1
|
Sadeghi M, Shabani-Nooshabadi M, Ansarinejad H. A nanoporous gold film sensor modified with polypyrrole/CuO nanocomposite for electrochemical determination of piroxicam and tramadole. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114633. [PMID: 36343714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an electrochemical sensor was developed to determine piroxicam (PX) and tramadole (Tr) based on their enhanced electrochemical responses at the surface of the polypyrrole/CuO nanocomposite-modified nanoporous gold film (NPGF) electrode. The experimental results showed that PX provide an oxidation peak at 0.65 V in pH = 8.0. The DPV results were linearly affiliated on PX concentration within the two closed windows (C1PX = 0.05-30.0 μM, correlation coefficient of 0.9905, and C2PX = 50.0-300.0 μM, correlation coefficient of 0.9927). From voltammetric curves, the detection limit (LOD = 3Sb/m) for PX at a surface of PPY-CuO-NPGF electrode was appeared to be 0.01 μM. Furthermore, the ability of PPY-CuO-NPGF electrode for simultaneous measurement of PX and Tr was investigated. The suggested sensor shows a long-time stability, good repeatability, and rapid response in the mixture media of PX and Tr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Sadeghi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shabani-Nooshabadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R, Iran; Institute of Nano Science and Nano Technology, University of Kashan, Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-51167, I.R, Iran.
| | - Hanieh Ansarinejad
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Electroconductive cellulose nanocrystals — Synthesis, properties and applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
3
|
Skorupa M, Więcławska D, Czerwińska-Główka D, Skonieczna M, Krukiewicz K. Dopant-Dependent Electrical and Biological Functionality of PEDOT in Bioelectronics. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1948. [PMID: 34208221 PMCID: PMC8230730 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aspiration to interact living cells with electronics challenges researchers to develop materials working at the interface of these two distinct environments. A successful interfacing coating should exhibit both biocompatibility and desired functionality of a bio-integrated device. Taking into account biodiversity, the tissue interface should be fine-tuned to the specific requirements of the bioelectronic systems. In this study, we pointed to electrochemical doping of conducting polymers as a strategy enabling the efficient manufacturing of interfacing platforms, in which features could be easily adjusted. Consequently, we fabricated conducting films based on a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) matrix, with properties modulated through doping with selected ions: PSS- (poly(styrene sulfonate)), ClO4- (perchlorate), and PF6- (hexafluorophosphate). Striving to extend the knowledge on the relationships governing the dopant effect on PEDOT films, the samples were characterized in terms of their chemical, morphological, and electrochemical properties. To investigate the impact of the materials on attachment and growth of cells, rat neuroblastoma B35 cells were cultured on their surface and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and biological assays. Eventually, it was shown that through the choice of a dopant and doping conditions, PEDOT-based materials can be efficiently tuned with diversified physicochemical properties. Therefore, our results proved electrochemical doping of PEDOT as a valuable strategy facilitating the development of promising tissue interfacing materials with characteristics tailored as required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Skorupa
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.S.); (D.W.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Daria Więcławska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.S.); (D.W.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Dominika Czerwińska-Główka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.S.); (D.W.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.S.); (D.W.); (D.C.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moro G, Bottari F, Liberi S, Covaceuszach S, Cassetta A, Angelini A, De Wael K, Moretto LM. Covalent immobilization of delipidated human serum albumin on poly(pyrrole-2-carboxylic) acid film for the impedimetric detection of perfluorooctanoic acid. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 134:107540. [PMID: 32361666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of biomolecules at screen printed electrodes for biosensing applications is still an open challenge. To enrich the toolbox of bioelectrochemists, graphite screen printed electrodes (G-SPE) were modified with an electropolymerized film of pyrrole-2-carboxilic acid (Py-2-COOH), a pyrrole derivative rich in carboxylic acid functional groups. These functionalities are suitable for the covalent immobilization of biomolecular recognition layers. The electropolymerization was first optimized to obtain stable and conductive polymeric films, comparing two different electrolytes: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium perchlorate. The G-SPE modified with Py-2-COOH in 0.1 M SDS solution showed the required properties and were further tested. A proof-of-concept study for the development of an impedimetric sensor for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was carried out using the delipidated human serum albumin (hSA) as bioreceptor. The data interpretation was supported by size exclusion chromatography and small-angle X-ray scattering (SEC-SAXS) analysis of the bioreceptor-target complex and the preliminary results suggest the possibility to further develop this biosensing strategy for toxicological and analytical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Moro
