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Chang CM, Thakur S, de Oca RM, Rostron BL, Cheng YC, Wright MJ, van Bemmel DM, Wang L, Hatsukami DK. Assessing the Relationship between Biomarkers of Exposure and Biomarkers of Potential Harm: PATH Study Wave 1 (2013 to 2014). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:1083-1090. [PMID: 38861317 PMCID: PMC11293985 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adequacy of biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH) for assessing tobacco products was explored based on their ability to distinguish tobacco use from non-use, change with cessation, and to show biological gradient. METHODS The sample included individuals with biomarker data in wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco Health study who never used tobacco, currently smoke cigarettes exclusively, used to smoke cigarettes exclusively (quit in past 12 months), currently use smokeless tobacco exclusively, and currently use e-cigarettes exclusively. We compared BOPH levels between groups and assessed the relationships between log-transformed biomarkers of exposure [BOE; total nicotine equivalents including seven nicotine metabolites (TNE-7), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanonol (NNAL), N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine, 1-hydroxypyrene, cadmium, and serum cotinine (SCOT)], and BOPH [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and 8-isoprostane]. RESULTS Among people who smoke, both sICAM-1 and 8-isoprostane distinguished smoking from non-use and were associated with all six BOE. Among people who use smokeless tobacco, 8-isoprostane was associated with TNE-7 and NNAL whereas hs-CRP was associated with SCOT. Among people who use e-cigarettes, no associations between BOPH and BOE were observed. CONCLUSIONS Both sICAM-1 and 8-isoprostane may be useful for assessing the use or changes in use of some tobacco products. Studies examining their predictive validity could further strengthen our understanding of these two biomarkers. IMPACT We found that two biomarkers of potential harm, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and 8-isoprostane, may have utility in studies assessing the potential harm of tobacco use in absence of long-term epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | - Sapna Thakur
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | | | - Brian L. Rostron
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | - M. Jerry Wright
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
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Kim S, Shiffman S, Goldenson NI. Reply to Commentary on "Adult Smokers' Complete Switching Away from Cigarettes at 6, 9, and 12 Months After Initially Purchasing a JUUL e-Cigarette" and the Adult JUUL Switching and Smoking Trajectories (ADJUSST) Study. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1663-1666. [PMID: 38826103 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2360667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is authors' reply to the Commentary on our publication entitled "Adult smokers' Complete Switching Away from Cigarettes at 6, 9, and 12 Months after Initially Purchasing a JUUL e-Cigarette." METHODS AND RESULTS Analyses addressed questions about follow-up rates and missed responses in the Adult JUUL Switching and Smoking Trajectories (ADJUSST) Study. Results demonstrate limited potential for selection bias, as participants who missed surveys were similar to those with complete data, and re-contact of participants who missed a follow-up indicated almost half were not smoking. Imputing smoking behavior for missing data would likely introduce bias and is not appropriate. The study demonstrated that JUUL products can facilitate high rates of complete switching away from cigarettes as suggested in previous experimental and observational studies. The ADJUSST cohort, including baseline nonsmokers, demonstrates a net reduction in smoking prevalence. Moreover, population modeling considering both benefits and harms demonstrated a net population benefit. CONCLUSION While the ADJUSST Study is not without limitations, the findings are consistent with multiple streams of real-world evidence that indicate that ENDS can facilitate switching among adults who smoke, and provide population benefits.
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Feng L, Huang G, Peng L, Liang R, Deng D, Zhang S, Li G, Wu S. Comparison of bladder carcinogenesis biomarkers in the urine of traditional cigarette users and e-cigarette users. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1385628. [PMID: 38716244 PMCID: PMC11075070 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1385628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), users are still exposed to carcinogens similar to those found in tobacco products. Since these carcinogens are metabolized and excreted in urine, they may have carcinogenic effects on the bladder urinary tract epithelium. This meta-analysis aimed to compare bladder cancer carcinogens in the urine of tobacco users and e-cigarette users using a large number of samples. Methods A systematic meta-analysis was performed using data obtained from several scientific databases (up to November 2023). This cumulative analysis was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Evaluation and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Evaluations (AMSTAR) guidelines, according to a protocol registered with PROSPERO. This study was registered on PROSPERO and obtained the unique number: CRD42023455600. Results The analysis included 10 high-quality studies that considered polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Statistical indicators show that there is a difference between the tobacco user group and the e-cigarette user group in terms of 1-Hydroxynaphthalene (1-NAP) [weighted mean difference (WMD)10.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) (8.41 to 11.88), p < 0.05], 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene (1-PHE) [WMD 0.08, 95% CI (-0.14 to 0.31), p > 0.05], 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) [WMD 0.16, 95% CI (0.12 to 0.20), p < 0.05], 2-Hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU) [WMD 0.69, 95% CI (0.58 to 0.80), p < 0.05], 2-Hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP) [WMD 7.48, 95% CI (4.15 to 10.80), p < 0.05], 3-Hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU) [WMD 0.57, 95% CI (0.48 to 0.66), p < 0.05], 2-Carbamoylethylmercapturic acid (AAMA) [WMD 66.47, 95% CI (27.49 to 105.46), p < 0.05], 4-Hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl-mercapturic acid (MHBMA) [WMD 287.79, 95% CI (-54.47 to 630.04), p > 0.05], 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNAL) [WMD 189.37, 95% CI (78.45 to 300.29), p < 0.05], or N0-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) [WMD 11.66, 95% CI (7.32 to 16.00), p < 0.05]. Conclusion Urinary bladder cancer markers were significantly higher in traditional tobacco users than in e-cigarette users.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO (CRD42023455600: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Feng
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Motor Robotics Institute (MRI), South China Hospital, Heath Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guixiao Huang
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Motor Robotics Institute (MRI), South China Hospital, Heath Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Motor Robotics Institute (MRI), South China Hospital, Heath Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dashi Deng
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Department of Motor Robotics Institute (MRI), South China Hospital, Heath Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Song Wu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Motor Robotics Institute (MRI), South China Hospital, Heath Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Zhao H, Fang L, Chen Y, Ni J, Chen X, Pan F. Independent and combined associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and sleep disorders among adults in the U.S. adult population. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:319-327. [PMID: 38220115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent organic pollutants in the environment; however, limited research has been conducted to explore their potential effects on sleep disorders. This study aims to investigate the relationship between single and mixed PAHs exposures and sleep disorders. METHODS This study analyzed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005 to 2016, involving 7730 adult participants. To examine the relationship between PAHs exposure and sleep disorders, we employed survey-weighted multivariate logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models to evaluate single PAHs exposure. Additionally, we employed three mixed-exposure models to examine the relationship between combined PAHs exposure and sleep disorders. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, our analyses revealed positive associations between several urinary PAHs metabolites (1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-NAP), 2-NAP, 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU), 2-FLU, and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR)) and sleep disturbance. Consistency across various analytical methods underscores a discernible positive correlation between simultaneous exposure to PAHs and sleep disorders. This association is predominantly influenced by the presence of NAP and FLU. Remarkably, a positive relationship between combined PAHs exposure and sleep disorders emerged within the younger and middle-aged demographic but did not manifest within the elderly population. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study provides new epidemiological evidence suggesting that both single and mixed PAHs exposures may increase the risk of sleep disorders. Further prospective investigations are necessary to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jianping Ni
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xuyang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Wu Y, Yang H, Jin W, Wu Y, Yu Y, Chen Q, He B, Yan F, Li Y, Chen F. Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and periodontitis: Results from a large population-based study. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:441-451. [PMID: 38158854 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
