of 10-30 wt% of NG exhibited excellent cyclability with a discharge capacity of 389-522 mAh g(-1) in a Li-ion battery system. SiO/PyC/CNF composite hybrids showed better cyclability than other carbon composites containing SiO/PyC and SiO/CNF. These hybridization effects were attributed to the lower contact resistance of SiO/PyC/CNF in the electrode. The internal spaces created throughout the SiO/PyC/CNF composite and their effect on material dispersion in the hybridized electrodes may have prevented electrode damage by relieving tensions induced by the expansion of SiO particles in the electrode over the course of repeated charge and discharge processes.
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Templated nanocarbons for energy storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4473-4498. [PMID: 22806880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The template carbonization method is a powerful tool for producing carbon materials with precisely controlled structures at the nanometer level. The resulting templated nanocarbons exhibit extraordinarily unique (often ordered) structures that could never be produced by any of the conventional methods for carbon production. This review summarizes recent publications about templated nanocarbons and their composites used for energy storage applications, including hydrogen storage, electrochemical capacitors, and lithium-ion batteries. The main objective of this review is to clarify the true significance of the templated nanocarbons for each application. For this purpose, the performance characteristics of almost all templated nanocarbons reported thus far are listed and compared with those of conventional materials, so that the advantages/disadvantages of the templated nanocarbons are elucidated. From the practical point of view, the high production cost and poor mass-producibility of the templated nanocarbons make them rather difficult to utilize; however, the study of their unique, specific, and ordered structures enables a deeper insight into energy storage mechanisms and the guidelines for developing energy storage materials. Thus, another important purpose of this work is to establish such general guidelines and to propose future strategies for the production of carbon materials with improved performance for energy storage applications.
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Solid electrolyte interphase formation behavior on well-defined carbon surfaces for Li-ion battery systems. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Composites of chemically-reduced graphene oxide sheets and carbon nanospheres with three-dimensional network structure as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34843h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Controllable synthesis of graphene sheets with different numbers of layers and effect of the number of graphene layers on the specific capacity of anode material in lithium-ion batteries. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nanographene-constructed carbon nanofibers grown on graphene sheets by chemical vapor deposition: high-performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2787-2794. [PMID: 21425865 DOI: 10.1021/nn200195k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of 3D carbonaceous material composed of 1D carbon nanofibers (CNF) grown on 2D graphene sheets (GNS) via a CVD approach in a fluidized bed reactor. Nanographene-constructed carbon nanofibers contain many cavities, open tips, and graphene platelets with edges exposed, providing more extra space for Li(+) storage. More interestingly, nanochannels consisting of graphene platelets arrange almost perpendicularly to the fiber axis, which is favorable for lithium ion diffusion from different orientations. In addition, 3D interconnected architectures facilitate the collection and transport of electrons during the cycling process. As a result, the CNF/GNS hybrid material shows high reversible capacity (667 mAh/g), high-rate performance, and cycling stability, which is superior to those of pure graphene, natural graphite, and carbon nanotubes. The simple CVD approach offers a new pathway for large-scale production of novel hybrid carbon materials for energy storage.
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Preparation and Characterization of Spherical Carbon Composite for Use as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.5.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Facile synthesis and high rate capability of Li4Ti5O12/C composite materials with controllable carbon content. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Synthesis and high-rate capability of quadrangular carbon nanotubes with one open end as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b926576g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Carbon nanocages with nanographene shell for high-rate lithium ion batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01704c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Electrochemical behavior of carbon nanorod arrays having different graphene orientations and crystallinity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b900747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hierarchical porous carbon derived from rice straw for lithium ion batteries with high-rate performance. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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