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Han X, Chen H, Zhou W, Liang B, Pang S, Du B, Zeng L. Occurrence, distribution and annual emissions of chlorinated paraffins in hazardous byproducts from municipal solid waste incineration plants in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171764. [PMID: 38494033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays incineration technology has become the most mainstream way for the disposal of municipal wastes. Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) are currently classified as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and candidate POPs under the Stockholm Convention, respectively. However, the occurrence and contamination characteristics of these main hazardous byproducts (e.g., leachate, fly ash, and bottom ash) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants have remained unknown. This study focused on the SCCPs and MCCPs (defined as CPs) contamination and their annual emissions from leachate, fly ash, and bottom ash among three typical MSWI plants in Shenzhen, South China. Compared to the dissolved phase of the leachate, higher concentrations of CPs were detected in the adsorbed phase. The total concentrations of CPs ranged from lower method detection limits (1 in leachate (i.e., adsorbed phase) and bottom ash, while the opposite results were found in fly ash. The dominant SCCP congener groups were C10Cl6-7 in leachate and fly ash, and C13Cl6-7 in bottom ash. The dominant MCCP congener groups were C14Cl7-8 in leachate, fly ash and bottom ash samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the dominant CPs in fly ash were obviously different from those in leachate and bottom ash. Estimated total annual emissions of CPs from the three main hazardous byproducts generated from typical MSWI plants were estimated between 66.2 and 7510 kg/y and bottom ash contributed the most to the CP emissions. Overall, this study is the first report on CP contamination in hazardous byproducts from MSWI plants, and can provide basic data support for CP contamination control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Siqin Pang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China.
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2
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Knobloch MC, Hutter J, Diaz OM, Zennegg M, Vogel JC, Durisch E, Stalder U, Bigler L, Kern S, Bleiner D, Heeb NV. Evolution of chlorinated paraffin and olefin fingerprints in sewage sludge from 1993 to 2020 of a Swiss municipal wastewater treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140825. [PMID: 38040258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and chlorinated olefins (COs) can occur via contact with CP-containing plastic materials. Such plastic materials can contain short-chain CPs (SCCPs), which are regulated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention since 2017. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) collect effluents of thousands of households and their sludge is a marker for CP exposure. We investigated digested sewage sludge collected in the years 1993, 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2020 from a Swiss WWTP serving between 20000 and 23000 inhabitants. A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (R > 100000) method, in combination with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (LC-APCI-MS), was used to detect mass spectra of CPs and olefinic side products. A R-based automated spectra evaluation routine (RASER) was applied to search for ∼23000 ions whereof ∼6000 ions could be assigned to CPs, chlorinated mono- (COs), di- (CdiOs) and tri-olefins (CtriOs). Up to 230 CP-, 120 CO-, 50 CdiO- and 20 CtriO-homologues could be identified in sludge. Characteristic fingerprints were deduced describing C- and Cl-homologue distributions, chlorine- (nCl) and carbon- (nC) numbers of CPs and COs. In addition, proportions of saturated and unsaturated material were determined together with proportions of different chain length classes including short- (SC), medium- (MC), long- (LC) and very long-chain (vLC) material. A substantial reduction of SCCPs of 84% was observed from 1993 to 2020. Respective levels of MCCPs, LCCPs and vLCCPs decreased by 61, 69 and 58%. These trends confirm that banned SCCPs and non-regulated CPs are present in WWTP sludge and higher-chlorinated SCCPs were replaced by lower chlorinated MCCPs. Combining high-resolution mass spectrometry with a selective and fast data evaluation method can produce characteristic fingerprints of sewage sludge describing the long-term trends in a WWTP catchment area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco C Knobloch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jules Hutter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Oscar Mendo Diaz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Zennegg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jean Claude Vogel
- Office for Waste, Water, Energy and Air of the Canton of Zurich AWEL, Water Protection Department, Hardturmstrasse 105, 8090, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edith Durisch
- Office for Waste, Water, Energy and Air of the Canton of Zurich AWEL, Water Protection Department, Hardturmstrasse 105, 8090, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Stalder
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Bigler
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kern
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Davide Bleiner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert V Heeb
- Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Xu C, Zhou Q, Shen C, Li F, Liu S, Yin S, Aamir M. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in agricultural and industrial soils from Shanghai, China: surface and vertical distribution, penetration behavior, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9087-9101. [PMID: 37306889 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) of the soil environment has raised global concern due to their highly persistent and toxic properties. However, little information is available regarding these industrial toxicants' spatial-vertical distribution and penetration potentials. In this study, short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) were analyzed in pooled surface and core soils (0-45 cm) samples collected from agricultural and industrial areas in Shanghai. ∑SCCP concentrations in agricultural and industrial surface soils ranged from 52.6 to 237.6 and 98.3 to 977.1 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. ∑MCCP levels were comparatively higher and ranged from 417.2 to 1690.8 and 370.9 to 10,712.7 ng/g dw in agricultural and industrial soils, respectively. C10Cl5-10 SCCPs and C14-15Cl5-7 MCCPs were the predominant homologues in all samples. Analysis of the soil vertical profiles revealed that MCCP concentrations decreased significantly with depth (P < 0.01). SCCPs more efficiently penetrated into the soils than MCCPs because of their higher water solubility and less octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values. A preliminary risk assessment suggested no potential health risks caused by non-dietary exposure. The daily exposure doses of CPs via ingestion were significantly (P < 0.01) higher for children (5.41 ± 2.11 × 10-3 and 1.68 ± 1.03 × 10-2 μg kg-1 day-1) and adults (2.56 ± 0.99 × 10-4 and 7.94 ± 4.87 × 10-4 μg kg-1 day-1) than dermal permeation exposure. Furthermore, CPs at current levels posed low ecological risks (0.1 ≤ RQ < 1) according to the risk quotient model. This study enhanced our understanding of the fates and behaviors of CPs in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chensi Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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Lyu L, Zhang S. Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11687-11703. [PMID: 37503949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their large-scale usage, persistence, and long-range atmospheric transport. The oceans are a critical environment where CPs transformation occurs. However, the broad impacts of CPs on the marine environment remain unclear. This review describes the sources, occurrence and transport pathways, environmental processes, and ecological effects of CPs in the marine environment. CPs are distributed in the global marine environment by riverine input, ocean currents, and long-range atmospheric transport from industrial areas. Environmental processes, such as the deposition of particle-bound compounds, leaching of plastics, and microbial degradation of CPs, are the critical drivers for regulating CPs' fate in water columns or sediment. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of CPs in marine food webs may threaten marine ecosystem functions. To elucidate the biogeochemical processes and environmental impacts of CPs in marine environments, future work should clarify the burden and transformation process of CPs and reveal their ecological effects. The results would help readers clarify the current research status and future research directions of CPs in the marine environment and provide the scientific basis and theoretical foundations for the government to assess marine ecological risks of CPs and to make policies for pollution prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
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Li X, Guo H, Hong J, Gao Y, Ma X, Chen J. Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in the Sediment of the East China Sea and Yellow Sea: Distribution, Composition, and Ecological Risks. TOXICS 2023; 11:558. [PMID: 37505524 PMCID: PMC10383561 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a class of complex mixtures synthesized from polychlorinated n-alkanes, are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers, lubricant additives, coolants, metalworking cutting fluids, and sealants. This study investigated the spatial distribution, the potential pollution sources, and ecological risk of 24 short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and 24 medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) from 29 surface marine sediment samples from the East China Sea and Yellow Sea in September 2019. All of the 48 CPs were detected. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs ranged from 0.703 to 13.4 ng/g dw and 0.0936 to 4.19 ng/g dw, respectively. C10 congeners showed the highest abundancy. The median concentrations of the SCCPs and MCCPs declined gradually with carbon atoms and chlorine atoms, except for Cl5 congeners. Spatial variations showed that all CP congeners in the East China Sea were larger than in the Yellow Sea and displayed a point-source-type distribution, which is consistent with the industrial park distribution. Although the potential ecological risk was at a relatively low level, bioaccumulation and trophic magnification could amplify the risk to marine organisms. Our results provide data support and theoretical assistance for SCCP and MCCP pollution control and sewage outlets in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Haiqiang Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Jianyao Hong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, China
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Kutarna S, Du X, Diamond ML, Blum A, Peng H. Widespread presence of chlorinated paraffins in consumer products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:893-900. [PMID: 37039315 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were listed for elimination under the Stockholm Convention in 2017 due to their persistence and toxicity. Although Canada and other Stockholm signatories have prohibited the manufacture, usage and import of SCCPs since 2013, they can still be detected at high concentrations in indoor dust. To identify the sources of the SCCPs in the Canadian indoor environment, short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, LCCPs, respectively) were measured using a sensitive LC-ESI-orbitrap method. SCCPs were detected in 84 of the 96 products purchased in Canada after 2013 (87.5%) including electronic devices, clothing, plastics (toys), and paintings. Concentrations of SCCPs were up to 0.93% (9.34 mg g-1). SCCPs were also detected in newly purchased toys at 0.005-2.02 mg g-1, indicating the potential for children's exposure. Profiles of chlorinated paraffins differed among categories of products. For example, C13-SCCPs were most common in toys, while electronic devices like headphones showed comparable concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs. Additionally, four new carboxylate derivatives of CPs were detected in an electronic device sample. These are the first data to show the ubiquitous occurrences of SCCPs in a wide range of products currently marketed in Canada, suggesting continuing indoor exposure to SCCPs despite their prohibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kutarna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Xuan Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Huang J, Zhao L, Shi Y, Zeng X, Sun W, Zhao X, Liu R, Wu Q, Dong G, Chen D, Liu X. Characterization of short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in ambient PM 2.5 from the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 175:107932. [PMID: 37116426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental occurrence of long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is still scarce. In the present study, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and LCCPs were simultaneously quantified and profiled in PM2.5 samples collected from 96 primary or secondary schools in the Pearl River Delta of South China. SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs were detected in higher than 90% samples with concentrations in the range of 0.832-109, 1.02-110, and 0.173-17.4 ng/m3, respectively. The dominant congener groups of SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs were C13Cl6-8, C14Cl7-8, and C18Cl7-9, respectively. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were higher in summer than in winter, while an opposite seasonal trend was observed for LCCPs. Principal components analysis showed there were seasonal variations in the congener group patterns with C13Cl6-7 and C14Cl7 more abundant in summer than in winter. Concentrations of CPs also exhibited slight spatial variations. Exposure risk assessment based on different age groups suggested exposure to PM2.5-associated CPs would not pose significant health risk. The present study expands the existing knowledge of CPs contamination in atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaowen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- SCIEX (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, China
| | | | - Ruqing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qizhen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Wu Y, Gao S, Cui J, Zhang B, Zhu Z, Song Q, Zeng X, Liang Y, Yu Z. QuEChERS-based extraction and two-dimensional liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of long chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1684:463585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Knobloch MC, Mathis F, Diaz OM, Stalder U, Bigler L, Kern S, Bleiner D, Heeb NV. Selective and Fast Analysis of Chlorinated Paraffins in the Presence of Chlorinated Mono-, Di-, and Tri-Olefins with the R-Based Automated Spectra Evaluation Routine (RASER). Anal Chem 2022; 94:13777-13784. [PMID: 36169133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex mixtures consisting of various C homologues (nC ≈ 10-30) and Cl homologues (nCl ≈ 2-20). Technical CP mixtures are produced on a large scale (>106 t/y) and are widely used such as plasticizers in plastic and coolants in metalwork. Since 2017, short-chain CPs (C10-C13) are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention but longer-chain CPs are not regulated. Analysis of technical CP mixtures is challenging because they consist of hundreds of homologues and millions of constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Furthermore, such mixtures can also contain byproducts and transformation products such as chlorinated olefins (COs). We applied a liquid-chromatography method coupled to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization technique with a high-resolution mass detector (LC-APCI-Orbitrap-MS) to study CP and CO homologues in two plastic materials. Respective mass spectra can contain up to 23,000 signals from 1320 different C-Cl homologue classes. The R-based automated spectra evaluation routine (RASER) was developed to efficiently search for characteristic ions in these complex mass spectra. With it, the time needed to evaluate such spectra was reduced from weeks to hours, compared to manual data evaluation. Unique sets of homologue distributions could be obtained from the two plastic materials. CPs were found together with their transformation products, the chlorinated mono-olefins (COs), di-olefins (CdiOs), and tri-olefins (CtriOs) in both plastic materials. Based on these examples, it can be shown that RASER is an efficient and selective tool for evaluating high-resolution mass spectra of CP mixtures containing hundreds of homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco C Knobloch
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Mathis
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Zürich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Mendo Diaz
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Stalder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kern
- Zürich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Davide Bleiner
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert V Heeb
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Chen C, Chen A, Zhan F, Wania F, Zhang S, Li L, Liu J. Global Historical Production, Use, In-Use Stocks, and Emissions of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7895-7904. [PMID: 35536664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen ubiquitous and increasing contamination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) worldwide. Here, we develop the first global inventories of production, use, in-use stocks, and emissions of total CPs, including the short-, medium- and long-chain components (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) during 1930-2020 using a dynamic substance flow analysis model named Chemical in Products Comprehensive Anthroposhpheric Fate Estimation. The model estimates that a total of ∼33 million metric tons of CPs have been produced and used globally, ∼40% of which still resided in in-use products by 2020 and is available for long-term emissions in the next decades. Global cumulative emissions of CPs have increased to ∼5.2 million metric tons by 2020, with SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs accounting for ∼30, 40, and 30%, respectively. While the production, use, and emissions of CPs started declining in regions such as Western Europe, they remain high in China. The model also suggests that homologues with 10, 14, and 22-23 carbons were predominant in the cumulatively produced and emitted SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The emission estimates were evaluated by generating environmental concentrations that are comparable to literature-reported environmental monitoring data. Our estimates provide opportunities to link the environmental fate and occurrence of CPs to emission sources and lay the basis for future risk-reduction strategies of CPs around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anna Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Faqiang Zhan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, 89557-274 Nevada, United States
