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Vaquero-Gallardo N, Millán-Blasco O, Martínez-García H. Fractional-Order Electrical Modeling of Aluminum Coated via Plasma Electro-Oxidation and Thermal Spray Methods to Optimize Radiofrequency Medical Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2563. [PMID: 38676181 PMCID: PMC11053967 DOI: 10.3390/s24082563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Active medical devices rely on a source of energy that is applied to the human body for specific purposes such as electrosurgery, ultrasounds for breaking up kidney stones (lithotripsy), laser irradiation, and other medical techniques and procedures that are extensively used. These systems must provide adequate working power with a commitment not to produce side effects on patients. Therefore, the materials used in these devices must effectively transmit energy, allow for security control, sense real-time variations in case of any issues, and ensure the implementation of closed-loop systems for control. This work extends to the experimental data adjustment of some different coating techniques based on plasma electro-oxidation (PEO) and thermal spray (TS) using fractional-order models. According to the physical structure of the coating in different coating techniques, Cole family models were selected. The experimental data were obtained by means of a vector network analyzer (VNA) in the frequency spectrum from 0.3 MHz to 5 MHz. The results show that some models from the Cole family (the single-dispersion model and inductive model) offered a goodness of fit to the experimental impedance in terms of RMSE error and a squared error R2 close to unity. The use of this type of fractional-order electrical model allows an adjustment with a very small number of elements compared to integer-order models, facilitating its use and a consequent reduction in instrumentation cost and the development of control devices that are more robust and easily miniaturized for embedded applications. Additionally, fractional-order models allow for more accurate assessment in industrial and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Millán-Blasco
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Eastern Barcelona School of Engineering (EEBE), Technical University of Catalonia—BarcelonaTech (UPC), E-08019 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Herminio Martínez-García
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Eastern Barcelona School of Engineering (EEBE), Technical University of Catalonia—BarcelonaTech (UPC), E-08019 Barcelona, Spain;
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2
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Gong W, Ma R, Du A, Zhao X, Fan Y. The Effects of the Pre-Anodized Film Thickness on Growth Mechanism of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on the 1060 Al Substrate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5922. [PMID: 37687615 PMCID: PMC10488349 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
To increase the density of the micro-arc oxide coating, AA 1060 samples were pretreated with an anodic oxide film in an oxalic acid solution. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was performed to investigate the effect of the thickness of the pre-anodic oxide film on the soft-sparking mechanism. The experimental results revealed that the PEO coating phases with different thicknesses of the pre-anodized films contained both Al and gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3). The pre-anodized film changes the final morphology of the coating, accelerating the soft sparking transition and retaining the soft sparking. At a pre-anodized film thickness of ≤7.7 μm, the anodized films thickened before being broken through. When the pre-anodized film thickness was ≥13.1 μm, partial dissolution of the anodized films occurred before they were struck through. Two growth mechanisms for PEO coatings with different pre-anodized film thicknesses were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Ruina Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - An Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yongzhe Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin 300130, China
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3
