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Associations of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and kidney stones in U.S. general population: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2016. World J Urol 2021; 40:545-552. [PMID: 34716773 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been reported that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure was associated with the increasing risk of various diseases. Utilizing the data from the general population of the U.S., we tried to assess the association between PAHs exposure and KS. METHODS The dataset was extracted from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016. The hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were detected as representative of urinary PAHs. Ranking-based PAHs score was used to evaluate the total PAHs exposure burden. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between PAHs exposure and KS after adjusting a series of confounding factors. RESULTS 8975 eligible participants were included. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, after adjusting confounding variables, 2-hydroxynaphthalene (OR 1.38, 1.16-1.65; p = 0.038) and 9-hydroxyfluorene (OR 1.39, 1.06-1.84, p = 0.019) were still observed to have significant positive correlations with the prevalence of KS, respectively. The incidence of KS increased significantly with the increase of total PAHs burden (p for trend = 0.011). Significant interaction effects were observed in the subgroup of gender (p for interaction < 0.05). Among female participants, PAHs exposure was more significantly correlated with KS. Higher 2-hydroxynaphthalene (OR 1.94, 1.39-2.70; p < 0.001), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (OR 1.57, 1.07-2.30; p = 0.022) and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (OR 1.85, 1.11-3.06; p = 0.018) were significantly associated with the increased incidence of KS in women. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant association between a high level of PAHs exposure and increased prevalence of KS. In particular, in the female population, the relationship between PAHs exposure and KS is especially significant.
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Li J, Fan H, Liu K, Li X, Fan D, Lu X, Xia Y, Cao Y, Xiao C. Associations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with albuminuria in U.S. adults, NHANES 2003-2014. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110445. [PMID: 32203772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure has been shown to be a risk factor for many diseases. However, studies on the association between PAHs exposure and kidney disease are limited. The aim of this study was to explore the association between urinary PAHs and albuminuria based on a national representative sample from the general U.S. METHOD The data utilized were extracted from the 2003-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Eight urinary PAHs were detected as PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to examine the association between urinary OH-PAHs and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). All models were adjusted for confounding demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors. RESULT A total of 8149 NHANES (2003-2014) participants with complete data were eligible. Compared with the lowest quartile, an increased prevalence of high ACR level (>3 mg/mmol) was observed in the participants with the highest quartile of 2-hydroxynaphthalene [OR (95% CI), 1.56 (1.28-1.90), P < 0.001], 3-hydroxyfluorene [OR (95% CI), 1.29 (1.06-1.58), P = 0.011] and 2-hydroxyfluorene [OR (95% CI), 1.47 (1.20-1.80), P < 0.001] levels after adjusting for confounding factors. In subgroup analysis, significantly high OH-PAHs leveland a strong relationship between OH-PAHs and ACR were observed in current smokers in the adjusted model. CONCLUSION High levels of urinary OH-PAHs were positively associated with high levels of ACR in the U.S. POPULATION Our finding provided evidence that PAHs exposure might potentially be related to albuminuria and therefore might have implications for environmental governance and prevention/treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Huizhen Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Yichun City, Jiangxi, Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Kunpeng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Danping Fan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangchen Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongtong Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Nduka JK, Okafor VN, Odiba IO. Impact of Oil and Gas Activities on Acidity of Rain and Surface Water of Niger Delta, Nigeria: An Environmental and Public Health Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2016.74051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Maharaj SVM. Limitations and plausibility of the Pliocene lignite hypothesis in explaining the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 20:77-91. [PMID: 24075451 DOI: 10.1179/2049396713y.0000000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, tubulointerstitial renal disease often accompanied by urothelial cancer that has a lethality of nearly 100%. INTRODUCTION One of the many factors that have been proposed to play an etiological role in BEN is exposure to organic compounds from Pliocene lignite coal deposits via the drinking water in endemic areas. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the role of the tenets of the Pliocene lignite hypothesis in the etiology of BEN in order to provide an improved understanding of the hypothesis for colleagues and patients alike. METHODS A comprehensive compilation of the possible limitations of the hypothesis, with each limitation addressed in turn is presented. RESULTS The Pliocene lignite hypothesis can best account for, is consistent with, or has the potential to explain the evidence associated with the myriad of factors related to BEN. CONCLUSIONS Residents of endemic areas are exposed to complex mixtures containing hundreds of organic compounds at varying doses and their potentially more toxic (including nephrotoxic) and/or carcinogenic metabolites; however, a multifactorial etiology of BEN appears most likely.