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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11
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Knobloch MC, Sprengel J, Mathis F, Haag R, Kern S, Bleiner D, Vetter W, Heeb NV. Chemical synthesis and characterization of single-chain C 18-chloroparaffin materials with defined degrees of chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132938. [PMID: 34798110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Technical chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are produced via radical chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks with different carbon chain-lengths (∼C10-C30). Short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C10-C13) are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. This regulation has induced a shift to use longer-chain CPs as substitutes. Consequently, medium-chain (MCCPs, C14-C17) and long-chain (LCCPs, C>17) CPs have become dominant homologues in recent environmental samples. However, no suitable LCCP-standard materials are available. Herein, we report on the chemical synthesis of single-chain C18-CP-materials, starting with a pure n-alkane and sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2). Fractionation of the crude product by normal-phase liquid-chromatography and pooling of suitable fractions yielded in four C18-CP-materials with different chlorination degrees (mCl,EA = 39-52%). In addition, polar side-products, tentatively identified as sulfite-, sulfate- and bis-sulfate-diesters, were separated from CPs. The new single-chain materials were characterized by LC-MS, 1H-NMR and EA. LC-MS provided Relative retention times for different C18-CP homologues and side-products. Mathematical deconvolution of full-scan mass spectra revealed the presence of chloroparaffins (57-93%) and chloroolefins (COs, 7-26%) in the four single-chain C18-CP-materials. Homologue distributions and chlorination degrees were deduced for CPs and COs. 1H-NMR revealed chemical shift ranges of mono-chlorinated (δ = 3.2-5.3 ppm) and non-chlorinated (δ = 1.0-3.2 ppm) hydrocarbon moieties. The synthesized C18-single-chain standard materials and respective spectroscopic data are useful to identify and quantify LCCPs in various materials and environmental samples. CP- and CO-distributions resemble the ones of existing SCCP and MCCP reference materials and technical mixtures. Furthermore, these materials now allow specific studies on the environmental fate and the transformation of long-chain chloroparaffins and chloroolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco C Knobloch
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Jannik Sprengel
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstrasse 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Flurin Mathis
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Zürich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Regula Haag
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kern
- Zürich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Davide Bleiner
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstrasse 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Norbert V Heeb
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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12
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Ding L, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Zhao N, Yan W, Li Y. Overlooked long-chain chlorinated paraffin (LCCP) contamination in foodstuff from China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149775. [PMID: 34467914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Data on long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) is extremely sparse, despite their use and emission are increasing with the phasing out of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). In this study, we analyzed chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in foodstuff samples (551 pooled samples, 93 items) divided into eight categories collected from Jinan, Shandong Province of China, by atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APCI-qToF-MS), to investigate the occurrence, contamination patterns and homologue patterns of LCCPs in foodstuff commonly consumed in traditional Chinese diet. LCCP intake through diet was estimated as well. LCCPs were detected in all pooled samples with geometric mean (GM) concentrations ranging from 1.8 to 21.9 ng/g wet weight (ng/g ww), contributing to 9-28% of the total CP mass in the studied foodstuff categories. The contamination patterns of LCCPs differed from SCCPs and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), as reflected by the patterns of mass distribution, and by the lack of correlations between LCCP and S/MCCP concentrations in various foodstuff categories. The homologue profiles of LCCPs were extremely complex and diverse, with frequent detection of C30-36Cl2-15 very-long-chain chlorinated paraffin (vLCCP) congeners. The homologue profiles of eggs stood out for their high abundance of C18-22Cl9-13 LCCP congeners. LCCPs contributed 6.0-25.2% (8.9% for median estimation) to the estimated dietary intake (EDI) for total CPs through diet based on estimations using different percentiles of CP concentrations. The median estimate of dietary LCCP intake for adults in Jinan was 287.9 ng/kg_bw/day, reaching ~10- to 100-fold of that in Sweden and Canada. Considering the continuing production, use and emission of LCCPs, as well as the similar toxicity effects induced by LCCPs as SCCPs and MCCPs, attention should be paid to the health risk posed by LCCPs, or all CPs as a class of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Wenbao Yan