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Schwartz A, Kossenko A, Zinigrad M, Danchuk V, Sobolev A. Cleaning Strategies of Synthesized Bioactive Coatings by PEO on Ti-6Al-4V Alloys of Organic Contaminations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4624. [PMID: 37444937 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of various cleaning methods on coating morphology and their effectiveness in removing organic contaminants has been studied in this research. Bioactive coatings containing titanium oxides and hydroxyapatite (HAP) were obtained through plasma electrolytic oxidation in aqueous electrolytes and molten salts. The cleaning procedure for the coated surface was performed using autoclave (A), ultraviolet light (UV), radio frequency (RF), air plasma (P), and UV-ozone cleaner (O). The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an EDS detector, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray phase analysis (XRD), and contact angle (CA) measurements. The conducted studies revealed that the samples obtained from molten salt exhibited a finer crystalline structure morphology (275 nm) compared to those obtained from aqueous electrolytes (350 nm). After applying surface cleaning methods, the carbon content decreased from 5.21 at.% to 0.11 at.% (XPS), which directly corresponds to a reduction in organic contaminations and a decrease in the contact angle as follows: A > UV > P > O. This holds true for both coatings obtained in molten salt (25.3° > 19.5° > 10.5° > 7.5°) and coatings obtained in aqueous electrolytes (35.2° > 28.3° > 26.1° > 16.6°). The most effective and moderate cleaning method is ozone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Schwartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Alexey Kossenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Michael Zinigrad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Viktor Danchuk
- Physics Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4076414, Israel
| | - Alexander Sobolev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
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Deng Z, Yuan Q, Chang R, Ding Z, Ding W, Ren L, Wang Y. High voltage nanosecond pulse generator based on pseudospark switch and diode opening switch. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:024703. [PMID: 36859034 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the development of technology, low-temperature plasma plays an increasingly important role in industrial applications. The industrial application of low-temperature plasma has the following requirements for plasma, high electron energy, low macroscopic temperature, and uniformity. Low-temperature plasma driven by nanosecond pulses reflects more significant advantages in these aspects compared to direct current plasma and alternating current plasma. In this paper, a simple topology is proposed, which is based on the pseudospark switch and the diode opening switch. A pulse generator is developed, which can eventually output pulses with an amplitude of 106 kV, a rise time of 15.5 ns, a pulse width of 46 ns, and a maximum repetition rate of 1 kHz on a 260 Ω resistive load. The pulse generator can successfully drive needle-plate discharge plasma in ambient air. It has excellent parameters, stability, compactness, and a long lifetime. The proposed topology may be helpful for nanosecond pulse generators with amplitude ranging from tens to hundreds of kilovolts, which could be widely used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ran Chang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenjie Ding
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weidong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Linyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Single Dense Layer of PEO Coating on Aluminum Fabricated by “Chain-like” Discharges. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134635. [PMID: 35806759 PMCID: PMC9267327 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the loose-layer-to-dense-layer ratio in PEO coatings on aluminum and its alloys is the key to improving their corrosion resistance and expanding their applications in the aerospace industry and other fields. In this paper, we describe the discharge evolution during the PEO process in exhaustive detail and report the appearance of a novel “chain-like” discharge for the first time. We investigated the microstructure and composition of PEO coatings using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results reflected that the coating composition changed from amorphous Al2O3 to crystalline γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 phases with the evolution of the plasma spark discharge state. We evaluated the electrochemical behavior of the coatings using a potentiodynamic polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Under “chain-like” discharge, the icorr of the coating on Al was 8.564 × 10–9 A∙cm−2, which was five orders of magnitude lower than that of the sample without the PEO coating. Moreover, we evaluated the adhesion strength of the coatings at different stages using a pull-off test. The adhesion strength of the PEO coatings at stage V reached 70 MPa. Furthermore, the high content of α-Al2O3 increased the hardness of the coating to 2000 HV. Therefore, the “chain-like” discharge promoted the formation of a single dense layer with 2.8% porosity and that demonstrated excellent properties. We also propose a mechanism to explain the influence of the plasma spark discharge state on the microstructure and composition of the PEO coatings.