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy; AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Fabio Bottari
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefano Liberi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy
| | - Sonia Covaceuszach
- Istituto di Cristallografia - CNR, Trieste Outstation, Italy SS 14 km 163.5, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Cassetta
- Istituto di Cristallografia - CNR, Trieste Outstation, Italy SS 14 km 163.5, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy; European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ligia Maria Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The effect of nanoscale surface electrical properties of partially biodegradable PEDOT-co-PDLLA conducting polymers on protein adhesion investigated by atomic force microscopy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:468-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Marrese M, Guarino V, Ambrosio L. Atomic Force Microscopy: A Powerful Tool to Address Scaffold Design in Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:E7. [PMID: 28208801 PMCID: PMC5371880 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional polymers currently represent a basic component of a large range of biological and biomedical applications including molecular release, tissue engineering, bio-sensing and medical imaging. Advancements in these fields are driven by the use of a wide set of biodegradable polymers with controlled physical and bio-interactive properties. In this context, microscopy techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are emerging as fundamental tools to deeply investigate morphology and structural properties at micro and sub-micrometric scale, in order to evaluate the in time relationship between physicochemical properties of biomaterials and biological response. In particular, AFM is not only a mere tool for screening surface topography, but may offer a significant contribution to understand surface and interface properties, thus concurring to the optimization of biomaterials performance, processes, physical and chemical properties at the micro and nanoscale. This is possible by capitalizing the recent discoveries in nanotechnologies applied to soft matter such as atomic force spectroscopy to measure surface forces through force curves. By tip-sample local interactions, several information can be collected such as elasticity, viscoelasticity, surface charge densities and wettability. This paper overviews recent developments in AFM technology and imaging techniques by remarking differences in operational modes, the implementation of advanced tools and their current application in biomaterials science, in terms of characterization of polymeric devices in different forms (i.e., fibres, films or particles).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marica Marrese
- Faculty of Sciences, Biophotonics and Medical Imaging group and Laser Lab, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, V.le Kennedy 54, Pad 20, Mostra d'Oltremare, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, V.le Kennedy 54, Pad 20, Mostra d'Oltremare, Naples 80125, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jolly P, Miodek A, Yang DK, Chen LC, Lloyd MD, Estrela P. Electro-Engineered Polymeric Films for the Development of Sensitive Aptasensors for Prostate Cancer Marker Detection. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deng-Kai Yang
- Department
of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Chen
- Department
of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Potentiometric sulfite biosensor based on entrapment of sulfite oxidase in a polypyrrole film on a platinum electrode modified with platinum nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Bouguerra N, Růžička A, Ulbricht C, Enengl C, Enengl S, Pokorná V, Výprachtický D, Tordin E, Aitout R, Cimrová V, Egbe DAM. Synthesis and Photophysical and Electroluminescent Properties of Poly(1,4-phenylene-ethynylene)- alt-poly(1,4-phenylene-vinylene)s with Various Dissymmetric Substitution of Alkoxy Side Chains. Macromolecules 2016; 49:455-464. [PMID: 26877550 PMCID: PMC4730230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
synthesis and characterization of a set of conjugated polymers,
poly(1,4-phenylene–ethynylene)-alt-poly(1,4-phenylene–vinylene)s
(PPE–PPVs), with a dissymmetrical configuration (partial or
total) of alkoxy side chains is reported. Five new polymers bearing
octyloxy and/or octadecyloxy side chains at the phenylene–ethynylene
and phenylene–vinylene segments, respectively, were obtained.