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Lanshan Branch of Rizhao Ecological and Environment Bureau, Jiaodingshan Road 539, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Jinan Ecological Environmental Protection Grid Supervision Center, Lvyou Road 17199, Jinan 250098, China
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13
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Wu Y, Wu J, Wu Z, Zhou J, Zhou L, Lu Y, Liu X, Wu W. Groundwater contaminated with short-chain chlorinated paraffins and microbial responses. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117605. [PMID: 34488140 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vertical migrations of toxic and persistent short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in soils as well as the microbial responses have been reported, however, there is a paucity of data on the resulting groundwater contamination. Here, we determined the concentration and congener profile of SCCPs in the groundwater beneath a production plant of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and characterized the microbial community to explore their responses to SCCPs. Results showed that SCCPs ranged from not detected to 70.3 μg/L, with C13-CPs (11.2-65.8%) and Cl7-CPs (27.2-50.6%), in mass ratio, as the dominant groups. Similar to the distribution pattern in soils, SCCPs in groundwater were distributed in hotspot pattern. CP synthesis was the source of SCCPs in groundwater and the entire contamination plume significantly migrated downgradient, while there was an apparent hysteresis of C13-CP migration. Groundwater microbial community was likely shaped by both hydrogeological condition (pH and depth) and SCCPs. Specifically, the microbial community responded to the contamination by forming a co-occurrence network with "small world" feature, where Desulfobacca, Desulfomonile, Ferritrophicum, Methylomonas, Syntrophobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophus, and Thermoanaerobaculum were the keystone taxa. Furthermore, the interrelations between bacterial taxa and SCCPs indicated that the microbial community might cooperate to achieve the dechlorination and mineralization of SCCPs through either anaerobic organohalide respiration mainly functioned by the keystone taxa, or cometabolic degradation processes functioned by Aquabacterium and Hydrogenophaga. Results of this study would provide a better understanding of the environmental behavior and ecological effects of SCCPs in groundwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Zhuohao Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jingyan Zhou
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Wencheng Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
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14
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Zhao N, Fang X, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Ding L, Xu C. Male renal functions are associated with serum short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in residents from Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106514. [PMID: 33799231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are contaminants ubiquitously detected in environmental samples, and reports addressing CPs in human samples are expanding. While CP exposure was suggested to impair kidney function by in vivo/in vitro experiments, epidemiological evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between serum total short-chain CP and medium-chain CP concentrations (∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs) with human kidney function. METHODS The study samples were obtained from 387 participants living in Jinan, North China. We quantified ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs in serum samples and evaluated the kidney function of included subjects by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The associations between serum ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs and eGFR were estimated using multivariable linear regression and logistic regression. The possible gender-dependent effects were studied by stratified analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for age, education, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index (BMI), family history of chronic kidney disease (CKD), fasting serum glucose, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, higher concentrations of serum ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were associated with higher male eGFR (β = 3.13 mL/min/1.73 m2 per one ln-unit increase of serum ∑SCCPs, 95%CI: 1.72, 4.54, p = 0.016; β = 3.52 mL/min/1.73 m2 per one ln-unit increase of serum ∑MCCPs, 95%CI: 1.89, 5.17, p = 0.011). Associations between serum ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs and female eGFR were null. Comparing higher (above the median serum CP levels) vs. lower exposure groups, serum ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were associated with an elevated risk of glomerular hyperfiltration (GH, eGFR ≥ 135 mL/min/1.73 m2), which was associated with glomerular damage and represented as an early stage of chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.24, 4.71 for SCCPs; OR = 3.25; 95% CI: 1.20, 5.29 for MCCPs). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that male serum ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs are associated with an increased risk of GH, indicating early-stage kidney impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinxin Fang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Caihong Xu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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15