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Sikdar S, Menezes PV, Maccione R, Jacob T, Menezes PL. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Process-Processing, Properties, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1375. [PMID: 34067483 PMCID: PMC8224744 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a novel surface treatment process to produce thick, dense metal oxide coatings, especially on light metals, primarily to improve their wear and corrosion resistance. The coating manufactured from the PEO process is relatively superior to normal anodic oxidation. It is widely employed in the fields of mechanical, petrochemical, and biomedical industries, to name a few. Several investigations have been carried out to study the coating performance developed through the PEO process in the past. This review attempts to summarize and explain some of the fundamental aspects of the PEO process, mechanism of coating formation, the processing conditions that impact the process, the main characteristics of the process, the microstructures evolved in the coating, the mechanical and tribological properties of the coating, and the influence of environmental conditions on the coating process. Recently, the PEO process has also been employed to produce nanocomposite coatings by incorporating nanoparticles in the electrolyte. This review also narrates some of the recent developments in the field of nanocomposite coatings with examples and their applications. Additionally, some of the applications of the PEO coatings have been demonstrated. Moreover, the significance of the PEO process, its current trends, and its scope of future work are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sikdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Pramod V. Menezes
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Raven Maccione
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Pradeep L. Menezes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
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Adhesion and Corrosion Resistance of Micro-Arc Oxidation/Polyurethane Composite Coating on Aluminum Alloy Surface. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion and bonding performance of waterborne polyurethane (PU) coating on aluminum alloy surface was improved in this study. To achieve this objective, the effects of different sodium silicate concentrations on the aluminum alloy micro-arc oxidation (MAO) layer and the adhesion strength and corrosion resistance of MAO-PU composite coating before and after modification by MAO treatment of the 7050 aluminum alloy were studied. The experimental results showed that the modification of the MAO membrane layer by a silane coupling agent could significantly improve the adhesion strength and corrosion resistance of the composite coating. Moreover, the maximum adhesion strength was obtained when the concentration of sodium silicate was 12 g L−1.
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8
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Introduction to Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation—An Overview of the Process and Applications. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), also called micro-arc oxidation (MAO), is an innovative method in producing oxide-ceramic coatings on metals, such as aluminum, titanium, magnesium, zirconium, etc. The process is characterized by discharges, which develop in a strong electric field, in a system consisting of the substrate, the oxide layer, a gas envelope, and the electrolyte. The electric breakdown in this system establishes a plasma state, in which, under anodic polarization, the substrate material is locally converted to a compound consisting of the substrate material itself (including alloying elements) and oxygen in addition to the electrolyte components. The review presents the process kinetics according to the existing models of the discharge phenomena, as well as the influence of the process parameters on the process, and thus, on the resulting coating properties, e.g., morphology and composition.
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9
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Corrosion and Wear Behavior of PEO Coatings on D16T Aluminum Alloy with Different Concentrations of Graphene. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of added graphene concentration on the microstructure, phase composition, corrosion- and wear- resistance of plasma electrolyte oxidation (PEO) coatings formed on D16T aluminum alloy in silicate electrolyte with different concentrations of graphene were investigated. The results show that the morphologies of the coatings with graphene were obviously different ascribed to the mode of graphene incorporated into the coating. The coatings consisted of mainly α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3, and Al, which were divided into an outer porous layer and a dense inner layer. The thickness of the coatings increased non-linearly with graphene concentration. The corrosion resistance of the coatings with graphene was significantly improved. The wear resistance of the coatings was also greatly improved apart from the coating with 3 g/L graphene. The coating produced in the electrolyte with 2 g/L graphene exhibited the optimal comprehensive properties because graphene successfully incorporated into the coating via the pores and spread on the surface of the coating.
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Qi X, Shang H, Ma B, Zhang R, Guo L, Su B. Microstructure and Wear Properties of Micro Arc Oxidation Ceramic Coatings. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E970. [PMID: 32098109 PMCID: PMC7097726 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction effect of micro arc oxidation (MAO) parameters on the microstructure and wear properties was investigated. The results showed that the electric current and oxidation time significantly influenced the thickness and grinding crack width of the ceramic coatings within the range of the selected parameters, and the interaction effect of the electrical parameters was not obvious. The surface morphology, cross-section morphology, and element distribution of the coatings were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that ceramic coatings with γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 formed, which enhanced the coating performance. After that, the microhardness and wear resistance were tested. Under the optimal process, the microhardness of a coating section was up to 1200 HV0.1, and the friction coefficient was just 0.3. When wear occurred, the volcanic microstructures experienced extrusion and deformation, and then peeled off under shear stress, which led to the formation of a grinding crack. The main failure modes of the micro arc oxidation coatings were abrasive wear and spalling failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hailong Shang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 201306, China; (X.Q.); (B.M.); (R.Z.); (L.G.); (B.S.)