Two symmetrical substituted polymers were used for comparison. Polymers
with weight-average molecular weight, Mw, up to 430 000 g/mol and degree of polymerization between
17 and 322 were obtained by a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons
olefination polycondensation reaction of the respective luminophoric
dialdehydes and bisphosphonates. As expected, identical conjugated
backbones in all polymers results in very similar photophysical response
in dilute solution, with high fluorescence quantum yields between
50% and 80%. In contrast, the thin film properties are dependent on
the combinatorial effects of side chain configuration, molecular weight,
and film thickness parameters, which are the basis of the resulting
comparison and discussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Bouguerra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Energetic Valorization Laboratory, A. MIRA University, Targa Ouzemmour, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria; Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Ulbricht
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christina Enengl
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Enengl
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Veronika Pokorná
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Drahomír Výprachtický
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elisa Tordin
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Razika Aitout
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Energetic Valorization Laboratory, A. MIRA University , Targa Ouzemmour, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Věra Cimrová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mirabedini A, Foroughi J, Wallace GG. Developments in conducting polymer fibres: from established spinning methods toward advanced applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive picture of the history and latest developments in the field of conducting polymer fibres as well as their current/future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Mirabedini
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- AIIM Facility
- University of Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- AIIM Facility
- University of Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- AIIM Facility
- University of Wollongong
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fahlgren A, Bratengeier C, Gelmi A, Semeins CM, Klein-Nulend J, Jager EWH, Bakker AD. Biocompatibility of Polypyrrole with Human Primary Osteoblasts and the Effect of Dopants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134023. [PMID: 26225862 PMCID: PMC4520445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a conducting polymer that enables controlled drug release upon electrical stimulation. We characterized the biocompatibility of PPy with human primary osteoblasts, and the effect of dopants. We investigated the biocompatibility of PPy comprising various dopants, i.e. p-toluene sulfonate (PPy-pTS), chondroitin sulfate (PPy-CS), or dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PPy-DBS), with human primary osteoblasts. PPy-DBS showed the roughest appearance of all surfaces tested, and its wettability was similar to the gold-coated control. The average number of attached cells was 45% higher on PPy-DBS than on PPy-CS or PPy-pTS, although gene expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 was similar in osteoblasts on all surfaces tested. Osteoblasts seeded on PPy-DBS or gold showed similar vinculin attachment points, vinculin area per cell area, actin filament structure, and Feret's diameter, while cells seeded on PPY-CS or PPY-pTS showed disturbed focal adhesions and were enlarged with disorganized actin filaments. Osteoblasts grown on PPy-DBS or gold showed enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin gene expression, but reduced osteopontin gene expression compared to cells grown on PPy-pTS and PPy-CS. In conclusion, PPy doped with DBS showed excellent biocompatibility, which resulted in maintaining focal adhesions, cell morphology, cell number, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteocalcin gene expression. Taken together, conducting polymers doped with DBS are well tolerated by osteoblasts. Our results could provide a basis for the development of novel orthopedic or dental implants with controlled release of antibiotics and pharmaceutics that fight infections or focally enhance bone formation in a tightly controlled manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fahlgren
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Orthopaedics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Bratengeier
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Orthopaedics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Amy Gelmi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cornelis M. Semeins
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin W. H. Jager
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Astrid D. Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Weaver CL, Cui XT. Directed Neural Stem Cell Differentiation with a Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1408-16. [PMID: 25943251 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has the potential to restore function to diseased or damaged nervous tissue, but poor control over cell survival, differentiation, and maturation limits therapeutic prospects. Engineered scaffolds that have the ability to drive neural stem cell behavior can address these limitations facing cell transplantation. Conducting polymers, which have the ability to electrically interface with cells, are attractive scaffolding candidates, but they lack the capacity for simple covalent modification, which would enable surface patterning of biomolecules. In this work, the NSC scaffolding performance of a nanocomposite composed of conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets (GO/PEDOT) is investigated. The GO/PEDOT material is nontoxic and improves NSC differentiation toward the neuronal lineage. Biomolecules interferon-γ (IFNγ) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) that selectively promote neuronal or oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation, respectively, are covalently cross-linked to the surface of the GO/PEDOT nanocomposite via carboxylic acid functional groups provided by GO using carbodiimide chemistry. The surfaces support a larger population of neurons when modified with IFNγ and a larger population of oligodendrocytes when modified by PDGF. This work demonstrates the customizability of GO/PEDOT for cell scaffolding applications and underlines its potential for controlling NSC behavior to improve therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Weaver
