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Sondej I, Puchlik M, Paluch R. Air pollution in Białowieża forest: Analysis of short-term trends from 2014 to 2021. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 255:119219. [PMID: 38782348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) has negative impacts on forest health and can initiate forest dieback. Long-term monitoring and analysis of these pollution are carried out in Białowieża Forest in NE Poland due to the threats from abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. The main objective of our study was to monitor the levels and trends of air pollutant deposition in Białowieża Forest. During a short-term monitoring period over six years (2014-2021), the concentration of SO2 in the air decreased significantly (from 2.03 μg m-3 in December 2015 to 0.20 μg m-3 in July 2016), while the concentration of NO2 in the air showed a non-significant decrease (from 8.24 μg m-3 in December 2015 to 1.61 μg m-3 May 2016). There was no significant linear trend in the wet deposition of S-SO4 anions. Mean monthly S-SO4 deposition varies between 4.54 and 94.14 mg m-2month-1. Wet nitrogen deposition, including oxidized nitrogen (N-NO3) and reduced nitrogen (N-NH4), showed a non-significant increase. Mean monthly precipitation of N-NO3 and N-N H4 ranged from 1.91 to 451.73 mg m-2month-1. Neither did total sulphur deposition nor total nitrogen deposition exceed the mean deposition values for forests in Europe (below 6 ha-1yr-1 and 3-15 ha-1yr-1, respectively). Our results indicate that air pollutants originate from local sources (households), especially from the village of Białowieża, as demonstrated by the level and spatial distribution of air pollutant deposition. This indicates that air pollutants from the village of Białowieża could spread to other parts of Białowieża Forest in the future and may have a negative impact on forest health and can initiate forest dieback. It is therefore important to continue monitoring air pollution to assess the threats to this valuable forest ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sondej
- Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Park Dyrekcyjny 6, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland.
| | - Monika Puchlik
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Utilization, Faculty of Construction and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
| | - Rafał Paluch
- Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Park Dyrekcyjny 6, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
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Gao R, Hu B, Yuan Y, He M, Wang R, Lou Y, Mu J. Nitrogen addition affects floral and vegetative traits, reproduction, and pollinator performance in Capsicum annuum L. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1131-1144. [PMID: 37638856 PMCID: PMC10809046 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been demonstrated that nitrogen (N) addition alters flower morphology, floral rewards and pollinator performance. However, little is known about the effects of N addition on plant reproduction, including fruit set and seed set during selfing and outcrossing, floral and vegetative traits, and pollinator performance. We hypothesized that N addition would influence fruit set, seed set in selfed and outcrossed flowers, the relationship between vegetative and flower traits, and pollinator performance. METHODS A 2-year pot experiment was conducted in which Capsicum annuum was exposed to three levels of relatively short-term N supply, i.e. 0 g m-2 (no N addition, as a control), 4 g m-2 (4N) and 16 g m-2 (16N), which are equivalent to about 0-, 1- and 4-fold of the peak local N deposition. We measured flower rewards, flower morphology, flowering phenology, as well as pollinator visitation rate, fruit set and seed set by self- and outcross-fertilization of C. annuum. RESULTS The four levels of N addition increased plant biomass, biomass allocation to flowers, flower size, stigma-anther separation, nectar production and pollen production, resulting in an increase in pollinator visitation and fruit set. Nevertheless, the control and 16 levels of N addition reduced plant biomass, biomass allocation to flowers, flower size and stigma-anther separation, and nectar and pollen production, and consequently decreased pollinator visitation and fruit set. Exclusion of pollinators and hand-pollination experiments revealed that low levels of N addition were associated with high seed set in outcrossed flowers; however, this trend was reversed in flowers grown in the control and 16N treatments. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that an optimal level of 4N can enhance the correlation between flower traits, pollinator performance and plant reproduction. Our findings cast new light on the underlying mechanisms of plant-pollinator interactions and plant adaptation to nitrogen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Baoshuang Hu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yibin Yuan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Science, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Mengying He
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Ruolan Wang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Yuanxin Lou