AIM To explore the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (measured using urinary metabolites) and periodontitis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS Weighted binary logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to evaluate independent and joint associations between the six urinary monohydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs) and periodontitis. RESULTS In all, 3413 participants were included in this study. All six urinary OH-PAHs were present at higher levels in the periodontitis group compared with the non-periodontitis group (p < .001). Fully adjusted multivariable logistic regressions showed positive associations between the six urinary OH-PAHs and periodontitis (p < .05). Higher concentrations of OH-PAHs were also positively associated with attachment loss, periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and the number of tooth loss. BKMR and WQS regression yielded similar positive associations between OH-PAH mixtures and periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS PAHs and their mixture are positively associated with periodontitis, which may provide novel insights into periodontitis prevention from an environmental exposure perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiqiu Jin
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuying Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiming Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baochang He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fa Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Barros B, Paiva AM, Oliveira M, Alves S, Esteves F, Fernandes A, Vaz J, Slezakova K, Costa S, Teixeira JP, Morais S. Baseline data and associations between urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, blood pressure, hemogram, and lifestyle among wildland firefighters. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1338435. [PMID: 38510349 PMCID: PMC10950961 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1338435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Available literature has found an association between firefighting and pathologic pathways leading to cardiorespiratory diseases, which have been linked with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are highlighted as priority pollutants by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative in occupational and non-occupational contexts. Methods This cross-sectional study is the first to simultaneously characterize six creatinine-adjusted PAHs metabolites (OHPAHs) in urine, blood pressure, cardiac frequency, and hemogram parameters among wildland firefighters without occupational exposure to fire emissions (> 7 days), while exploring several variables retrieved via questionnaires. Results Overall, baseline levels for total OHPAHs levels were 2 to 23-times superior to the general population, whereas individual metabolites remained below the general population median range (except for 1-hydroxynaphthalene+1-hydroxyacenaphtene). Exposure to gaseous pollutants and/or particulate matter during work-shift was associated with a 3.5-fold increase in total OHPAHs levels. Firefighters who smoke presented 3-times higher total concentration of OHPAHs than non-smokers (p < 0.001); non-smoker females presented 2-fold lower total OHPAHs (p = 0.049) than males. 1-hydroxypyrene was below the recommended occupational biological exposure value (2.5 μg/L), and the metabolite of carcinogenic PAH (benzo(a)pyrene) was not detected. Blood pressure was above 120/80 mmHg in 71% of subjects. Firefighters from the permanent intervention team presented significantly increased systolic pressure than those who performed other functions (p = 0.034). Tobacco consumption was significantly associated with higher basophils (p = 0.01-0.02) and hematocrit (p = 0.03). No association between OHPAHs and blood pressure was found. OHPAHs concentrations were positively correlated with monocyte, basophils, large immune cells, atypical lymphocytes, and mean corpuscular volume, which were stronger among smokers. Nevertheless, inverse associations were observed between fluorene and pyrene metabolites with neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, in non-smokers. Hemogram was negatively affected by overworking and lower physical activity. Conclusion This study suggests possible associations between urinary PAHs metabolites and health parameters in firefighters, that should be further assessed in larger groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Barros
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Paiva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Alves
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, UICISA: E, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Filipa Esteves
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adília Fernandes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, UICISA: E, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Josiana Vaz
- CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Centro de Investigação de Montanha Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Sustec – Associate Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Inland Regions – Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Klara Slezakova
- LEPABE-ALiCE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Jiang M, Zhao H. Association of chronic cough with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the US population. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23413. [PMID: 38173475 PMCID: PMC10761574 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants formed during the incomplete combustion of organic substances, such as coal and oil. PAHs exposure is known to increase the incidence of respiratory diseases; however, limited research has focused on their impact on chronic cough. In this study, we utilized data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2003 to 2012. Chronic cough was defined as 'coughing most days for three consecutive months or more'. Employing survey-weighted multivariate logistic regression models, we identified positive associations between all six PAHs metabolites (1-NAP, 2-NAP, 3-FLU, 2-FLU, 1-PHE, and 1-PYR) found in urine and the presence of chronic cough. Furthermore, results from restricted cubic spline modeling revealed a nonlinear relationship between urinary levels of 1-NAP, 2-NAP, 3-FLU, 2-FLU, and 1-PYR and the risk of chronic cough. Co-exposure modeling unveiled the combined effects of multiple exposures and the relative contributions of each PAHs. Notably, co-exposure to PAHs was positively associated with an increased risk of chronic cough, where 2-FLU emerged as the primary contributor to this association. These findings were particularly pronounced in individuals with high cotinine exposure (≥0.05 ng/mL). In conclusion, this study presents epidemiological evidence linking PAHs exposure to an elevated risk of chronic cough. Further prospective investigations are warranted to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Ashley DL, Zhu W, Bhandari D, Wang L, Feng J, Wang Y, Meng L, Xia B, Jarrett JM, Chang CM, Kimmel HL, Blount BC. Influence of Half-life and Smoking/Nonsmoking Ratio on Biomarker Consistency between Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:80-87. [PMID: 37823832 PMCID: PMC10843274 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of exposure are tools for understanding the impact of tobacco use on health outcomes if confounders like demographics, use behavior, biological half-life, and other sources of exposure are accounted for in the analysis. METHODS We performed multiple regression analysis of longitudinal measures of urinary biomarkers of alkaloids, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and metals to examine the sample-to-sample consistency in Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study including demographic characteristics and use behavior variables of persons who smoked exclusively. Regression coefficients, within- and between-person variance, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were compared with biomarker smoking/nonsmoking population mean ratios and biological half-lives. RESULTS Most biomarkers were similarly associated with sex, age, race/ethnicity, and product use behavior. The biomarkers with larger smoking/nonsmoking population mean ratios had greater regression coefficients related to recency of exposure. For VOC and alkaloid metabolites, longer biological half-life was associated with lower within-person variance. For each chemical class studied, there were biomarkers that demonstrated good ICCs. CONCLUSIONS For most of the biomarkers of exposure reported in the PATH Study, for people who smoke cigarettes exclusively, associations are similar between urinary biomarkers of exposure and demographic and use behavior covariates. Biomarkers of exposure within-subject consistency is likely associated with nontobacco sources of exposure and biological half-life. IMPACT Biomarkers measured in the PATH Study provide consistent sample-to-sample measures from which to investigate the association of adverse health outcomes with the characteristics of cigarettes and their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Ashley
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yuesong Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lei Meng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cindy M. Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Heather L. Kimmel