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Abstract
This work investigates environmentally friendly alternatives to toxic and carcinogenic Cr (VI)-based surface treatments for aluminium alloys. It is focused on multifunctional thin or flash plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)-layered double hydroxides (LDH) coatings. Three PEO coatings developed under a current-controlled mode based on aluminate, silicate and phosphate were selected from 31 processes (with different combinations of electrolytes, electrical conditions and time) according to corrosive behavior and energy consumption. In situ Zn-Al LDH was optimized in terms of chemical composition and exposure time on the bulk material, then applied to the selected PEO coatings. The structure, morphology and composition of PEO coatings with and without Zn-Al-LDH were characterized using XRD, SEM and EDS. Thicker and more porous PEO coatings revealed higher amounts of LDH flakes on their surfaces. The corrosive behavior of the coatings was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The corrosion resistance was enhanced considerably after the PEO coatings formation in comparison with bulk material. Corrosion resistance was not affected after the LDH treatment, which can be considered as a first step in achieving active protection systems by posterior incorporation of green corrosion inhibitors.
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12
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Incorporation of halloysite nanotubes into forsterite surface layer during plasma electrolytic oxidation of AM50 Mg alloy. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Serdechnova M, Karpushenkov SA, Karpushenkava LS, Starykevich M, Ferreira MGS, Hack T, Iuzviuk MH, Zobkalo IA, Blawert C, Zheludkevich ML. The Influence of PSA Pre-Anodization of AA2024 on PEO Coating Formation: Composition, Microstructure, Corrosion, and Wear Behaviors. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122428. [PMID: 30513610 PMCID: PMC6316913 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the frame of the current work, it was shown that plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment can be applied on top of phosphoric sulfuric acid (PSA) anodized aluminum alloy AA2024. Being hard and well-adherent to the substrate, PEO layers improve both corrosion and wear resistance of the material. To facilitate PEO formation and achieve a dense layer, the systematic analysis of PEO layer formation on the preliminary PSA anodized layer was performed in this work. The microstructure, morphology, and composition of formed PEO coatings were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). It was shown that under constant current treatment conditions, the PSA layer survived under the applied voltage of 350 V, whilst 400 V was an intermediate stage; and under 450 V, the PSA layer was fully converted after 5 min of the treatment. The comparison test with PEO formation on the bare material was performed. It was confirmed that during the “sparking” mode (400 V) of PEO formation, the PEO coatings, formed on PSA treated AA2024, were more wear resistant than the same PEO coatings on bare AA2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serdechnova
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Sergey A Karpushenkov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimosti Avenue 4, 220030 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Larisa S Karpushenkava
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimosti Avenue 4, 220030 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Maksim Starykevich
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering/CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mario G S Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering/CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Theodor Hack
- Airbus Group Innovations, 81663 Munich, Germany.
| | - Mariia H Iuzviuk
- B. P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC Kurchatov Institute, Orlova Roshcha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Russia.
| | - Igor A Zobkalo
- B. P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC Kurchatov Institute, Orlova Roshcha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Russia.