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Maharaj SVM, Orem WH, Tatu CA, Lerch HE, Szilagyi DN. Organic compounds in water extracts of coal: links to Balkan endemic nephropathy. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:1-17. [PMID: 23515665 PMCID: PMC3880671 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Pliocene lignite hypothesis is an environmental hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). Aqueous leaching experiments were conducted on a variety of coal samples in order to simulate groundwater leaching of organic compounds, and to further test the role of the Pliocene lignite hypothesis in the etiology of BEN. Experiments were performed on lignite coal samples from endemic BEN areas in Romania and Serbia, and lignite and bituminous coals from nonendemic regions in Romania and the USA. Room temperature, hot water bath, and Soxhlet aqueous extraction experiments were conducted between 25 and 80 °C, and from 5 to 128 days in duration. A greater number of organic compounds and in higher concentrations were present in all three types of leaching experiments involving endemic area Pliocene lignite samples compared to all other coals examined. A BEN causing molecule or molecules may be among phenols, PAHs, benzenes, and/or lignin degradation compounds. The proposed transport pathway of the Pliocene lignite hypothesis for organic compound exposure from endemic area Pliocene lignite coals to well and spring drinking water, is likely. Aromatic compounds leached by groundwater from Pliocene lignite deposits in the vicinity of endemic BEN areas may play a role in the etiology of the disease. A better understanding of organic compounds leached by groundwater from Pliocene lignite deposits may potentially lead to the identification and implementation of effective strategies for the prevention of exposure to the causative agent(s) for BEN, and in turn, prevention of the disease.
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Voice TC, Long DT, Radovanović Z, Atkins JL, McElmurry SP, Niagolova ND, Dimitrov P, Petropoulos EA, Ganev VS. Critical Evaluation of Environmental Exposure Agents Suspected in the Etiology of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 12:369-76. [PMID: 17168225 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2006.12.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), a kidney disease that occurs in rural villages in Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia, is thought to be linked to an environmental toxin. The authors review literature on proposed environmental exposure agents, report the results of field sampling and analysis studies to evaluate potentials for exposure to proposed agents, and propose criteria for future testing. They used these criteria to evaluate the evidence for suggested hypotheses, concluding that several proposed agents can be eliminated or considered unlikely based on apparent inconsistencies between clinical or epidemiologic evidence related to BEN and toxicologic or exposure evidence related to the agents. Mycotoxins and aristolochic acid are the primary targets of current toxicologic investigations, and while the evidence on exposures for both is potentially consistent, it is insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Voice
- Institute of International Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Pešić I, Stefanović V, Müller GA, Müller CA, Čukuranović R, Jahn O, Bojanić V, Koziolek M, Dihazi H. Identification and validation of six proteins as marker for endemic nephropathy. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1994-2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bamias G, Boletis J. Balkan nephropathy: evolution of our knowledge. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 52:606-16. [PMID: 18725017 PMCID: PMC7115735 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), originally described in the late 1950s as a chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease, is identified by its unique epidemiological features. The most remarkable characteristic of BEN is the focal topographical nature that characterizes its occurrence at the global, national, and even household level. BEN affects only certain endemic rural foci along tributaries of the Danube River in the Balkan countries of Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia. The spatial distribution has remained astonishingly unchanged with time because the disease affects the same endemic clusters as 50 years ago. The natural course of the disease is characterized by universal development of end-stage renal disease and the frequent development of upper urinary tract tumors, posing a substantial disease burden to the afflicted areas. The greatest challenge in the study of BEN has been the elucidation of its cause. The unique features of the disease, in particular its endemic nature and the long incubation period required for the disease to develop, have led to the proposal that BEN represents a unique environmental disease. The quest for the responsible environmental factor has been long and diverse, and although no definitive answer has been provided to date, converging lines of evidence support the theory that long-term consumption of food contaminated with aristolochic acid underlies the pathogenesis of BEN. The present review describes the evolution of our knowledge of BEN in relation to the development of the main theories for its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Bamias