- National Institute for Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Zang X, Feng L, Qin W, Wang W, Zang X. Using machine learning methods to analyze the association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chronic bowel disorders in American adults. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140602. [PMID: 37931709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of chronic bowel disorders is multifaceted, with environmental exposure to harmful substances potentially playing a significant role in their pathogenesis. However, research on the correlation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chronic bowel disorders remains limited. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in 2009-2010, we investigated the relationship between 9 PAHs and chronic diarrhea and constipation in U.S. adults. We employed unsupervised methods such as clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify participants with similar exposure patterns. Additionally, we used supervised learning techniques, namely weighted quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian kernel machine (BKMR) regressions, to assess the association between PAHs and the occurrence of chronic diarrhea and chronic constipation. PCA identified three principal components in the unsupervised analysis, explaining 86.5% of the total PAH variability. The first component displayed a mild association with chronic diarrhea, but no correlation with chronic constipation. Participants were divided into three clusters via K-means clustering, based on PAH concentrations. Clusters with higher PAH exposure demonstrated an increased odds ratio for chronic diarrhea, but no meaningful connection with chronic constipation. In the supervised analysis, the WQS regression underscored a positive relationship between the PAH mixture and chronic diarrhea, with three PAHs significantly impacting the mixture effect. The mixture index showed no correlation with chronic constipation. BKMR analysis illustrated a positive trend in the impact of four specific PAHs on chronic diarrhea, given other metabolites were fixed at their 50th percentiles. Our results suggest a clear association between higher PAH exposure and an increased risk of chronic diarrhea, but not chronic constipation. It also underscores the potential role of specific PAHs in contributing to the risk of chronic diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Liandong Feng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Diseases, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Wengang Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Xiaowei Zang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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10
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Dai HD, Nollen N, Rennard S, Guenzel N, Pham H, Khan AS. Racial and ethnic disparities in biomarkers of exposure and potential harm among U.S. adult exclusive e-cigarette users: 2013-2019. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 252:110984. [PMID: 37804563 PMCID: PMC10615775 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Provide evidence on racial and ethnic differences in biomarkers of exposure from rising e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. METHODS Data were drawn from Waves 1-5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (September 2013-November 2019). Differences in biomarkers of exposure and potential harm (BOE/BoPH) across non-Hispanic (NH)-Whites, NH Blacks, Hispanic/Latinos, and NH others were examined using generalized estimation equations. RESULTS Among exclusive e-cigarette users, mean concentrations of BOEs/BoPHs were not significantly different across NH Blacks (n=97), NH others (n=122), and NH Whites (n=1062), after adjustment by wave, age, sex, education, exposure to the secondhand smoke, and the number of recent puffs. Compared to NH Whites, Hispanics (n=151) had lower concentrations of nicotine equivalents (0.5[0.2-1.7] vs. 15.5 [12.5-19.1] nmol/mg creatinine, p<.0001), cotinine (33.4[9.7-114.7] vs. 1008.3 [808.3-1257.9] ng/mg creatinine, p<.0001), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) (2.6[1.5-4.4] vs. 5.7 [4.9-6.6] pg/mg creatinine, p=.004), but similar concentrations of BOEs for heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and oxidative stress. Differences between Hispanics and NH Whites are expected, given different e-cigarette use profiles. Specifically, Hispanics were less likely to be daily vapers (49.4[35.1-63.8]% vs 81.3[77.7-84.5]%, p<.0001) and nicotine e-cigarette users (72.7 [64.0-79.9]% vs. 89.2 [86.4-91.5]%, p=.0002] and reported a lower number of recent puffs (mean[standard error]=16.7[3.6] vs. 28.6[2.0], p=.02] than their NH-White counterparts. Hispanic vapers were also less likely than NH Whites to have previously smoked cigarettes (49.7 [37.2-62.3]% vs. 88.5 [84.7-91.5]%, p<.0001]). CONCLUSIONS Hispanic vapers exhibited lower exposure to nicotine metabolites and carcinogens than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. The harm reduction potential from e-cigarette use are likely to be realized across diverse racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Daisy Dai
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Nikki Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Stephen Rennard
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nicolas Guenzel
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Hanh Pham
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ali S Khan
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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11
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Bandara NA, Zhou XR, Alhamam A, Black PC, St-Laurent MP. The genitourinary impacts of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review of the literature. World J Urol 2023; 41:2637-2646. [PMID: 37524850 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use is prevalent. The health implications of e-cig use on the genitourinary (GU) system are uncertain. This systematic review aims to evaluate how e-cig use impacts the GU system. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Ovid alongside citation searching. Review articles, non-English papers, animal model/cell line studies or articles only on combustible cigarettes were excluded. Quality assessment was undertaken using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The primary endpoint was the impact of e-cig use on bladder cancer incidence. Secondary outcomes included urinary carcinogens, chronic kidney disease (CKD), reproductive disorders, and other GU diseases. RESULTS The search yielded 244 articles, 28 were ultimately included. One study assessed risk of bladder cancer and found the use of e-cig was associated with an increased odds ratio of 1.577 for its diagnosis. Twenty-one articles measured potential urinary carcinogens-including crotonaldehyde and benzene-associated with bladder cancer. Two articles evaluated the association of e-cig use with CKD and reported mixed outcomes. Three articles reported on reproductive disorders, specifically, stuttering priapism and changes to sperm quantity and quality. One study reported on other GU diseases, specifically burns to the GU system. After quality assessment, all articles were deemed to be of acceptable quality for inclusion. CONCLUSIONS E-cig use was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, increased exposure to carcinogenic compounds, mixed evidence on CKD, increased risk of reproductive disorders and burns to the GU system. Further studies are needed to understand long-term GU effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanga Aki Bandara
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xuan Randy Zhou
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Abdullah Alhamam
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier St-Laurent
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada.
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12
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Edwards KC, Ozga JE, Reyes-Guzman C, Smith D, Hatsukami D, Hart JL, Jackson A, Goniewicz M, Stanton CA. Associations between biomarkers of nicotine/tobacco exposure and respiratory symptoms among adults who exclusively smoke cigarettes in the U.S.: Findings from the PATH Study Waves 1-4 (2013-2017). Addict Behav Rep 2023; 17:100487. [PMID: 37008740 PMCID: PMC10060600 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance Determining if tobacco-related biomarkers of exposure (BOE) are associated with respiratory symptoms is an important public health tool that can be used to evaluate the potential harm of different tobacco products. Methods Adult data from people who exclusively smoked cigarettes (N = 2,438) in Waves 1-4 (2013-2017) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study were stacked to examine associations between baseline and follow-up within wave pairs (W1-W2, W2-W3, W3-W4). Weighted generalized estimating equation models were used to evaluate associations between biomarkers of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, acrolein, acrylonitrile, cadmium, and lead at baseline/follow-up and respiratory symptom(s) (wheezing/whistling in the chest, wheezing during exercise, and/or dry cough in the past 12 months) at follow-up. Results Higher acrolein metabolite (CEMA) levels at follow-up were associated with increased odds of respiratory symptoms at follow-up for people who exclusively smoked cigarettes (aOR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.70), including when limited to those without a diagnosed respiratory disease (aOR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.90) and those who smoked daily (aOR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.84). Higher cadmium levels at baseline (while controlling for follow-up levels) were associated with reduced odds of respiratory symptoms at follow-up (aOR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.65, 0.98) among people who exclusively smoked cigarettes without a respiratory disease. There were no significant associations between baseline/follow-up BOE and follow-up respiratory symptoms for people who smoked cigarettes non-daily. Conclusions This research supports measuring biomarkers of acrolein, such as CEMA, as a potential intermediate measurement for increased respiratory symptom development. Measuring these biomarkers could help alleviate the clinical burden of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danielle Smith
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Joy L. Hart
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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13
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Shamsedini N, Dehghani M, Samaei MR, Nozari M, Bahrany S, Tabatabaei Z, Azhdarpoor A, Hoseini M, Fararoei M, Roosta S. Non-carcinogenic and cumulative risk assessment of exposure of kitchen workers in restaurants and local residents in the vicinity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6649. [PMID: 37095265 PMCID: PMC10125965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often formed when organic substances do not burn completely. This study evaluates the non-carcinogenic and cumulative risks associated with PAHs levels by testing blood and urine samples in kitchen workers and residents near restaurants in Shiraz, Iran. Metabolites of PAH in the urine samples as well as clinical parameters in the blood samples were measured. The non-carcinogenic and cumulative risk assessments from exposure of the study groups to PAH metabolites were also evaluated. The highest average concentrations of PAH metabolites were related to kitchen workers (2126.7 ng/g creatinine (ng/g cr)). The metabolites of 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 9-Phenanthrene (9-OHPhe) had the highest and lowest mean concentrations, respectively. A direct correlation was observed between the levels of PAH metabolites with malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidation capacity (TAC) levels (p < 0.05). Hazard Index (HIi) was obtained less than one (HIi < 1), indicating low-risk negative health impacts on the target groups. Nevertheless, conducting more studies to determine the health status of these people is quite evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Shamsedini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Fars Water and Wastewater Company, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Dehghani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Nozari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shayan Bahrany