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chan EWC, Baek P, Barker D, Travas-Sejdic J. Highly functionalisable polythiophene phenylenes. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of novel conducting polymer monomers, and their polymers, based on poly(thiophene phenylenes) (PThP) is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Wai Chi Chan
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Paul Baek
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Balint R, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH. Conductive polymers: towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2341-53. [PMID: 24556448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 860] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing stimulus-responsive biomaterials with easy-to-tailor properties is a highly desired goal of the tissue engineering community. A novel type of electroactive biomaterial, the conductive polymer, promises to become one such material. Conductive polymers are already used in fuel cells, computer displays and microsurgical tools, and are now finding applications in the field of biomaterials. These versatile polymers can be synthesised alone, as hydrogels, combined into composites or electrospun into microfibres. They can be created to be biocompatible and biodegradable. Their physical properties can easily be optimized for a specific application through binding biologically important molecules into the polymer using one of the many available methods for their functionalization. Their conductive nature allows cells or tissue cultured upon them to be stimulated, the polymers' own physical properties to be influenced post-synthesis and the drugs bound in them released, through the application of an electrical signal. It is thus little wonder that these polymers are becoming very important materials for biosensors, neural implants, drug delivery devices and tissue engineering scaffolds. Focusing mainly on polypyrrole, polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), we review conductive polymers from the perspective of tissue engineering. The basic properties of conductive polymers, their chemical and electrochemical synthesis, the phenomena underlying their conductivity and the ways to tailor their properties (functionalization, composites, etc.) are discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
O’Neil K, Semenikhin O. Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopic Study of Doping Level Distribution in Doped Poly[2,2’-Bithiophene]. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Gelmi A, Ljunggren MK, Rafat M, Jager EWH. Influence of conductive polymer doping on the viability of cardiac progenitor cells. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3860-3867. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the influence of conductive polymer dopants on surface properties and chemistry, and how they may modify cardiac progenitor cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gelmi
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre
- Dept. of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - M. K. Ljunggren
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- Linköping University
- Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - M. Rafat
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- Linköping University
- Linköping 581 85, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - E. W. H. Jager
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre
- Dept. of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ates M. A review study of (bio)sensor systems based on conducting polymers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1853-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Nguyen HQ, Rainbolt EA, Sista P, Stefan MC. Synthesis and Polymerization of Fused-Ring Thienodipyrrole Monomers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
Nakashima H, Higgins MJ, O'Connell C, Torimitsu K, Wallace GG. Liquid deposition patterning of conducting polymer ink onto hard and soft flexible substrates via dip-pen nanolithography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:804-811. [PMID: 22103712 DOI: 10.1021/la203356s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ink formulations and protocols that enable the deposition and patterning of a conducting polymer (PEDOT:PSS) in the nanodomain have been developed. Significantly, we demonstrated the ability to pattern onto soft substrates such as silicone gum and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which are materials of interest for low cost, flexible electronics. The deposition process and dimensions of the polymer patterns are found to be critically dependent on a number of parameters, including the pen design, ink properties, time after inking the pen, dwell time of the pen on the surface, and the nature of material substrate. By assessing these different parameters, an improved understanding of the ability to control the dimensions of individual PEDOT:PSS structures down to 600 nm in width and 10-80 nm in height within patterned arrays was obtained. This applicability of DPN for simple and nonreactive liquid deposition patterning of conducting polymers can lead to the fabrication of organic nanoelectronics or biosensors and complement the efforts of existing printing techniques such as inkjet and extrusion printing by scaling down conductive components to submicrometer and nanoscale dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakashima
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Campos M. Electrical response of polypyrrole films doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid to acetone vapor. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Aradilla D, Estrany F, Armelin E, Oliver R, Iribarren JI, Alemán C. Characterization and Properties of Poly[N-(2-cyanoethyl)pyrrole]. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