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Nikolaidis C, Mandalos P, Vantarakis A. Impact of intensive agricultural practices on drinking water quality in the Evros region (NE Greece) by GIS analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2008; 143:43-50. [PMID: 17874309 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fertilizers are used extensively in modern agriculture, in order to improve yield and productivity of agricultural products. However, nutrient leaching from agricultural soil into groundwater resources poses a major environmental and public health concern. The Evros region is one of the largest agricultural areas in Northern Greece, extending over 1.5 million acres of cultivated land. Many of its drinking water resources are of groundwater origin and lie within agricultural areas. In order to assess the impact of agricultural fertilizers on drinking water quality in this region, tap-water samples from 64 different locations were collected and analyzed for the presence of nitrates (NO(3)(-)), nitrites (NO(2)(-)), ammonium (NH(4)(+)), sulfate (SO(4)(-2)) and phosphate (PO(4)(-3)). These chemicals were selected based on the information that ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and inorganic phosphate were the primary fertilizers used in local crop production. NO(3)(-), SO(4)(-2) and PO(4)(-3) levels exceeding accepted values were recorded in 6.25, 4.70 and 9.38% of all sampling points, respectively. NO(2)(-) and NH(4)(+) concentrations, on the other hand, were inside the permitted range. The data generated were introduced into a geographic information system (GIS) program for computer analysis and projection maps representing afflicted areas were created. Our results indicate a profound geographic correlation in the surface distribution of primary contaminants in areas of intensified agricultural production. Thus, drinking water pollution in these areas can be attributed to excessive fertilizer use from agricultural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Orem W, Tatu C, Pavlovic N, Bunnell J, Lerch H, Paunescu V, Ordodi V, Flores D, Corum M, Bates A. Health effects of toxic organic substances from coal: toward "panendemic" nephropathy. AMBIO 2007; 36:98-102. [PMID: 17408200 DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[98:heotos]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Orem
- U S Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA
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Stefanovic V, Toncheva D, Atanasova S, Polenakovic M. Etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urothelial cancer. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26:1-11. [PMID: 16391464 DOI: 10.1159/000090705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a familial chronic tubulointerstitial disease with insidious onset and slow progression to terminal renal failure. Evidence has accumulated that BEN is an environmentally induced disease. There are three actual theories attempting to explain the environmental cause of this disease: (1) the aristolochic acid hypothesis, which considers that the disease is produced by chronic intoxication with Aristolochia, (2) the mycotoxin hypothesis, which considers that BEN is produced by ochratoxin A, and (3) the Pliocene lignite hypothesis, which proposes that the disease is caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic organic compounds leaching into the well drinking water from low-rank coals in the vicinity to the endemic settlements. Moreover, it was suggested that BEN risk is influenced by inherited susceptibility. Therefore, it has been expected that molecular biological investigations will discover genetic markers of BEN and associated urothelial cancer, permitting early identification of susceptible individuals who may be at risk of exposure to the environmental agents. Since kidney pathophysiology is complex, gene expression analysis and highly throughput proteomic technology can identify candidate genes, proteins and molecule networks that eventually could play a role in BEN development. Investigation of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions could be the content of further studies determining the precise risk for BEN.
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