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Tabatabaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aboolfazl Azhdarpoor
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fararoei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sareh Roosta
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Abstract
This perspective summarizes available evidence on biomarkers of exposure in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users to aid the overall assessment of the health consequences of using ENDS. Identification of novel biomarkers of exposure specific to ENDS use remains challenging because chemicals emitted from ENDS devices have many familiar sources. The biomarker levels of many tobacco-related toxicants measured in biological samples collected from ENDS users did not differ significantly from non-users, except for nicotine metabolites and a small number of biomarkers of exposure to volatile organic compounds and tobacco-specific tobacco nitrosamines. Several studies have shown that while exposed to nicotine, long-term exclusive ENDS users showed significantly lower levels of toxicant biomarkers than cigarette smokers. Studies have also shown that concurrent users of ENDS and combustible cigarettes ('dual users') are not reducing overall exposure to harmful toxicants compared to exclusive cigarette smokers. Because of an absence of validated ENDS-specific biomarkers, we recommend combining several biomarkers to differentiate tobacco product user groups in population-based studies and monitor ENDS compliance in randomized controlled trials. Using a panel of biomarkers would provide a better understanding of health effects related to ENDS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elam and Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14226, United States
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15
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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Grimaldo-Galeana JM, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Díaz-Barriga F, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Flores-Ramírez R. Evaluation of cytokines in exhaled breath condensate in an occupationally exposed population to pneumotoxic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:59872-59884. [PMID: 35397024 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The quarrying is considered a precarious occupation with high toxicity, is an informal economic activity that employs low technology, limited protection, and poses a risk to workers and their families. In quarrying, silica dust is generated and there is also occupational exposure to significant mixtures of pneumotoxic pollutants, including mineral dust (crystalline silica, carbon or cement, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), solvents, and others, which are aggravated by the lack of use of protective equipment, causing irreversible damage to the worker's respiratory health. Thus, the objective of this work focused on the evaluation of the respiratory health of artisan stonemasons in San Luis Potosí, Mexico through the study of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) (pH, pro-inflammatory cytokines) as well as the study of the exposure to pollutants present in the work area (PAHs, toluene, and 2.5 µm particulate matter) through biomarkers of exposure (hippuric acid and hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs). The results show the presence of crystalline SiO2 in 100% of the samples analyzed; the PM2.5 concentrations were 5 to 10 times the permitted levels. Regarding exposure to PAHs, all the stonemasons presented urine concentrations of at least 5 of the OH-PAHs evaluated; 9-OH-FLU occurred at higher concentrations of 171.2 (122.7-279.4) µg L-1; hippuric acid, which was present in 100% of the workers evaluated in concentrations of 283.4 (27.72-1119) mg L-1, 100% of which were above the values established for occupational scenarios. The pH values obtained for the EBC samples were presented at an average of 7.07 (6.33-7.66). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were present in 86.1% of the study population. The cytokine that was found in higher concentrations was IL-2, with a mean of 178.01 pg mL-1 and 3124.01 pg mL-1 for the pH < 7 and pH > 7 groups, respectively. Some correlations between the cytokines and the exposure biomarkers were presented. Stonemasons are highly exposed to pneumotoxic pollutants and markers of inflammation at the pulmonary level; in addition, a high risk of developing silicosis. Quarrying should be addressed as a carcinogenic activity, which would imply the design of monitoring and control strategies for these pollutants that our country currently lacks, particularly in precarious occupations. It is necessary to develop strategies to protect the health of precarious workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico
| | - José Moisés Grimaldo-Galeana
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico
| | - Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana
- Unidad de Innovación en Diagnóstico Celular Y Molecular, Coordinación Para La Innovación Y La Aplicación de La Ciencia Y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a Sección, 78120, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordinación Para La Innovación Y Aplicación de La Ciencia Y La Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Coordinación Para La Innovación Y Aplicación de La Ciencia Y La Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico.
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16
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Assessment of the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in users of various tobacco/nicotine products by suitable urinary biomarkers. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3113-3126. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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17
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Wang X, Li A, Xu Q. The Association between Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Metabolites and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137605. [PMID: 35805265 PMCID: PMC9265723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be endocrine disruptors. In this study, the evidence on the association between PAHs and diabetes was systematically reviewed. PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science were systematically searched for studies reporting the association between PAHs and diabetes. Of the 698 articles identified through the search, nine cross-sectional studies were included. Seven were conducted in the general population and two in coke oven workers. Fixed-effects and random-effects models were used to calculate the total effect. Subgroup analysis was further carried out according to the types of PAH metabolites. The results showed that the odds of diabetes were significantly higher for the highest category of urinary naphthalene (NAP), fluorine (FLU), phenanthrene (PHEN), and total mono-hydroxylated (OH-PAH) metabolites compared to the lowest category. The pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.52 (95%CI: 1.19, 1.94), 1.53 (95%CI: 1.36, 1.71), 1.43 (95%CI: 1.28, 1.60), and 1.49 (95%CI: 1.07, 2.08), respectively. In coke oven workers, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OHPh) was significantly correlated with an increased risk of diabetes. Exposure measurements, outcome definitions, and adjustment for confounders were heterogeneous between studies. The results of the current study demonstrate a potentially adverse effect of PAHs on diabetes. Further mechanistic studies and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm whether PAH metabolite levels are causative, and hence associative, with increased diabetes incidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China;
- Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China;
- Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Holme JA, Valen H, Brinchmann BC, Vist GE, Grimsrud TK, Becher R, Holme AM, Øvrevik J, Alexander J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may explain the paradoxical effects of cigarette use on preeclampsia (PE). Toxicology 2022; 473:153206. [PMID: 35550401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and use of snus (smokeless tobacco) are associated with adverse effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Nicotine is considered a key toxicant involved in effects caused by both smoking and snus, while pyrolysis products including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarette smoke represents the constituents most unequally divided between these two groups of tobacco products. The aim of this review was: i) to compare the impact, in terms of relative effect estimates, of cigarette smoking and use of Swedish snus on pregnancy outcomes using similar non-tobacco user controls, and ii) to examine whether exposure to PAHs from smoking could explain possible differences in impact on pregnancy outcomes. We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to October 2021 and identified studies reporting risks for adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes associated with snus use and with smoking relative to pregnant women with no use of tobacco. Both snus use and smoking were associated with increased risk of stillbirth, preterm birth, and oral cleft malformation, with comparable point estimates. These effects were likely due to comparable nicotine exposure. We also found striking differences. While both smoking and snus increased the risk of having small for gestational age (SGA) infants, risk from maternal smoking was markedly higher as was the reduction in birthweight. In contrast, the risk of preeclampsia (PE) was markedly lower in smokers than in controls, while snus use was associated with a slightly increased risk. We suggest that PAHs acting via AhR may explain the stronger effects of tobacco smoking on SGA and also to the apparent protective effect of cigarette smoking on PE. Possible mechanisms involved include: i) disrupted endocrine control of fetal development as well as placental development and function, and ii) stress adaption and immune suppression in placenta and mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Division of Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Håkon Valen