| | - Carsten Blawert
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Mikhail L Zheludkevich
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
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Rokosz K, Hryniewicz T, Gaiaschi S, Chapon P, Raaen S, Matýsek D, Dudek Ł, Pietrzak K. Novel Porous Phosphorus⁻Calcium⁻Magnesium Coatings on Titanium with Copper or Zinc Obtained by DC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation: Fabrication and Characterization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1680. [PMID: 30208598 PMCID: PMC6164096 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the characteristics of new porous coatings fabricated at three voltages in electrolytes based on H₃PO₄ with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, and copper(II) nitrate trihydrate are presented. The SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and XRD techniques for coating identification were used. It was found that the higher the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) (micro arc oxidation (MAO)) voltage, the thicker the porous coating with higher amounts of built-in elements coming from the electrolyte and more amorphous phase with signals from crystalline Ca(H₂PO₄)₂∙H₂O and/or Ti(HPO₄)₂∙H₂O. Additionally, the external parts of the obtained porous coatings formed on titanium consisted mainly of Ti4+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO₄3-, HPO₄2-, H₂PO₄-, P₂O₇4- as well as Zn2+ or copper Cu⁺/Cu2+. The surface should be characterized by high biocompatibility, due to the presence of structures based on calcium and phosphates, and have bactericidal properties, due to the presence of zinc and copper ions. Furthermore, the addition of magnesium ions should accelerate the healing of postoperative wounds, which could lead to faster patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rokosz
- Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Hryniewicz
- Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Sofia Gaiaschi
- HORIBA FRANCE S.A.S., Avenue de la Vauve, Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Patrick Chapon
- HORIBA FRANCE S.A.S., Avenue de la Vauve, Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Steinar Raaen
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget E3-124 Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 NO Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dalibor Matýsek
- Institute of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Łukasz Dudek
- Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Kornel Pietrzak
- Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
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15
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Effects of pulse current mode on plasma electrolytic oxidation of 7075 Al in Na2WO4 containing solution: From unipolar to soft-sparking regime. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Fatimah S, Khoerunnisa F, Ko YG. Decoration of an inorganic layer with nickel (hydr)oxide via green plasma electrolysis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26804-26816. [PMID: 35541078 PMCID: PMC9083132 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the green plasma electrolysis of a magnesium alloy in alkaline electrolyte to produce a hybrid inorganic layer with nickel (hydr)oxide incorporated in a matrix of magnesium oxide, and investigate the electrochemical and optical properties of this material. The addition of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O to the electrolyte reduced the size of the micro-defects found in the inorganic layer after plasma electrolysis by inducing soft plasma discharges. As a result, through cyclic voltammetry and polarization tests, the corrosion stability of the sample containing nickel (hydr)oxide was significantly enhanced. Measurement of the optical properties reveals that the material possesses excellent energy efficiency as indicated by a high solar absorptivity of ∼0.92 and a low infrared emissivity of ∼0.13 which are presumably due to the inherent dark-brown colour of nickel (hydr)oxide. We expect that these results will have implications in the development of functional materials with excellent optical and corrosion properties by considering green processing utilizing alkaline electrolyte. Nickel (hydr)oxide decorating MgO matrix via green plasma electrolysis exhibited high solar absorbance but low infrared emissivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Fatimah
- Materials Electrochemistry Group
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
| | - Fitri Khoerunnisa
- Department of Chemistry
- Indonesia University of Education
- Bandung 40154
- Indonesia
| | - Young Gun Ko
- Materials Electrochemistry Group
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
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Rogov AB, Yerokhin A, Matthews A. The Role of Cathodic Current in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Aluminum: Phenomenological Concepts of the "Soft Sparking" Mode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:11059-11069. [PMID: 28834680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of experimental data relating to so-called "soft sparking" mode of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been undertaken. The transition to the soft sparking mode is accompanied by a number of characteristic effects, such as a decrease in anodic voltage, acoustic and light emission, increase in hysteresis in transient current-voltage curves, improved uniformity of the discharge distribution on the surface, disappearance of atomic lines, and development of continuous radiation in the optical emission spectra. An explanation of the main features of PEO process operated under soft sparking conditions is proposed assuming the existence of a specific narrow region in the coating thickness, where the main anodic voltage drops. Because of high electric field in this "active zone", both anodic oxidation of the metal substrate and high-energy processes may take place. According to this assertion, the soft sparking mode of PEO is caused by cathodic polarization (a) eliminating the potential barrier at the oxide-electrolyte interface due to local acidification and (b) increasing electric field at the metal-oxide interface during subsequent anodic half-cycle due to narrowing of low-conductive part within the active zone. Based on this consideration, it is possible to account for the main characteristic phenomena accompanying the PEO process on aluminum under alternating polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey B Rogov