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Junpeng Mu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
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Lou Y, Wang R, Che P, Zhao C, Chen Y, Yang Y, Mu J. Nitrogen Addition Affects Interannual Variation in Seed Production in a Tibetan Perennial Herb. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1132. [PMID: 37627016 PMCID: PMC10452069 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The variability observed in the annual seed production of perennial plants can be seen as an indication of changes in the allocation of resources between growth and reproduction, which can be attributed to fluctuations in the environment. However, a significant knowledge gap exists concerning the impacts of nitrogen addition on the interannual seed production patterns of perennial plants. We hypothesized that the addition of nitrogen would impact the annual variations in the seed production of perennial plants, ultimately affecting their overall reproductive efficiency. A multiyear field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of varying nitrogen supply levels (e.g., 0, 4, and 8 kg N ha-1 yr-1 of N0, N4, and N8) on vegetative and floral traits, pollinator visitation rates, and seed traits over a period of four consecutive years. The results showed that the N0 treatment exhibited the highest levels of seed production and reproductive efficiency within the initial two years. In contrast, the N4 treatment displayed its highest level of performance in these metrics in the second and third years, whereas the N8 treatment showcased its most favorable outcomes in the third and fourth years. Similar patterns were found in the number of flowers per capitulum and the number of capitula per plant. There exists a positive correlation between aboveground biomass and several factors, including the number of flowers per capitulum, the number of capitula per plant, the volume of nectar per capitulum, and the seed production per plant. A positive correlation was found between pollinator visitation and the number of flowers per capitulum or the number of capitula per plant. This implies that the addition of N affected the maintenance of plant aboveground biomass, flower trait stability, pollinator visitation, and, subsequently, the frequency of seed production and reproductive efficiency. Our results suggest that augmenting the nitrogen content in the soil may have the capacity to modify the inherent variability in seed production that is observed across various years and enhance the effectiveness of reproductive processes. These findings have the potential to enhance our comprehension of the impact of nitrogen addition on the reproductive performance of perennial herbaceous plants and the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity in the context of global environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Lou
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ruolan Wang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Peiyue Che
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Yali Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yangheshan Yang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Junpeng Mu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; (Y.L.); (R.W.); (P.C.); (Y.C.)
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Local vehicles add nitrogen to moss biomonitors in a low-traffic protected wilderness area as revealed by a long-term isotope study. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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From planetary to regional boundaries for agricultural nitrogen pollution. Nature 2022; 610:507-512. [PMID: 36261550 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Excessive agricultural nitrogen use causes environmental problems globally1, to an extent that it has been suggested that a safe planetary boundary has been exceeded2. Earlier estimates for the planetary nitrogen boundary3,4, however, did not account for the spatial variability in both ecosystems' sensitivity to nitrogen pollution and agricultural nitrogen losses. Here we use a spatially explicit model to establish regional boundaries for agricultural nitrogen surplus from thresholds for eutrophication of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and nitrate in groundwater. We estimate regional boundaries for agricultural nitrogen pollution and find both overuse and room for intensification of agricultural nitrogen. The aggregated global surplus boundary with respect to all thresholds is 43 megatonnes of nitrogen per year, which is 64 per cent lower than the current (2010) nitrogen surplus (119 megatonnes of nitrogen per year). Allowing the nitrogen surplus to increase to close yield gaps in regions where environmental thresholds are not exceeded lifts the planetary nitrogen boundary to 57 megatonnes of nitrogen per year. Feeding the world without trespassing regional and planetary nitrogen boundaries requires large increases in nitrogen use efficiencies accompanied by mitigation of non-agricultural nitrogen sources such as sewage water. This asks for coordinated action that recognizes the heterogeneity of agricultural systems, non-agricultural nitrogen losses and environmental vulnerabilities.
