Self-assembly of biomass microfibers into 3D layer-stacking hierarchical porous carbon for high performance supercapacitors

Biomass-Based Sustainable Graphene for Advanced Electronic Technology: A Review

Through its remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal qualities, graphene has become a revolutionary material in electronics. Sustainable graphene synthesis from biomass residues offers a possible path toward adhering to the demand for economical and ecologically friendly graphene production methods. The present study thoroughly examines the numerous biomass sources used for graphene synthesis, such as plant-derived materials, agricultural waste, and other organic leftovers. The benefits and drawbacks of several synthesis methods are examined, including pyrolysis, chemical exfoliation, and hydrothermal carbonization. The study also explores the possible uses of graphene produced from biomass in electronics, including sensors, energy storage devices, electronic devices with flexibility, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. This review highlights how biomass-based graphene can revolutionize the electronics sector by bridging the gap between electronic applications, synthesis techniques, and biomass supplies.

Solvent self-doping synthesis of nitrogen/oxygen co-doped porous carbon from cellulose as high performance material for multipurpose energy storage

Developing novel heteroatoms co-doped biomass porous carbon with low-cost, tunable physical/chemical properties, and environmental friendliness is an important candidate to face energy shortage and environmental pollution currently. Herein, a novel solvothermal avenue was designed using triethanolamine as self-doping solvent to treat rice straw powders with KOH. The rice straw with triethanolamine derived carbon (RSTCs-1) possessed hierarchical porous structure, N/O diatomic doping, and large specific surface area. The electrochemical energy storage performance of RSTCs-1 was evaluated in the systems of supercapacitors, aqueous zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors (AZHSs), and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) respectively. As the results, the RSTCs-1 based symmetric supercapacitor exhibited the maximum energy density of ca. 98.4 Wh·kg-1 with the excellent cycling stability. Moreover, both RSTCs-1 AZHSs and RSTCs-1 LIBs achieved the relative high discharge specific capacities of ca. 407.1 and 1906.7 mAh·g-1 at current density of 0.1 A·g-1. These results highlighted the huge potential of the obtained with notable electrochemical performance acting as multifunctional electrode material for the different energy storage devices.

Hierarchical Porous Activated Carbon Derived from Coconut Shell for Ultrahigh-Performance Supercapacitors

In this research, we successfully produced hierarchical porous activated carbon from biowaste employing one-step KOH activation and applied as ultrahigh-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. The coconut shell-derived activated carbon (CSAC) features a hierarchical porous structure in a honeycomb-like morphology, leading to a high specific surface area (2228 m2 g-1) as well as a significant pore volume (1.07 cm3 g-1). The initial test with the CSAC electrode, conducted in a 6 M KOH loaded symmetric supercapacitor, demonstrated an ultrahigh capacitance of 367 F g-1 at a current density of 0.2 A g-1 together with 92.09% retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g-1. More impressively, the zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor using CSAC as a cathode achieves a high-rate capability (153 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 and 75 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1), high energy density (134.9 Wh kg-1 at 175 W kg-1), as well as exceptional cycling stability (93.81% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g-1). Such work thus illuminates a new pathway for converting biowaste-derived carbons into materials for ultrahigh-performance energy storge applications.

Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Multicomponent Integration Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting

Electrocatalytic water splitting powered by sustainable electricity is a crucial approach for the development of new generation green hydrogen technology. Biomass materials are abundant and renewable, and the application of catalysis can increase the value of some biomass waste and turn waste into fortune. Converting economical and resource-rich biomass into carbon-based multicomponent integrated catalysts (MICs) has been considered as one of the most promising ways to obtain inexpensive, renewable and sustainable electrocatalysts in recent years. In this review, recent advances in biomass-derived carbon-based MICs towards electrocatalytic water splitting are summarized, and the existing issues and key aspects in the development of these electrocatalysts are also discussed and prospected. The application of biomass-derived carbon-based materials will bring some new opportunities in the fields of energy, environment, and catalysis, as well as promote the commercialization of new nanocatalysts in the near future.

Preparation of high-value porous carbon by microwave treatment of chili straw pyrolysis residue

Microwave technology is utilized to prepare porous carbon from the chili straw pyrolysis residue in this study. As the pyrolysis temperature increases, the thermal stability of biochar is higher. The carbon speciation of the porous carbon PC500 is closest to that of graphite, and its inorganic-C reaches to 51.21%. Notably, the specific surface area of the activated porous carbon increases with increasing pyrolysis temperature, with a maximum value of 2768.52 m²/g for PC500. Further testing of the electrochemical properties of the porous carbon, PC500 possesses a high specific capacitance of 352F/g at 1 A/g while that of conventional heating is only 226.1F/g. The porous carbon prepared by microwave heating has better electrical properties compared to conventional heating, and the biochar obtained at higher pyrolysis temperature has a richer pore structure after activation.

Progress and Perspectives in Designing Flexible Microsupercapacitors

Miniaturized flexible microsupercapacitors (MSCs) that can be integrated into self-powered sensing systems, detecting networks, and implantable devices have shown great potential to perfect the stand-alone functional units owing to the robust security, continuously improved energy density, inherence high power density, and long service life. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the development of flexible MSCs and their application in integrated wearable electronics. To meet requirements for the scalable fabrication, minimization design, and easy integration of the flexible MSC, the typical assembled technologies consist of ink printing, photolithography, screen printing, laser etching, etc., are provided. Then the guidelines regarding the electrochemical performance improvement of the flexible MSC by materials design, devices construction, and electrolyte optimization are considered. The integrated prototypes of flexible MSC-powered systems, such as self-driven photodetection systems, wearable sweat monitoring units are also discussed. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of flexible MSC are envisioned.