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Xu G, Zhao X, Zhao S, Chen C, Rogers MJ, Ramaswamy R, He J. Insights into the Occurrence, Fate, and Impacts of Halogenated Flame Retardants in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4205-4226. [PMID: 33705105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) have been extensively used in various consumer products and many are classified as persistent organic pollutants due to their resistance to degradation, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. HFRs have been widely detected in the municipal wastewater and wastewater treatment solids in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the discharge and agricultural application of which represent a primary source of environmental HFRs contamination. This review seeks to provide a current overview on the occurrence, fate, and impacts of HFRs in WWTPs around the globe. We first summarize studies recording the occurrence of representative HFRs in wastewater and wastewater treatment solids, revealing temporal and geographical trends in HFRs distribution. Then, the efficiency and mechanism of HFRs removal by biosorption, which is known to be the primary process for HFRs removal from wastewater, during biological wastewater treatment processes, are discussed. Transformation of HFRs via abiotic and biotic processes in laboratory tests and full-scale WWTPs is reviewed with particular emphasis on the transformation pathways and functional microorganisms responsible for HFRs biotransformation. Finally, the potential impacts of HFRs on reactor performance (i.e., nitrogen removal and methanogenesis) and microbiome in bioreactors are discussed. This review aims to advance our understanding of the fate and impacts of HFRs in WWTPs and shed light on important questions warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Xuejie Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Siyan Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Matthew J Rogers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Rajaganesan Ramaswamy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
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16
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Wang H, Chang H, Zhang C, Feng C, Wu F. Occurrence of Chlorinated Paraffins in a Wetland Ecosystem: Removal and Distribution in Plants and Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:994-1003. [PMID: 33415977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are of great socioeconomic significance because they can remove anthropogenic compounds from aquatic environments. However, no information is available about the removal of persistent chlorinated paraffins by CWs. This study investigates the occurrences, fates, and mass balances of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) in a CW ecosystem. MCCPs were the predominant compounds in water, sediments, and plants within the system. The amounts of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs entering the wetland were 3.3, 6.8, and 3.4 g/day, respectively. Overall removal efficiencies were 51-78%, 76-86%, and 76-91% for SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively, and the greatest reduction in CPs was observed in the subsurface flow wetland unit. CPs were predominantly adsorbed onto the sediment and bioaccumulated in the plants, and their organic carbon-water partitioning and plant-water accumulation increased as the carbon and chlorine numbers increased. Sediment sorption (12-38%) and degradation (12-50%) contributed the most to the removal of CPs, but bioaccumulation of CPs in plants (3.8-12%) should not be neglected. Wetlands can economically remove large amounts of CPs, but sediment in the wetland systems could be a sink for CP pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cunxu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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17
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Wu Y, Wu J, Tan H, Song Q, Zhang J, Zhong X, Zhou J, Wu W, Cai X, Zhang W, Liu X. Distributions of chlorinated paraffins and the effects on soil microbial community structure in a production plant brownfield site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114328. [PMID: 32443216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in soils and their ecological effects attract much attention, while site-scale data are still scarce. In this study, a comprehensive investigation was performed to understand the CP distributions at a CP production plant brownfield site, as well as their effects on soil microbial community. Short-, medium- and long-chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs, LCCPs) were detected in most samples with total contents ranging ND-5,090, ND-6,670, and ND-1450 ng g-1 (dw), respectively. A CP-hotspot was observed 10 m beneath the synthesis workshop, indicating the downward migration of CPs. The consistence of soil SCCP congener profiles with commercial product CP-52 suggested the leakage of CP products as the contamination source. Besides CPs, petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) contamination also occurred beneath the synthesis workshop. Soil microbial community composition and diversity were significantly influenced by SCCPs (p < 0.05) despite their lower contents compared to other concerned contaminants. Microbial network analysis indicated nonrandom co-occurrence patterns, with Acinetobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, Stenotrophomonas, and Variibacter as the keystone genera. Genera from the same module showed significant ecological links (p < 0.05) and were involved in the degradation of PHCs and chlorinated organic contaminants. This study provides the first phylogenetic look at the microbial communities in CP contaminated soils, indicating that the long-term exposure to CPs and PHCs may lead to microbial group assemblages with the potential for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Haijian Tan
- Guangzhou Environmental Technology Assessment Center, 50 Xianlin Lane, Guangta Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510180, PR China
| | - Qingmei Song
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Xi Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jingyan Zhou
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Wencheng Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China.
| | - Xinde Cai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
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