- Division of Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bendik C Brinchmann
- Division of Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gunn E Vist
- Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tom K Grimsrud
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rune Becher
- Division of Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ane M Holme
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division of Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jan Alexander
- Division of Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Shamsedini N, Dehghani M, Samaei M, Azhdarpoor A, Hosseini M, Fararoei M, Bahrany S. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress in individuals living near restaurants: a cross-sectional study in Shiraz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:285. [PMID: 35298709 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are environmental pollutants caused by the incomplete combustion of organic matter. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of urinary PAHs and their health effects in individuals living near restaurants. This cross-sectional study was done on 57 individuals who were living near 36 restaurants, and 30 individuals as the control group. Five urinary metabolites of PAHs (1-OH pyrene, 1-OH naphthalene, 2-OH naphthalene, 2-OH fluorine, and 9-OH phenanthrenen) were monitored. The total anti-oxidation capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and creatinine were also measured. The mean concentration of the sum of urinary PAHs (ΣOH-PAHs) was 1973.7, and 1687.61 ng/g creatinine in people living near restaurants and control group, respectively. Among the metabolites, the highest mean concentration was related to 1-OH Pyrene in the two study groups. In the individuals living near restaurants, the concentration of PAH metabolites was directly related to MDA and TAC (p < 0.05 for both). The present study findings revealed no significant correlation between PAH metabolites and CRP in the two study groups (P > 0.05). People living near restaurants are more exposed to components in cooking fumes, which may adversely affect their health. Further researches are required to elucidate the effect of PAHs exposure on these individuals' health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Shamsedini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Fars Water and Wastewater Company, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Dehghani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Samaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aboolfazl Azhdarpoor
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fararoei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shayan Bahrany
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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20
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Axelsson J, Lindh CH, Giwercman A. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine, and associations with sperm DNA fragmentation. Andrology 2022; 10:740-748. [PMID: 35234353 PMCID: PMC9310791 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoking has been reported to cause DNA fragmentation and has been suggested to cause mutations in spermatozoa. These effects have been ascribed to the action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in the smoke. Simultaneously, DNA fragmentation has been associated with mutagenesis. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether levels of urinary biomarkers of PAH and nicotine exposure were associated with sperm DNA fragmentation. Methods In the urine of 381 men recruited from two cohorts of young men (17–21 years old) from the general Swedish population, the PAH metabolites 1‐hydroxypyrene and 2‐hydroxyphenanthrene, as well as the nicotine metabolite cotinine, were measured. The sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was analysed using the sperm chromatin structure assay. Associations between the DFI, and PAH metabolite levels as continuous variables as well as in quartiles, were studied by general linear models adjusted for abstinence time. A similar analysis was carried out for cotinine levels, according to which the men were categorised as “non‐smoking” (n = 216) and “smoking” (n = 165). Results No association was found between levels of any of the three biomarkers and DFI, either as a continuous variable (p = 0.87–0.99), or when comparing the lowest and the highest quartiles (p = 0.11–0.61). The same was true for comparison of men categorised as non‐smoking or smoking (DFI 11.1% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.31). Discussion We found no evidence of PAH or nicotine exposure to be associated with DFI, which does not exclude that these exposures may have other effects on sperm DNA. Conclusion In these young men, levels of biomarkers of nicotine and PAH exposure were not associated with DFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Axelsson
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, and Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, and Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Kim YY, Kim MK, Shin HS. Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) levels from various smoking cessation aids by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:110-120. [PMID: 34551676 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1979436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was validated and developed to determine the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile, benzene, toluene, and styrene from smoking cessation aids using by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seventeen non-ignitable cigarette type of smoking cessation aids, liquid-phase of smoking cessation aids, gas-phase of smoking cessation aids, and ignitable cigarette type of smoking cessation aids were analyzed for levels of six VOCs. The proposed method for six VOCs was validated in satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.99), recovery (80.38-119.14%). limit of detection (LOD) (0.05-0.19 μg/ml), limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.07-0.18 μg/ml), accuracy (80.47-117.28%), and precision (0.15-7.22%). The mean concentrations of six VOCs were generated in 1,3-butadiene (6.18 μg/cigarette), isoprene (0.34 μg/cigarette), acrylonitrile (0.003 μg/cigarette), benzene (ND = not detected, the lower limit of detection), toluene (0.27 μg/cigarette), styrene (0.13 μg/cigarette). Results showed low levels of VOCs from smoking cessation aid except from liquid-phase of smoking cessation aids. These results are necessary to investigate unintentional hazardous substances generated from smoking cessation aids, and develop accurate analytical method in order to obtain scientific basis for safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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22
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Zhu H, Martinez-Moral MP, Kannan K. Variability in urinary biomarkers of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its association with oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106720. [PMID: 34166875 PMCID: PMC8380707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Urinary concentrations of mono-hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs) have been used as biomarkers of these chemicals' exposure in humans. Little is known, however, with regard to intra- and inter-individual variability in OH-PAH concentrations and their association with oxidative stress. We conducted a longitudinal study of measurement of urinary concentrations of 15 OH-PAHs and 7 oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs) of DNA damage [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)], lipid [malondialdehyde (MDA) and F2-isoprostanes (PGF2α)] and protein [o,o'-dityrosine (diY)] peroxidation in 19 individuals for 44 consecutive days. Metabolites of naphthalene (OHNap), fluorene (OHFlu), phenanthrene (OHPhe), and pyrene (OHPyr) were found in >70% of 515 urine samples analyzed, at sum concentrations (∑OH-PAH) measured in the range of 0.46-60 ng/mL. After adjusting for creatinine, OHNap and ∑OH-PAH concentrations exhibited moderate predictability, with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from 0.359 to 0.760. However, ICC values were low (0.001-0.494) for OHFlu, OHPhe, and OHPyr, which suggested poor predictability for these PAH metabolites. Linear mixed-effects analysis revealed that an unit increase in ∑OH-PAH concentration corresponded to 4.5%, 5.3%, 20%, and 21% increase in respective urinary 8-OHdG, MDA, PGF2α, and diY concentrations, suggesting an association with oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins. The daily intakes of PAHs, calculated from urinary concentrations of OH-PAHs, were 10- to 100-fold below the current reference doses. This study provides valuable information to design sampling strategies in biomonitoring studies and in assigning exposure classifications of PAHs in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Maria-Pilar Martinez-Moral