Biomass Juncus Derived Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor and Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Juncus is a perennial herb aquatic plant found worldwide, with high reproductive ability in warm regions. It has three-dimensional hierarchical porous triangular networks structures composited of tubular fibers. Here, juncus derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NDPC) was prepared by mixing juncus and ZnCl₂ through one-step pyrolysis and activation which is a low-cost, simple, and environmentally friendly method. The NDPC had hierarchical porous structures and a high specific surface area and was applied for supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The resulted NDPC-3-800 was prepared by mixing juncus with ZnCl₂ at a mass ratio of 1:3 and then carbonized at 800°C, it was used as electrode material of a supercapacitor. The supercapacitor exhibited excellent specific capacitance of 290.5 F g⁻¹ and 175.0 F g⁻¹ in alkaline electrolyte at the current densities of 0.5 A g⁻¹ and 50 A g⁻¹, respectively. The supercapacitor showed good cycle stability, and the capacitance was maintained at 94.5% after 10,000 cycles. The NDPC-5-800 was prepared by mixing juncus with ZnCl₂ at a mass ratio of 1:5 and then carbonized at 800°C. It exhibited outstanding ORR catalytic activity and stability attributing to their high specific surface area and abundant actives sites. The juncus can derive various materials for application in different fields.

N/O co-doped porous interconnected carbon nanosheets from the co-hydrothermal treatment of soybean stalk and nickel nitrate for high-performance supercapacitors

Porous interconnected carbon nanosheets (PICNs) with high electrochemical performance were prepared by doping urea and a co-hydrothermal precursor derived from soybean stalk (SS) and nickel nitrate. The specific surface area and average pore diameter of the as-synthesized PICNs are 2226.29 m2 g-1 and 1.89 nm, and their N and O contents are 5.08% and 9.4%, respectively, which is beneficial for increasing pseudocapacitance. Furthermore, the doping of the metal Ni increases the graphitization degree of the PICNs and promotes the conversion of pyridine-N to graphitized-N. Therefore, the PICNs possess a high specific capacitance of 407 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1, a high capacitance retention of 78.62% even at 20 A g-1, and an outstanding cycling stability (over 93% retention rate after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles). Moreover, an energy density of 36.11 W h kg-1 is achieved at a power density of 517.8 W kg-1 during a two-electrode system test, and a retention rate of 87.5% is obtained after 10,000 cycles. This co-hydrothermal treatment as well as nitrogen-doping approach for preparing porous interconnected carbon from SS not only represents an alternative strategy for carbon-based supercapacitor materials but also provides a new option for the utilization of waste SS.

Ultrastable tetraphenyl-p-phenylenediamine-based covalent organic frameworks as platforms for high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors

In this study we synthesized two tetraphenyl-p-phenylenediamine-based covalent organic frameworks (TPPDA-TPPyr and TPPDA-TPTPE COFs) for potential use in high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors. This excellent performance arose from their structures containing redox-active triphenylamine derivatives and their high surface areas.

Extraordinary Thickness-Independent Electrochemical Energy Storage Enabled by Cross-Linked Microporous Carbon Nanosheets

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials have demonstrated great promise as electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. However, there is a trade-off relationship between energy storage and rate capability for carbon-based energy storage devices because of the incrementing ion diffusion limitations, especially for thick electrodes with high mass loading. Herein, we report the cross-linked microporous carbon nanosheets enabling high-energy and high-rate supercapacitors. The as-fabricated microporous carbon nanosheets exhibit an extraordinary thickness-independent electrochemical performance. With the thickness of 15 μm, the as-fabricated carbon nanosheet electrode possesses areal/volumetric/gravimetric capacitance of 895 mF cm^-2/596 F cm^-3/358 F g^-1. Even at a high electrode thickness of 125 μm, the as-fabricated thick electrode presents an ultrahigh areal/volumetric/gravimetric capacitance of 4102 mF cm^-2/328 F cm^-3/328 F g^-1. Furthermore, the as-assembled symmetric supercapacitor delivers an outstanding energy density of 19.2 W h kg^-1 at a power density of 135 W kg^-1 and ultralong cycling stability (capacitance retention of 95% after 180 000 charge/discharge cycles) in an alkaline electrolyte. This work not only provides a facile method for low-cost preparation of carbon nanostructures and high-value utilization of biomass wastes but also offers new insights into rational design and fabrication of advanced electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical energy storage.

Cu-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Heavy Metal-Contaminated Sewage Sludge for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials

In this paper, we report a complete solution for enhanced sludge treatment involving the removal of toxic metal (Cu(II)) from waste waters, subsequent pyrolytic conversion of these sludge to Cu-doped porous carbon, and their application in energy storage systems. The morphology, composition, and pore structure of the resultant Cu-doped porous carbon could be readily modulated by varying the flocculation capacity of Cu(II). The results demonstrated that it exhibited outstanding performance for supercapacitor electrode applications. The Cu(II) removal efficiency has been evaluated and compared to the possible energy benefits. The flocculant dosage up to 200 mg·L⁻¹ was an equilibrium point existing between environmental impact and energy, at which more than 99% Cu(II) removal efficiency was achieved, while the resulting annealed product showed a high specific capacity (389.9·F·g⁻¹ at 1·A·g⁻¹) and good cycling stability (4% loss after 2500 cycles) as an electrode material for supercapacitors.