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Itahashi S, Yamamura Y, Wang Z, Uno I. Returning long-range PM 2.5 transport into the leeward of East Asia in 2021 after Chinese economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5539. [PMID: 35365707 PMCID: PMC8972671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the aerosol composition of sulfate (SO42−) and nitrate (NO3−) from 2012 to 2019 have been captured as a paradigm shift in the region downwind of China. Specifically, SO42− dramatically decreased and NO3− dramatically increased over downwind locations such as western Japan due to the faster reduction of SO2 emissions than NOx emissions and the almost constant trend of NH3 emissions from China. Emissions from China sharply decreased during COVID-19 lockdowns in February–March 2020, after which China’s economic situation seemed to recover going into 2021. Given this substantial change in Chinese emissions, it is necessary to clarify the impact of long-range PM2.5 transport into the leeward of East Asia. In this study, ground-based aerosol compositions observed at three sites in western Japan were analysed. The concentrations of PM2.5, SO42− and NO3− decreased in 2020 (during COVID-19) compared with 2018–2019 (before COVID-19). In 2021 (after COVID-19), PM2.5 and NO3− increased and SO42− was unchanged. This suggests the returning long-range PM2.5 transport in 2021. From numerical simulations, the status of Chinese emissions during COVID-19 did not explain this returning impact in 2021. This study shows that the status of Chinese emissions in 2021 recovered to that before COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuichi Itahashi
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory (SSRL), Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yamamura
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Science, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, 818-0135, Japan
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Itsushi Uno
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
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Yamaga S, Ban S, Xu M, Sakurai T, Itahashi S, Matsuda K. Trends of sulfur and nitrogen deposition from 2003 to 2017 in Japanese remote areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117842. [PMID: 34352635 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds in East Asia has drastically changed over the last two decades. To assess the influence of the drastic changes in air pollution on ecosystems in Japan, we investigated the trends of S and N deposition during 2003-2017 at remote sites of Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET). We measured wet deposition and inferentially estimated dry deposition of S and N using monitoring data from 2003 to 2017 at eight sites. We estimated dry deposition using the inferential method with an updated parameterization for gaseous surface resistance. The linear regression method and nonparametric Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the temporal trends based on the monthly data sets. High S and N deposition amounts over 10 kg ha-1 year-1 were frequently found at most sites. There were significant increase trends in N deposition to S deposition (N/S) ratio at all sites throughout the 15-year period. Some trends were significantly found when the 15-year period was divided into three: 2003-2007, 2008-2012, and 2013-2017. S deposition had significantly decreased over a wide area in Japan, especially at Sado-seki, Happo, Oki, Hedo, and Ogasawara, in 2013-2017. Significant decreases in oxidized N deposition at Sado-seki and Oki were also found in 2013-2017. Because of almost flat N deposition mainly contributed by reduced N deposition, the N/S ratio clearly increased. These trends were associated with the recent reductions in SO2 and NOx emissions in China. The NOx emission reduction of China has not caught up with that of SO2, and NH3 emissions have not been reduced. This caused the significant increases in the N/S ratio not only in 2013-2017 but also in 2003-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Yamaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satomi Ban
- Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, 10-6 Yotsuyakami-cho, Kawasaki, 210-0828, Japan
| | - Mao Xu
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakurai
- School of Science and Engineering, Meisei University, 2-1-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo, 191-8506, Japan
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Matsuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Hayashi K, Shibata H, Oita A, Nishina K, Ito A, Katagiri K, Shindo J, Winiwarter W. Nitrogen budgets in Japan from 2000 to 2015: Decreasing trend of nitrogen loss to the environment and the challenge to further reduce nitrogen waste. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117559. [PMID: 34438489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of the artificial fixation of reactive nitrogen (Nr, nitrogen [N] compounds other than dinitrogen), in the form of N fertilizers and materials are huge, while at the same time posing substantial threats to human and ecosystem health by the release of Nr to the environment. To achieve sustainable N use, Nr loss to the environment must be reduced. An N-budget approach at the national level would allow us to fully grasp the whole picture of Nr loss to the environment through the quantification of important N flows in the country. In this study, the N budgets in Japan were estimated from 2000 to 2015 using available statistics, datasets, and literature. The net N inflow to Japanese human sectors in 2010 was 6180 Gg N yr-1 in total. With 420 Gg N yr-1 accumulating in human settlements, 5760 Gg N yr-1 was released from the human sector, of which 1960 Gg N yr-1 was lost to the environment as Nr (64% to air and 36% to waters), and the remainder assumed as dinitrogen. Nr loss decreased in both atmospheric emissions and loss to terrestrial water over time. The distinct reduction in the atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides from transportation, at -4.3% yr-1, was attributed to both emission controls and a decrease in energy consumption. Reductions in runoff and leaching from land as well as the discharge of treated water were found, at -1.0% yr-1 for both. The aging of Japan's population coincided with the reductions in the per capita supply and consumption of food and energy. Future challenges for Japan lie in further reducing N waste and adapting its N flows in international trade to adopt more sustainable options considering the reduced demand due to the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hayashi