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Bjurlin MA, Matulewicz RS, Roberts TR, Dearing BA, Schatz D, Sherman S, Gordon T, Shahawy OE. Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Oncol 2021; 4:766-783. [PMID: 32192941 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has rapidly increased despite unclear longitudinal health effects. Once thought to be a safer alternative to tobacco smoke, it is possible that e-cigarettes expose the user to similar carcinogenic byproducts during the vaping process. These toxicants are metabolized and excreted in the urine, and may have oncogenic implications for bladder urothelium. OBJECTIVE To characterize and summarize known urinary carcinogenic biomarkers in e-cigarette users as they relate to the risk of developing bladder cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic literature search was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals, through January 2019, that reported on urinary biomarkers in e-cigarettes users were included. Parent compounds and urinary biomarkers were classified according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and cross referenced using the Collaborative on Health and the Environment, Toxicant and Disease Database to determine a link to bladder cancer, grouped by strength of evidence. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Our initial search identified 1385 articles, 22 of which met final inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. In summation, these studies described 40 different parent compounds and four metals found in the urine of e-cigarette users. Since each parent compound can be metabolized several different ways, 63 unique toxicant or carcinogenic metabolite biomarkers were identified. Compared with nonuser controls, e-cigarette users had higher concentrations of urinary biomarkers of several carcinogenic compounds linked to bladder cancer. The majority of studies were limited by heterogeneous reporting and a dearth of control individuals who had never smoked. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of carcinogens, several with a strong link to bladder cancer, are present in the urine of e-cigarette users. Long-term implications of urothelial exposure to these toxicants are unknown but concerning, given the similarities to tobacco smoke and its established relationship with bladder cancer. Further study on the urological safety of e-cigarettes is necessary. PATIENT SUMMARY Our review shows that several carcinogens that have a known link to bladder cancer are present in the urine of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users. Further study on the urological safety of e-cigarettes is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Bjurlin
- Department of Urology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - Bianca A Dearing
- Section on Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Schatz
- Section on Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Office of Behavioral Health, Health + Hospitals, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Sherman
- Section on Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar El Shahawy
- Section on Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Pierce JP, Chen R, Kealey S, Leas EC, White MM, Stone MD, McMenamin SB, Trinidad DR, Strong DR, Benmarhnia T, Messer K. Incidence of Cigarette Smoking Relapse Among Individuals Who Switched to e-Cigarettes or Other Tobacco Products. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2128810. [PMID: 34665239 PMCID: PMC8527352 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although e-cigarettes are not approved as a cessation device, many who smoke believe that e-cigarettes will help them quit cigarette smoking successfully. OBJECTIVE To assess whether people who recently quit smoking and who had switched to e-cigarettes or another tobacco product were less likely to relapse to cigarette smoking compared with those who remained tobacco free. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study analyzed a nationally representative sample of US households that participated in 4 waves of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (conducted 2013 through 2017), combining 2 independent cohorts each with 3 annual surveys. Eligible participants were individuals who smoked at baseline, had recently quit at the first follow-up, and completed the second follow-up survey. EXPOSURES Use of e-cigarettes or alternate tobacco products at follow-up 1 after recently quitting smoking. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Weighted percentage of participants with over 12 months abstinence by follow-up 2. RESULTS Of a total of 13 604 participants who smoked cigarettes at baseline, 9.4% (95% CI, 8.7%-10.0%) recently had quit smoking (mean age, 41.9; 95% CI, 39.7-46.6 years; 641 [43.2%] women) Of these, 22.8% (95% CI, 19.7%-26.0%) had switched to e-cigarettes, with 17.6% (95% CI, 14.8%-20.5%) using them daily. A total of 37.1% (95% CI, 33.7%-40.4%) used a noncigarette tobacco product and 62.9% (95% CI, 59.6%-66.3%) were tobacco free. Rates of switching to e-cigarettes were highest for those who were in the top tertile of tobacco dependence (31.3%; 95% CI, 25.0%-37.7%), were non-Hispanic White (26.4%; 95% CI, 22.3%-30.4%), and had higher incomes (annual income ≥$35 000, 27.5%; 95% CI, 22.5%-32.4% vs <$35 000, 19.3%; 95% CI, 16.3%-22.3%). At follow-up 2, unadjusted relapse rates were similar among those who switched to different tobacco products (for any tobacco product: successfully quit, 41.5%; 95% CI, 36.2%-46.9%; relapsed with significant requit, 17.0%; 95% CI, 12.4%-21.6%; currently smoking, 36.2%; 95% CI, 30.9%-41.4%). Controlled for potential confounders, switching to any tobacco product was associated with higher relapse rate than being tobacco free (adjusted risk difference, 8.5%; 95% CI, 0.3%-16.6%). Estimates for those who switched to e-cigarettes, whether daily or not, were not significant. While individuals who switched from cigarettes to e-cigarettes were more likely to relapse, they appeared more likely to requit and be abstinent for 3 months at follow-up 2 (17.0%; 95% CI, 12.4%-21.6% vs 10.4%; 95% CI, 8.0%-12.9%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This large US nationally representative study does not support the hypothesis that switching to e-cigarettes will prevent relapse to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Pierce
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Sheila Kealey
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Eric C. Leas
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Martha M. White
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Matthew D. Stone
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Sara B. McMenamin
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Dennis R. Trinidad
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - David R. Strong
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Karen Messer
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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25
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Association between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Diarrhea in Adults. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not only natural but also anthropogenic contaminants that exist in many places in the environment. Human beings often accidentally ingest PAHs via smoking. Furthermore, smoking may increase the risk of bowel disorder, including diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems. Therefore, PAH exposure is hypothesized to be related to diarrhea risk. This study discusses the association between diarrhea and PAH exposure in the United States adult population. Method: 10,537 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2001–2006) were involved in this cross-sectional analysis. Bowel disorders were assessed via examination of stool frequency and stool type. The concentrations of urinary PAH metabolites were used to evaluate PAH exposure. The association between bowel habits and PAH exposure was assessed using a multivariate logistic regression model with covariate assessment of gender, age, race, liver function, kidney function, and common chronic health diseases. Results: All PAH metabolites except 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 1-hydroxypyrene, and 9-hydroxyfluorene were substantially correlated with an increased risk of diarrhea (p < 0.05) after modification of relevant covariables. This study also revealed significant association in the group of females (p < 0.05). Furthermore, all PAH metabolites except 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, and 9-hydroxyfluorene show significantly positive association in the non-obesity group (BMI < 30, p < 0.05). Conclusions: PAH exposure is highly associated with risk of bowel disorders among the adult population in the United States, especially in female and non-obesity populations. More research is necessary to shed light on the pathophysiological mechanisms associated to PAH exposure and diarrhea.
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Chrysochou E, Kanellopoulos PG, Koukoulakis KG, Sakellari A, Karavoltsos S, Minaidis M, Bakeas E. Heart Failure and PAHs, OHPAHs, and Trace Elements Levels in Human Serum: Results from a Preliminary Pilot Study in Greek Population and the Possible Impact of Air Pollution. Molecules 2021; 26:3207. [PMID: 34071927 PMCID: PMC8199329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been associated with environmental pollutants. The scope of this study is to assess any potential relation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their hydroxylated derivatives, and trace elements with heart failure via their direct determination in human serum of Greek citizens residing in different areas. Therefore, we analyzed 131 samples including cases (heart failure patients) and controls (healthy donors), and the respective demographic data were collected. Significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) were observed in cases' serum regarding most of the examined PAHs and their derivatives with phenanthrene, fluorene, and fluoranthene being the most abundant (median of >50 μg L-1). Among the examined trace elements, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb were measured at statistically higher concentrations (p < 0.05) in cases' samples, with only Cr being significantly higher in controls. The potential impact of environmental factors such as smoking and area of residence has been evaluated. Specific PAHs and trace elements could be possibly related with heart failure development. Atmospheric degradation and smoking habit appeared to have a significant impact on the analytes' serum concentrations. PCA-logistic regression analysis could possibly reveal common mechanisms among the analytes enhancing the hypothesis that they may pose a significant risk for CVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Chrysochou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (P.G.K.); (K.G.K.)
| | - Panagiotis Georgios Kanellopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (P.G.K.); (K.G.K.)
| | - Konstantinos G. Koukoulakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (P.G.K.); (K.G.K.)
| | - Aikaterini Sakellari
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sotirios Karavoltsos
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (S.K.)
| | | | - Evangelos Bakeas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (P.G.K.); (K.G.K.)
