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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L. Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
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Nanofabrication Techniques in Large-Area Molecular Electronic Devices. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The societal impact of the electronics industry is enormous—not to mention how this industry impinges on the global economy. The foreseen limits of the current technology—technical, economic, and sustainability issues—open the door to the search for successor technologies. In this context, molecular electronics has emerged as a promising candidate that, at least in the short-term, will not likely replace our silicon-based electronics, but improve its performance through a nascent hybrid technology. Such technology will take advantage of both the small dimensions of the molecules and new functionalities resulting from the quantum effects that govern the properties at the molecular scale. An optimization of interface engineering and integration of molecules to form densely integrated individually addressable arrays of molecules are two crucial aspects in the molecular electronics field. These challenges should be met to establish the bridge between organic functional materials and hard electronics required for the incorporation of such hybrid technology in the market. In this review, the most advanced methods for fabricating large-area molecular electronic devices are presented, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Special emphasis is focused on bottom-up methodologies for the fabrication of well-ordered and tightly-packed monolayers onto the bottom electrode, followed by a description of the top-contact deposition methods so far used.
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Médard J, Berisha A, Decorse P, Kanoufi F, Combellas C, Pinson J, Podvorica FI. Electrografting of methylamine through C–H activation or oxidation to give highly aminated surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Niamlaem M, Phuakkong O, Garrigue P, Goudeau B, Ravaine V, Kuhn A, Warakulwit C, Zigah D. Asymmetric Modification of Carbon Nanotube Arrays with Thermoresponsive Hydrogel for Controlled Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23378-23387. [PMID: 32343544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, bipolar electrochemistry is used to perform wireless indirect electrodeposition of two different polymer coatings on both sides of carbon nanotube arrays. Using a thermoresponsive hydrogel on one side and an inert insoluble polymer on the other side, it is possible to generate, in a single step, a nanoporous reservoir with Janus character closed on one side by a thermoresponsive membrane. The thermoresponsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM), is generated by the local reduction of persulfate ions, which initiates radical polymerization of NIPAM. Electrophoretic paint (EP) is chosen as an inert polymer. It is deposited by precipitation because of a local decrease in pH during water oxidation. Both polymers can be deposited simultaneously on opposite sides of the bipolar electrode during the application of the electric field, yielding a double-modified Janus object. Moreover, the length and thickness of the polymer layers can be controlled by varying the electric field and the deposition time. This concept is applied to vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VACNTs), trapped inside an anodic aluminum oxide membrane, which can further be used as a smart reservoir for chemical storage and release. A fluorescent dye is loaded in the VACNTs and its release is studied as a function of temperature. Low temperature, when the hydrogel layer is in the swollen state, allows diffusion of the molecule. Dye release occurs on the hydrogel-modified side of the VACNTs. At high temperatures, when the hydrogel layer is in the collapsed state, dye release is blocked because of the impermeability of the pNIPAM layer. This concept paves the way toward the design of advanced devices in the fields of drug storage and directed delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinee Niamlaem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Research Network NANOTEC-Kasetsart on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment: RNN-CMSEE and Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Oranit Phuakkong
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Suratthani 84100, Thailand
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Pessac Cedex 33607, France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Pessac Cedex 33607, France
| | - Valérie Ravaine
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Pessac Cedex 33607, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Pessac Cedex 33607, France
| | - Chompunuch Warakulwit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Research Network NANOTEC-Kasetsart on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment: RNN-CMSEE and Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Pessac Cedex 33607, France
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Shida N, Zhou Y, Inagi S. Bipolar Electrochemistry: A Powerful Tool for Electrifying Functional Material Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2598-2608. [PMID: 31436076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a powerful method for the synthesis of organic, inorganic, and polymeric materials based on electron-transfer-driven reactions at the substrate/electrode interface. The use of electricity for synthetic reactions without the need for hazardous chemical oxidants and reductants is recognized as a green and sustainable method. Other advantages include control of the reaction selectivity by tuning the electrode potentials. A different mode for driving electrochemical reactions has recently been proposed, in which bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are available as wireless electrodes that undergo anodic and cathodic reactions simultaneously. Bipolar electrochemistry is an old technology that has recently garnered renewed attention because of the interesting features of BPEs: (i) the wireless nature of a BPE is useful for sensors and material synthesis; (ii) the gradient potential distribution on BPEs is a powerful tool for the preparation of gradient surfaces and materials; and (iii) electrophoresis is available for effective electrolysis. In addition to these unique features, a BPE system only requires a small amount of supporting electrolyte in principle, whereas a large amount of electrolyte is necessary in conventional electrochemistry. Hence, bipolar electrochemistry is an inherently green and sustainable chemical process for the synthesis of materials. In this Account, recent progress in bipolar electrochemistry for the electrosynthesis of functional materials is summarized. The wireless nature of BPEs was utilized for symmetry breaking to produce anisotropic materials based on the site-selective modification of conductive objects by electrodeposition and electropolymerization. Potential gradients on a BPE interface have been successfully used as controllable templates to form molecular or polymeric gradient materials, which are potentially applicable for high throughput analytical equipment or as biomimetic materials. The electric field necessary to drive BPEs is also potentially useful to induce the directed migration of charged species. The synergetic effects of electrophoresis and electrolysis were also successfully demonstrated to obtain various functional materials. These features of bipolar electrochemistry and the various combinations of techniques have the potential to change the methodologies of material synthesis. Furthermore, the fundamental principle of bipolar electrochemistry infers that very small amounts of supporting electrolyte are necessary for an electrode system, which is expected to lead new methods of sustainable organic electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yaqian Zhou
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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