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan; Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Shibata
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan
| | - Azusa Oita
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishina
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Katagiri
- International Joint Graduate Program in Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Junko Shindo
- Emeritus, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan; Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361, Laxenburg, Austria; Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, 65-417, Zielona Góra, Poland
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Itahashi S, Hayashi K, Takeda S, Umezawa Y, Matsuda K, Sakurai T, Uno I. Nitrogen burden from atmospheric deposition in East Asian oceans in 2010 based on high-resolution regional numerical modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117309. [PMID: 34091387 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
East Asian oceans are possibly affected by a high nitrogen (N) burden because of the intense anthropogenic emissions in this region. Based on high-resolution regional chemical transport modeling with horizontal grid scales of 36 and 12 km, we investigated the N burden into East Asian oceans via atmospheric deposition in 2010. We found a high N burden of 2-9 kg N ha-1 yr-1 over the Yellow Sea, East China Sea (ECS), and Sea of Japan. Emissions over East Asia were dominated by ammonia (NH3) over land and nitrogen oxides (NOx) over oceans, and N deposition was dominated by reduced N over most land and open ocean, whereas it was dominated by oxidized N over marginal seas and desert areas. The verified numerical modeling identified that the following processes were quantitatively important over East Asian oceans: the dry deposition of nitric acid (HNO3), NH3, and coarse-mode (aerodynamic diameter greater than 2.5 μm) NO3-, and wet deposition of fine-mode (aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) NO3- and NH4+. The relative importance of the dry deposition of coarse-mode NO3- was higher over open ocean. The estimated N deposition to the whole ECS was 390 Gg N yr-1; this is comparable to the discharge from the Yangtze River to the ECS, indicating the significant contribution of atmospheric deposition. Based on the high-resolution modeling over the ECS, a tendency of high deposition in the western ECS and low deposition in the eastern ECS was found, and a variety of deposition processes were estimated. The dry deposition of coarse-mode NO3- and wet deposition of fine-mode NH4+ were the main factors, and the wet deposition of fine-mode NO3- over the northeastern ECS and wet deposition of coarse-mode NO3- over the southeastern ECS were also found to be significant processes determining N deposition over the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan.
| | - Shigenobu Takeda
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Yu Umezawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Matsuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Sakurai
- School of Science Ane Engeneering, Meisei University, 2-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo, 191-8506, Japan.
| | - Itsushi Uno
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Park, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan.
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Silva LVB, Vasconcelos HL, Mack MC, Ferreira ADS, Bruna EM. Effects of experimental nitrogen enrichment on soil properties and litter decomposition in a Neotropical savanna. AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vivian Barbosa Silva
- Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Av. Pará 1720 Uberlândia Minas Gerais 38405-320 Brazil
| | - Heraldo L. Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Av. Pará 1720 Uberlândia Minas Gerais 38405-320 Brazil
| | - Michelle C. Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | - Emilio M. Bruna
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida USA
- Center for Latin American Studies; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang N, Yin J, Zhao Y, Yang F, Jiang Z, Tao J, Yan X, Qiu Y, Guo H, Hu S. Simulated warming enhances the responses of microbial N transformations to reactive N input in a Tibetan alpine meadow. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105795. [PMID: 32413623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alpine ecosystems worldwide are characterized with high soil organic carbon (C) and low mineral nitrogen (N). Climate warming has been predicted to stimulate microbial decomposition and N mineralization in these systems. However, experimental results are highly variable, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the effects of warming, N input, and their combination on soil N pools and N-cycling microbes in a field manipulation experiment. Special attention was directed to the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea, and their mediated N-cycling processes (transformation rates and N2O emissions) in the third plant growing season after the treatments were initiated. Nitrogen input (12 g m-2 y-1) alone significantly increased soil mineral N pools and plant N uptake, and stimulated the growth of AOB and N2O emissions in the late growing season. While warming (by 1.4 °C air temperature) alone did not have significant effects on most parameters, it amplified the effects of N input on soil N concentrations and AOB abundance, eliciting a chain reaction that increased nitrification potential (+83%), soil NO3--N (+200%), and N2O emissions (+412%) across the whole season. Also, N input reduced AOB diversity but increased the dominance of genus Nitrosospira within the AOB community, corresponding to the increased N2O emissions. These results showed that a small temperature increase in soil may significantly enhance N losses through NO3- leaching and N2O emissions when mineral N becomes available. These findings suggest that interactions among global change factors may predominantly affect ammonia-oxidizing microbes and their mediated N-cycling processes in alpine ecosystems under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yexin Zhao
