Improvement of electrochemical performances of catechol-based supercapacitor electrodes by tuning the redox potential via different-sized O-protected catechol diazonium salts

Supercapacitor Performance of Magnetite Nanoparticles Enhanced by a Catecholate Dispersant: Experiment and Theory

The full potential of Fe₃O₄ for supercapacitor applications can be achieved by addressing challenges in colloidal fabrication of high active mass electrodes. Exceptional adsorption properties of catecholate-type 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) molecules are explored for surface modification of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles to enhance their colloidal dispersion as verified by sedimentation test results and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. Electrodes prepared in the presence of DHBA show nearly double capacitance at slow charging rates as compared to the control samples without the dispersant or with benzoic acid as a non-catecholate dispersant. Such electrodes with active mass of 40 mg cm^-2 show a capacitance of 4.59 F cm^-2 from cyclic voltammetry data at a scan rate of 2 mV s^-1 and 4.72 F cm^-2 from galvanostatic charge-discharge data at a current density of 3 mA cm^-2. Experimental results are corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) analysis of adsorption behaviour of DHBA and benzoic acid at the (001) surface of Fe₃O₄. The strongest adsorption energy (ca. -1.8 eV per molecule) is due to the catechol group of DHBA. DFT analysis provides understanding of the basic mechanism of DHBA adsorption on the surface of nanoparticles and opens the way for fabrication of electrodes with high capacitance.

Dispersant Molecules with Functional Catechol Groups for Supercapacitor Fabrication

Cathodes for supercapacitors with enhanced capacitive performance are prepared using MnO₂ as a charge storage material and carbon nanotubes (CNT) as conductive additives. The enhanced capacitive properties are linked to the beneficial effects of catecholate molecules, such as chlorogenic acid and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide, which are used as co-dispersants for MnO₂ and CNT. The dispersant interactions with MnO₂ and CNT are discussed in relation to the chemical structures of the dispersant molecules and their biomimetic adsorption mechanisms. The dispersant adsorption is a key factor for efficient co-dispersion in ethanol, which facilitated enhanced mixing of the nanostructured components and allowed for improved utilization of charge storage properties of the electrode materials with high active mass of 40 mg cm⁻². Structural peculiarities of the dispersant molecules are discussed, which facilitate dispersion and charging. Capacitive properties are analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopy. A capacitance of 6.5 F cm⁻² is achieved at a low electrical resistance. The advanced capacitive properties of the electrodes are linked to the microstructures of the electrodes prepared in the presence of the dispersants.

Preparing Better Samples for Cryo-Electron Microscopy: Biochemical Challenges Do Not End with Isolation and Purification

The preparation of extremely thin samples, which are required for high-resolution electron microscopy, poses extreme risk of damaging biological macromolecules due to interactions with the air-water interface. Although the rapid increase in the number of published structures initially gave little indication that this was a problem, the search for methods that substantially mitigate this hazard is now intensifying. The two main approaches under investigation are (a) immobilizing particles onto structure-friendly support films and (b) reducing the length of time during which such interactions may occur. While there is little possibility of outrunning diffusion to the interface, intentional passivation of the interface may slow the process of adsorption and denaturation. In addition, growing attention is being given to gaining more effective control of the thickness of the sample prior to vitrification.