22
|
Marandi M, Kallip S, Sammelselg V, Tamm J. AFM study of the adsorption of pyrrole and formation of the polypyrrole film on gold surface. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
23
|
Lee NS, Shin HK, Kwon YS, Lee BJ. Characterization of the electrical and optical properties of viologen devices using chlorophyll a as an electron excimer. Ultramicroscopy 2010; 110:650-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
24
|
Atta NF, El-Kady MF, Galal A. Simultaneous determination of catecholamines, uric acid and ascorbic acid at physiological levels using poly(N-methylpyrrole)/Pd-nanoclusters sensor. Anal Biochem 2010; 400:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
Lee HJ, Lee J, Park SM. Electrochemistry of Conductive Polymers. 45. Nanoscale Conductivity of PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Composite Films Studied by Current-Sensing AFM. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:2660-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Joong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea (ROK), and School of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-805, Korea (ROK)
| | - Joowook Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea (ROK), and School of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-805, Korea (ROK)
| | - Su-Moon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea (ROK), and School of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-805, Korea (ROK)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Semenikhin OA. Mesoscopic inhomogeneity of conducting and semiconducting polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b811058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Ahmad S, Berger R, Khan HU, Butt HJ. Electrical field assisted growth of poly(3-hexylthiophene) layers employing ionic liquids: microstructure elucidated by scanning force and electron microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
28
|
Kuila BK, Stamm M. Fabrication of oriented polyaniline nanostructures using block copolymer nanotemplates and their optical, electrochemical and electric properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
29
|
Radhakrishan S, Rao CRK, Vijayan M. Electrochemical synthesis and studies of polypyrroles doped by renewable dopant cardanol azophenylsulfonic acid derived from cashew nutshells. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
30
|
Serra Moreno J, Panero S, Materazzi S, Martinelli A, Sabbieti MG, Agas D, Materazzi G. Polypyrrole‐polysaccharide thin films characteristics: Electrosynthesis and biological properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 88:832-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Serra Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Panero
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- Department of Morphological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Camerino, V. Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- Department of Morphological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Camerino, V. Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Materazzi
- Department of Morphological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Camerino, V. Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lee JI, Cho SH, Park SM, Kim JK, Kim JK, Yu JW, Kim YC, Russell TP. Highly aligned ultrahigh density arrays of conducting polymer nanorods using block copolymer templates. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:2315-2320. [PMID: 18642964 DOI: 10.1021/nl801105s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh density arrays of conducting polypyrrole (PPy) nanorods are fabricated directly on the indium-tin oxide coated glass by an electropolymerization within a porous diblock copolymer template. The nanorods are shown to have conductivity much higher than thin PPy films, due to the high degree of chain orientation, even though the separation distance for two neighboring PPy main chains is as small as 0.37 nm. The ultrahigh density arrays of conducting polymer nanorods have potential applications as sensor materials, nanoactuators, and organic photovoltaic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong In Lee
- National Creative Research Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Puigmartí-Luis J, Pérez del Pino Á, Laukhina E, Esquena J, Laukhin V, Rovira C, Vidal-Gancedo J, Kanaras A, Nichols R, Brust M, Amabilino D. Shaping Supramolecular Nanofibers with Nanoparticles Forming Complementary Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
34
|
Puigmartí-Luis J, Pérez del Pino Á, Laukhina E, Esquena J, Laukhin V, Rovira C, Vidal-Gancedo J, Kanaras A, Nichols R, Brust M, Amabilino D. Shaping Supramolecular Nanofibers with Nanoparticles Forming Complementary Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1861-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
35
|
O'Neil KD, Shaw B, Semenikhin OA. On the Origin of Mesoscopic Inhomogeneity of Conducting Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:9253-69. [PMID: 17637051 DOI: 10.1021/jp071564t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mesoscopic inhomogeneity of conducting polymer films obtained by electropolymerization and spin-coating was studied using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) and current-sensing atomic-force microscopy (CS-AFM). A well-pronounced correlation was established between the polymer morphology, on the one hand, and its local work function (which is related to the polymer oxidation degree) as well as polymer conductivity, on the other. The most conducting regions were associated with the tops of the polymer grains and showed Ohmic behavior. They were surrounded first by semiconducting and then by insulating polymer. The conductivity of the grain periphery could be lower by as much as 2 orders of magnitude. The grain cores also showed consistently higher values of the local work function as compared to the grain periphery. This fact suggested that the grain cores were more oxidized and/or more ordered as compared to the grain periphery, which is in good agreement with the local conductivity data. More uniform morphology corresponded to less variability in the other properties of the polymer. A model is proposed