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Novosibirsk, Russia 630090
- Scientific and Technical Centre "Pokrytie-A" , Novosibirsk, Russia 630015
| | - Aleksey Yerokhin
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Matthews
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Kamil MP, Kaseem M, Ko YG. Soft plasma electrolysis with complex ions for optimizing electrochemical performance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44458. [PMID: 28281672 PMCID: PMC5345099 DOI: 10.1038/srep44458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was a promising surface treatment for light metals to tailor an oxide layer with excellent properties. However, porous coating structure was generally exhibited due to excessive plasma discharges, restraining its performance. The present work utilized ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Cu-EDTA complexing agents as electrolyte additives that alter the plasma discharges to improve the electrochemical properties of Al-1.1Mg alloy coated by PEO. To achieve this purpose, PEO coatings were fabricated under an alternating current in silicate electrolytes containing EDTA and Cu-EDTA. EDTA complexes were found to modify the plasma discharging behaviour during PEO that led to a lower porosity than that without additives. This was attributed to a more homogeneous electrical field throughout the PEO process while the coating growth would be maintained by an excess of dissolved Al due to the EDTA complexes. When Cu-EDTA was used, the number of discharge channels in the coating layer was lower than that with EDTA due to the incorporation of Cu2O and CuO altering the dielectric behaviour. Accordingly, the sample in the electrolyte containing Cu-EDTA constituted superior corrosion resistance to that with EDTA. The electrochemical mechanism for excellent corrosion protection was elucidated in the context of equivalent circuit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Prisla Kamil
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Mosab Kaseem
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gun Ko
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Lu X, Blawert C, Kainer KU, Zheludkevich ML. Investigation of the formation mechanisms of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on Mg alloy AM50 using particles. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mohedano M, Matykina E, Arrabal R, Mingo B, Zheludkevich ML. PEO of rheocast A356 Al alloy: energy efficiency and corrosion properties. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mohedano
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht; Magnesium Innovation Centre, Institute of Materials Research; Max-Planck-Str. 1 D-21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Endzhe Matykina
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Raul Arrabal
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz Mingo
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Mikhail L. Zheludkevich
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht; Magnesium Innovation Centre, Institute of Materials Research; Max-Planck-Str. 1 D-21502 Geesthacht Germany
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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A comparison of plasma electrolytic oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V and Zircaloy-2 alloys in a silicate-hexametaphosphate electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee KM, Jung BK, Ko YG, Shin DH. Electrochemical response of ZrO2 incorporated titanium oxide film. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/1432891714z.000000000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Lee
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials EngineeringHanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
| | - B. K. Jung
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringYeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
| | - Y. G. Ko
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringYeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
| | - D. H. Shin
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials EngineeringHanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
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Madhan Kumar A, Hwan Kwon S, Chul Jung H, Park YH, Kim HJ, Shin KS. Fabrication and Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of PEO Coatings on Strip-Cast AZ31Mg Alloy in 3.5% NaCl Solution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404329s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Madhan Kumar
- Magnesium
Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwan Kwon
- Magnesium
Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Chul Jung
- Magnesium
Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Park
- Research
Division of Magnesium, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, San 32 Hyoja dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-330, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Jeong Kim
- Research
Division of Magnesium, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, San 32 Hyoja dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-330, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seon Shin
- Magnesium
Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul151-744, Republic of Korea