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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Flores-Ramírez R, Rodriguez-Aguilar M, Berumen-Rodríguez A, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Díaz-Barriga F. Analysis of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precarious workers of highly exposed occupational scenarios in Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23087-23098. [PMID: 33442806 PMCID: PMC7806253 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a risk factor for human health. Workers are a vulnerable group due to their high exposure and therefore require special attention to mitigation measurements; however, some groups of workers are especially vulnerable, precarious workers. The objective of this research was to evaluate mixtures of hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in precarious workers in Mexico. The following activities were evaluated: (i) brickmakers (TER), stonemasons (ESC), indigenous workers (TOC) and mercury miners (CAM). Ten OH-PAHS were analyzed: 1-hydroxynaphtalene and 2-hydroxynaphtalene; 2-,3- and 9-hydroxyfluorene; 1-,2-,3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene; and 1-hydroxypyrene in urine by GC-MS, chemical fingerprints of the sites were established by multivariate analysis. One hundred forty-nine precarious workers participated in the study. The populations presented total OH-PAHs concentrations of 9.20 (6.65-97.57), 14.8 (9.32-18.85), 15.7 (6.92-195.0), and 101.2 (8.02-134.4) μg/L for CAM, ESC, TER, and TOC, respectively (median (IQR)). The results of the multivariate analysis indicate that the indigenous population presented a different fingerprint compared to the three scenarios. The chemical fingerprints among the brickmakers and mercury mining population were similar. The results of the concentrations were similar and in some metabolites higher than workers in occupations classified as carcinogenic by the IARC; therefore, the control of exposure in these occupations acquires great importance and surveillance through biological monitoring of OH-PAHs should be applied to better estimate exposure in these working populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México.
| | | | - Alejandra Berumen-Rodríguez
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
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Harlow AF, Hatch EE, Wesselink AK, Rothman KJ, Wise LA. Electronic Cigarettes and Fecundability: Results From a Prospective Preconception Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:353-361. [PMID: 32378702 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol contains similar toxicants to combustible cigarettes, few studies have examined their influence on fecundability. We assessed the association between e-cigarette use and fecundability, overall and according to combustible cigarette smoking history, in a cohort of 4,586 North American women (aged 21-45 years) enrolled during 2017-2020 in Pregnancy Study Online, a Web-based prospective preconception study. Women reported current and former e-cigarette use on baseline and follow-up questionnaires, and they completed bimonthly follow-up questionnaires until self-reported pregnancy or censoring. Fecundability ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using proportional probabilities models, controlling for potential confounders. Overall, 17% of women had ever used e-cigarettes and 4% were current users. Compared with never use of e-cigarettes, current e-cigarette use was associated with slightly lower fecundability (fecundability ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67, 1.06). Compared with current nonusers of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, fecundability ratios were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.54, 1.29) for current dual users of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.18) for current e-cigarette users who were nonsmokers of combustible cigarettes, and 1.01 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.20) for nonusers of e-cigarettes who were current smokers of combustible cigarettes. Current e-cigarette use was associated with slightly reduced fecundability, but estimates of its independent and joint associations with combustible cigarette smoking were inconsistent and imprecise.
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McDonough SR, Rahman I, Sundar IK. Recent updates on biomarkers of exposure and systemic toxicity in e-cigarette users and EVALI. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L661-L679. [PMID: 33501893 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00520.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), or e-cigarettes, are emerging tobacco products that produce aerosols by heating e-liquids, which most often consist of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin along with various flavoring compounds, bypassing the combustion that occurs in the use of traditional tobacco cigarettes. These products have seen a drastic increase in popularity in recent years both as smoking cessation devices as well as among younger generations, due in large part to the widespread perception among consumers that e-cigs are significantly less harmful to health than traditional tobacco cigarettes. Due to the novelty of ENDS as well as their rapidly increasing use, research into biomarkers of e-cig exposure and toxicity have lagged behind their popularity, leaving important questions about their potential toxicity unanswered. Research into potential biomarkers of acute and chronic e-cig use, and e-cigarette- or vaping-associated lung injury is necessary for informing both clinical and regulatory decision-making. We aim to provide an updated review of recent research into potential circulating, genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic biomarkers of exposure to and toxicity of e-cigs. We additionally highlight research areas that warrant additional study to gain a better understanding of health risks associated with ENDS use, as well as to provide validation of existing data and methods for measuring and analyzing e-cig-associated biomarkers in human and animal biofluids, tissues, and cells. This review also highlights ongoing efforts within the WNY Center for Research on Flavored Tobacco for research into novel biomarkers in extracellular vesicles that may be associated with short- and long-term ENDS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R McDonough
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Isaac Kirubakaran Sundar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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30
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Yu Y, Peng M, Liu Y, Ma J, Wang N, Ma S, Feng N, Lu S. Co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalates and their associations with oxidative stress damage in school children from South China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123390. [PMID: 32659584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs), phthalate metabolites (mPAEs), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine of school children aged 8-11 years from Shenzhen, China were measured in order to investigate oxidative stress damage from co-exposure to PAHs and PAEs. The concentrations of OH-PAHs and mPAEs in urine were 0.36-36.5 (median: 3.86) and 9.48-1609 (median: 240) ng/mL respectively. Gender and age did not influence urinary concentrations of ΣOH-PAHs and ΣmPAEs, but geographical variations (i.e., urban versus suburban) were observed. Levels of 8-OHdG were positively correlated with urinary OH-PAHs and mPAEs, with correlation coefficients (r) varying between 0.160 and 0.365 (p < 0.05). OH-PAHs made a greater contribution to oxidative DNA damage than mPAEs when these two types of pollutants were present at the same concentrations. Human health risks were assessed using the hazard quotient and the hazard index for the cumulative risk of a complex of chemicals. The results demonstrated that risks from PAHs could be neglected, but that 29.5 % of school children may be subject to obvious health risks from PAEs, especially diethylhexyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Peng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- School of Traffic and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, PR China
| | - Jinjing Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Nannan Feng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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31
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Smith DM, O'connor RJ, Wei B, Travers M, Hyland A, Goniewicz ML. Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure Among Concurrent Users (Co-Users) of Tobacco and Cannabis. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1354-1363. [PMID: 31388679 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking cannabis may potentially increase exposure to numerous toxic chemicals that are commonly associated with tobacco use. There is a paucity of data related to toxicant exposures among concurrent users of tobacco and cannabis (co-users). METHODS Data are from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 Biomarker Restricted-Use Files. Analyses focused on adults who provided urine samples (N = 5859). Urine samples were analyzed for biomarkers of exposure to nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds. Using weighted linear regression, we compared adjusted geometric mean concentrations of 15 biomarkers between user groups of various tobacco product types according to their self-reported past 30-day cannabis use. RESULTS Past 30-day cannabis use was similar across various types of tobacco product use subgroups (range: 13%-23%) and significantly more common compared to non-tobacco users (1.0%; p < .001). Across all groups of tobacco users, those who co-used cannabis exhibited significantly higher concentrations of the biomarker of exposure to acrylonitrile (CYMA) compared to non-cannabis users (by 39%-464%). Tobacco-cannabis co-users also showed significantly elevated levels of the biomarker of exposure to acrylamide (AAMA) compared to exclusive tobacco users, and significantly higher exposure to many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (including fluorene and pyrene). CONCLUSIONS Co-users exhibited higher concentrations for biomarkers of exposure to many combustion byproducts, compared to exclusive tobacco users. More robust measurements of cannabis use can address potential confounding in assessments of exposures to tobacco-related constituents, and potential health effects resulting from co-use. IMPLICATIONS With disproportionately greater rates of cannabis use occurring among tobacco users, it is critical to consider how concurrent cannabis use may influence health-related outcomes among smokers. Our findings suggest potential additive toxicant exposures among co-users of tobacco and cannabis. Lack of consideration and measurement of cannabis use in assessing tobacco-related exposures may confound estimates thought to be attributable to tobacco, particularly for non-specific biomarkers. Assessing tobacco and cannabis use in tandem will allow for more precise measurement of outcomes related to one or both substances, and can provide additional information on potential health effects related to co-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Richard J O'connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Binnian Wei
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Mark Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
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32