that relates the observed inhomogeneity to preferential deposition of polymer molecules with higher molecular weight at the early stages of the polymer phase formation. The polymer deposition in either electropolymerization or various solution-casting techniques involves the nucleation of a new phase from a solution containing polymer fractions of different molecular weights. The driving force of the nucleation process depends on the solubility of the polymer fractions, which decreases with an increase in the molecular weight. This gives rise to preferential deposition of more crystalline, higher molecular weight polymer at the early stages of the polymer deposition to form the cores of the polymer grains. The fractions with lower molecular weights are deposited later and form less ordered/less conducting grain periphery. On the basis of this model, we conclude that, to ensure the formation of materials with low inhomogeneity and high quality, one should use the starting polymer with as narrow molecular weight distribution as possible. Yet another possibility is to use solvents which would reduce the differences in the solubilities of polymer fractions with different molecular weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pailleret A, Hien NTL, Thanh DTM, Deslouis C. Surface reactivity of polypyrrole/iron-oxide nanoparticles: electrochemical and CS-AFM investigations. J Solid State Electrochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Akinyeye R, Michira I, Sekota M, Ahmed A, Tito D, Baker P, Brett C, Kalaji M, Iwuoha E. Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Naphthaquinone-4-Sulfonic Acid Doped Polypyrrole. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
38
|
Akinyeye R, Michira I, Sekota M, Al-Ahmed A, Baker P, Iwuoha E. Electrochemical Interrogation and Sensor Applications of Nanostructured Polypyrroles. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
39
|
Cho SH, Park SM. Electrochemistry of Conductive Polymers 39. Contacts between Conducting Polymers and Noble Metal Nanoparticles Studied by Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:25656-64. [PMID: 17181203 DOI: 10.1021/jp0656781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrical properties of contacts formed between conducting polymers and noble metal nanoparticles have been examined using current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM). Contacts formed between electrochemically prepared pi-conjugated polymer films such as polypyrrole (PPy), poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MeT), as well as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and noble metal nanoparticles including platinum (Pt), gold (Au), and silver (Ag) have been examined. The Pt nanoparticles were electrochemically deposited on a pre-coated PPy film surface by reducing a platinum precursor (PtCl62-) at a constant potential. Both current and scanning electron microscopic images of the film showed the presence of Pt islands. The Au and Ag nanoparticles were dispersed on the P3MeT and PEDOT film surfaces simply by dipping the polymer films into colloid solutions containing Au or Ag particles for specified periods (5 to approximately 10 min). The deposition of Au or Ag particles resulted from either their physical adsorption or chemical bonding between particles and the polymer surface depending on the polymer. When compared with PPy, P3MeT and PEDOT showed a stronger binding to Au or Ag nanoparticles when dipped in their colloidal solutions for the same period. This indicates that Au and Ag particles are predominantly linked with the sulfur atoms via chemical bonding. Of the two, PEDOT was more conductive at the sites where the particles are connected to the polymer. It appears that PEDOT has better aligned sulfur atoms on the surface and is strongly bonded to Au and Ag nanoparticles due to their strong affinity to gold and silver. The current-voltage curves obtained at the metal islands demonstrate that the contacts between these metal islands and polymers are ohmic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hyo Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ramanavičius A, Ramanavičienė A, Malinauskas A. Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer—polypyrrole. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
41
|
Koehler S, Bund A, Efimov I. Shear moduli of anion and cation exchanging polypyrrole films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
Lee HJ, Park SM. Electrochemistry of Conductive Polymers 37. Nanoscale Monitoring of Electrical Properties during Electrochemical Growth of Polypyrrole and Its Aging. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:13247-54. [PMID: 16852652 DOI: 10.1021/jp050741s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrical and morphological properties of polypyrrole (PPy) films were studied during and after their electrochemical growth under various experimental conditions on a nanometer scale using a current-sensing atomic force microscope (CS-AFM). Of acetonitrile (ACN) solutions containing various amounts of water, one that contained 1.0% water produced the best quality films in their electrical and morphological properties in terms of homogeneities. The degree of doping, as well as time evolution of the film structure and its conductivity, of the PPy films was investigated during their growth in water and ACN with 1.0% water by obtaining the current images at a few designated growing stages, and the results were compared. Well-doped, conductive films were obtained from the very early stage during the electrodeposition of PPy in the ACN solution, while the films were poorly doped in water. As the film deposition progressed further in both aqueous and nonaqueous media, the doped areas spread over the whole surface leading to a more homogeneously conducting film. The current-voltage traces were obtained at each growing stage, which showed that the conductivity increases in both media as the PPy grows; the conductivity of the film grown in ACN is much higher than that of the film grown in water at all growing stages. The electrical properties of the PPy film deteriorated gradually upon exposure to air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Joong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea (Republic of Korea)
| | | |
Collapse
|