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Shen D, He D, Liu F, Guo C, Cai J, Li G, Ma H. Effects of ultrasound on the evolution of plasma electrolytic oxidation process on 6061Al alloy. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:1065-1070. [PMID: 24412467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process of 6061Al alloy was carried out under the conditions with and without the assistance of ultrasound, respectively. The effects of ultrasound on the evolution of voltage, micro-discharge, morphology and composition of PEO coatings were investigated. The results show that ultrasound can greatly decrease the dielectric breakdown voltage of the coatings, increase the number of micro-discharges while decrease their average size, promote the evolution of micro-discharges, decrease the number and the average size of residual discharge pores in the coatings after 30min of the process, promote the homogeneous distribution of elements and the formation of α-Al2O3 and 3Al2O3⋅2SiO2 in the coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejiu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
| | - Donglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
| | - Fangfei Liu
- Dong Guan EONTEC Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523662, PR China
| | - Changhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Jingrui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Guolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Haojie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
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Cheng Y, Cao J, Peng Z, Wang Q, Matykina E, Skeldon P, Thompson G. Wear-resistant coatings formed on Zircaloy-2 by plasma electrolytic oxidation in sodium aluminate electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effect of Anodic Current Density on Characteristics and Low Temperature IR Emissivity of Ceramic Coating on Aluminium 6061 Alloy Prepared by Microarc Oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/350931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High emitter MAO ceramic coatings were fabricated on the Al 6061 alloy, using different bipolar anodic current densities, in an alkali silicate electrolyte. We found that, as the current density increased from 10.94 A/dm2 to 43.75 A/dm2, the layer thickness was increased from 10.9 μm to 18.5 μm, the surface roughness was increased from 0.79 μm to 1.27 μm, the area ratio of volcano-like microstructure was increased from 55.6% to 59.6%, the volcano-like density was decreased from 2620 mm−2 to 1420 mm−2, and the γ-alumina phase was decreased from 66.6 wt.% to 26.2 wt.%, while the α-alumina phase was increased from 3.9 wt.% to 27.6 wt.%. The sillimanite and cristobalite phases were around 20 wt.% and 9 wt.%, respectively, for 10.94 A/dm2 and approximately constant around 40 wt.% and less than 5 wt.%, respectively, for the anodic current densities 14.58, 21.88, and 43.75 A/dm2. The ceramic surface roughness and thickness slightly enhanced the IR emissivity in the semitransparent region (4.0–7.8 μm), while the existing phases contributed together to raise the emissivity in the opaque region (8.6–16.0 μm) to higher but approximately the same emissivities.
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Cheng YL, Xue ZG, Wang Q, Wu XQ, Matykina E, Skeldon P, Thompson G. New findings on properties of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings from study of an Al–Cu–Li alloy. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Alsrayheen E, Campbell B, McLeod E, Rateick R, Birss V. Exploring the effect of alkaline silicate solution composition on the ac/dc spark anodization of Al–Cu Alloys. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Necula BS, Apachitei I, Tichelaar FD, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Duszczyk J. An electron microscopical study on the growth of TiO2-Ag antibacterial coatings on Ti6Al7Nb biomedical alloy. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2751-7. [PMID: 21362499 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research was aimed at investigating the growth mechanism of TiO(2)-Ag antibacterial coatings during plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of Ti6Al7Nb biomedical alloy in an electrolyte based on calcium acetate/calcium glycerophosphate bearing Ag nanoparticles. The focus was on the mechanism of incorporation of Ag nanoparticles, their distribution and chemical composition within the porous coatings using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging techniques combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for chemical analyses. The PEO coatings were grown using different oxidation times, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 s. The electron microscopy results confirmed the formation of a porous coating with incorporated Ag nanoparticles from the initial stages of oxidation (i.e. 10 s), with further Ag incorporation as the PEO process was continued for longer durations. The Ag nanoparticles were embedded in the dense oxide layer, fused into the pore walls and on the surface of the coatings without any change in their morphology or chemistry as detected by HRTEM, SEM and EDX. Ag seems to be delivered to the sites of coating growth (where dielectric breakdown occurs) through different transport pathways, i.e. open pores, cracks and short-circuit channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Necula
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Group of Biomaterials Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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Kim Y, Kim D, Park H, Chung U, Chung W. Effect of current step-down on the growth and hardness of PEO coatings on Al6061 alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Matykina E, Arrabal R, Skeldon P, Thompson GE. Optimisation of the plasma electrolytic oxidation process efficiency on aluminium. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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