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Majeed B, Linder D, Eissenberg T, Tarasenko Y, Smith D, Ashley D. Cluster analysis of urinary tobacco biomarkers among U.S. adults: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) biomarker study (2013-2014). Prev Med 2020; 140:106218. [PMID: 32693174 PMCID: PMC7680301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use delivers nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are metabolized and excreted in urine offering useful biomarkers of exposure. Previous studies compared individual toxicants across tobacco users. Based on a group of biomarkers, cluster analysis was used to define tobacco toxicant exposure profiles. Clusters with distinct exposure profiles, were determined and described, based on levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure to nicotine, TSNAs, VOCs, and PAHs among a national sample of current, established, adult tobacco users, and examine the association of use behavior and cluster membership. The PATH Biomarker Wave 1 data were analyzed. Current established tobacco users with complete urinary biomarker data were included (N = 6724). User groups included cigarette smokers, users of electronic cigarette (ECIG), smokeless tobacco (SLT), and dual and poly tobacco users. Cluster analysis, pairwise comparisons, and multinomial logistic regression were conducted. Cigarette smokers were primarily in clusters with high biomarker concentrations across all groups, but actual concentrations were associated with smoking quantity. A cluster with high TSNAs but low levels of PAHs and VOCs was heavily populated by SLT users. Exclusive ECIG users, depending on use frequency, were predominantly in clusters with low biomarker concentrations, except for one cluster that had relatively high TSNAs. Clusters heavily populated by dual and poly tobacco users were the same as those heavily populated by cigarette smokers. Ten exposure profiles (clusters) were determined and linked to tobacco use behavior. Findings could inform future research and policy initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Majeed
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Daniel Linder
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Yelena Tarasenko
- Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States of America
| | - Danielle Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - David Ashley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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33
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Gill B, Jobst K, Britz-McKibbin P. Rapid Screening of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene Glucuronide by Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A High-Throughput Method for Biomonitoring of Recent Smoke Exposures. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13558-13564. [PMID: 32901481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (HP) is a widely used biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure relevant for biomonitoring the deleterious health impacts from tobacco smoke and ambient air pollution, as well as the hazards of certain occupations. Conventional methods for urinary HP analysis based on liquid chromatography with native fluorescence detection or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are limited by low sample throughput and complicated sample workup protocols that are prone to bias. Herein, we introduce a high throughput method to directly analyze the intact glucuronide conjugate of HP (HP-G) in human urine after a simple acidified ether extraction procedure when using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS/MS). Multiplexed analyses of 13 independent urine extracts are achieved in a single run (<3 min/sample) with stringent quality control while avoiding enzyme deconjugation and precolumn chemical derivatization. Method validation demonstrates good technical precision (CV = 7.7%, n = 45) and accuracy with a mean recovery of (93 ± 3%) for urinary HP-G at three concentration levels with adequate detection limits (7 ng/L, S/N = 3). An interlaboratory method comparison of urine samples collected from firefighters deployed in the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire also confirms good mutual agreement with an acceptable negative bias (mean bias = 15%, n = 55) when measuring urinary HP-G by MSI-CE-MS/MS as compared to total hydrolyzed urinary HP by GC-MS due to the low residual levels of free HP and its sulfate conjugate. This multiplexed separation platform is optimal for large-scale biomonitoring studies of air pollution relevant to global health as well as occupational smoke exposures in firefighters susceptible to dermal PAH absorption when using personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biban Gill
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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Peng M, Lu S, Yu Y, Liu S, Zhao Y, Li C, Ma S. Urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primiparas from Shenzhen, South China: Levels, risk factors, and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113854. [PMID: 31918135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were to investigate urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in 77 primiparas who live in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, and their association with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human health risks. High detection frequencies of OH-PAHs demonstrated the wide occurrence of chemicals in the human exposure to PAHs. The urinary concentrations of Σ7OH-PAHs ranged from 1.37 to 45.5 ng/mL, and the median concentrations of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHN), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHN), 2-hydoxyfluorene (2-OHF), ΣOHPhe (the sum of 1-, 2+ 3-hydroxyphenanthrene), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) were 3.00, 2.58, 0.31, 0.44, and 0.51 ng/mL, respectively. In the sum concentration of seven OH-PAHs, 1-OHN accounted for the largest proportion (43.7% of Σ7OH-PAHs), followed by 2-OHN (37.1%), 2-OHF (4.94%), 1-OHP (8.01%), 1-OHPhe (4.79%), and 2+3-OHPhe (1.46%). The present results showed that vehicle exhaust and petrochemical emission are the main sources of PAHs in primiparas in Shenzhen, and inhalation is the most important exposure route. The living conditions have a significant influence on human exposure to PAHs. The concentrations of 8-OHdG were positively correlated with OH-PAH concentrations in urine because evidence suggested that urinary 8-OHdG levels can be considered as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. Hazard quotient was used to assess the human health risks from exposure to single compound, and hazard index was used to assess the cumulative risks of the compounds, which demonstrated that the exposure risks from PAHs in primiparas were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Peng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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35
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Pang Y, Huang Y, Li W, Yang N, Shen X. Electrochemical Detection of Three Monohydroxylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Electroreduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen‐printed Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P.R. China
| | - Yu‐Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P.R. China
| | - Wan‐Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P.R. China
| | - Nian‐Ci Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P.R. China
| | - Xiao‐Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P.R. China
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36
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Burchiel SW, Lauer FT, Factor-Litvak P, Liu X, Santella RM, Islam T, Eunus M, Alam N, Islam T, Rahman M, Ahmed A, Ahsan H, Graziano J, Parvez F. An increase in circulating B cells and B cell activation markers in peripheral blood is associated with cigarette smoking in a male cohort in Bangladesh. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 384:114783. [PMID: 31669812 PMCID: PMC6886671 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In a cohort of approximately 200 Bangladeshi men, equally divided into smokers and non-smokers and equally divided by exposure to high and low levels of drinking water arsenic, we examined ex vivo a series of immune markers and immune function tests in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). These immune parameters included PBMC cell surface markers (CSM) for B, T, monocytes, and NK cells, activated T and B cell markers, cytokine production in vitro, and analysis of CD4 subsets (Th1, Th2, Treg, and Th17 cells). We found that the effects of cigarette smoke were quite different than those associated with arsenic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts. Cigarette smoking was associated with a significant increase in the number of PAH-DNA adducts as well as an increase in urinary levels of 1-hydropxypyrene (1-OHP). After correcting for arsenic exposure and PAH-DNA adducts, we found that cigarette smoking was associated with an increase in the percentage of CD19+ B cells, as well as the percentage of activated B cells (CD19+, HLA-DRbright cells) found in PBMC. These findings demonstrate activation of the immune system during chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, which is a known risk factor for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Burchiel
- The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America.
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Tariqul Islam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Eunus
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Alam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Tariqul Islam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mizanour Rahman
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Alauddin Ahmed
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Joseph Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
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37
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Jenssen BP, Boykan R. Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels). CHILDREN-BASEL 2019; 6:children6020030. [PMID: 30791645 PMCID: PMC6406299 DOI: 10.3390/children6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarettes have emerged and soared in popularity in the past ten years, making them the most common tobacco product used among youth in the United States (US). In this review, we discuss what the Surgeon General has called a public health “epidemic”—the precipitous increase in youth use of e-cigarettes and the health consequences of this behavior. Further, we review tobacco control policy efforts (e.g., Tobacco 21, banning flavors, advertising restrictions, and clean indoor air laws)—efforts proven to be critical in reducing cigarette smoking and smoking-related disease and death among US children and adults—including their potential and challenges regarding managing and mitigating the emergence of e-cigarettes. Finally, we close with a discussion of the efforts of transnational tobacco companies to rebrand themselves using e-cigarettes and other new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Jenssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and PolicyLab and the Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rachel Boykan
- Department of Pediatrics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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