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongquan Jiang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinjin Tao
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuebin Yan
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunpeng Qiu
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Tan J, Fu JS, Seinfeld JH. Ammonia emission abatement does not fully control reduced forms of nitrogen deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9771-9775. [PMID: 32312806 PMCID: PMC7211968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920068117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities and population growth have increased the natural burden of reactive nitrogen (N) in the environment. Excessive N deposition on Earth's surface leads to adverse feedbacks on ecosystems and humans. Similar to that of air pollution, emission control is recognized as an efficient means to control acid deposition. Control of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions has led to reduction in deposition of oxidized nitrogen (NOy, the sum of all oxidized nitrogen species, except nitrous oxide [N2O]). Reduced forms of nitrogen (NHx = ammonia [NH3] + ammonium [NH4+]) deposition have, otherwise, increased, offsetting the benefit of reduction in NOy deposition. Stringent control of NH3 emissions is being considered. In this study, we assess the response of N deposition to N emission control on continental regions. We show that significant reduction of NHx deposition is unlikely to be achieved at the early stages of implementing NH3 emission abatement. Per-unit NH3 emission abatement is shown to result in only 60-80% reduction in NHx deposition, which is significantly lower than the demonstrated 80-120% benefit of controlling NOx emissions on NOy deposition. This 60-80% effectiveness of NHx deposition reduction per unit NH3 emission abatement reflects, in part, the effects of simultaneous reductions in NOx and SO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Joshua S Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996;
- Computational Earth Sciences Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Paradigm shift in aerosol chemical composition over regions downwind of China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6450. [PMID: 32296084 PMCID: PMC7160133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid decrease in PM2.5 concentrations in China has been observed in response to the enactment of strong emission control policies. From 2012 to 2017, total emissions of SO2 and NOx from China decreased by approximately 63% and 24%, respectively. Simultaneously, decreases in the PM2.5 concentration in Japan have been observed since 2014, and the proportion of stations that satisfy the PM2.5 environmental standard (daily, 35 µg/m3; annual average, 15 µg/m3) increased from 37.8% in fiscal year (FY) 2014 (April 2014 to March 2015) to 89.9% in FY 2017. However, the quantitative relationship between the PM2.5 improvement in China and the PM2.5 concentration in downwind regions is not well understood. Here, we (1) quantitatively evaluate the impacts of Chinese environmental improvements on downwind areas using source/receptor analysis with a chemical transport model, and (2) show that these rapid emissions reductions improved PM2.5 concentrations both in China and its downwind regions, but the difference between SO2 and NOx reduction rates led to greater production of nitrates (e.g., NH4NO3) due to a chemical imbalance in the ammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid–water system. Observations from a clean remote island in western Japan and numerical modeling confirmed this paradigm shift.
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15
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Variation in Foliar ẟ15N Reflects Anthropogenic Nitrogen Absorption Potential of Mangrove Forests. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Mangrove forests are absorbing anthropogenically produced excess nitrogen under moderate to intensive human interaction in the study sites, further indicating the degree of deviation from the natural ecosystem condition. Background and Objectives: Mangrove species, when directly connected to anthropogenic activities such as sewage disposal, agricultural inputs, and receiving of animal manure, absorb excess nutrients from the systems and act as ecological indicators of long-term natural changes. However, there is a paucity of examples of how the mangroves respond to a land-use gradient comparing to the non-mangrove plants under indirect anthropogenic impacts. Materials and Methods: In this investigation, foliar total nitrogen (N), carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and δ15N of mangrove and non-mangrove species collected from 15 watersheds on three islands in Okinawa, Japan, have been compared. The land-use areas in the study watersheds were delineated by ArcGIS software, and the correlation between the foliar traits and the human-affected area ratios were examined. Results: Foliar δ15N of the mangroves, which was significantly different from those of the non-mangroves on each island, showed significantly higher values (5‰ to 14‰) in human-affected forests, whereas the values were up to 3‰ in pristine forests. Furthermore, the significant positive relationship between foliar nitrogenous traits and the human-affected area ratios suggested that the anthropogenic N might be regulating foliar N content and δ15N signature on the sites. Conclusion: Different degrees of foliar isotopic fractionation with the land-use gradient have clarified that mangroves can be a powerful tool for monitoring ecosystem conditions under anthropogenic disturbances.
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16
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Kang W, Chen G, Wang J, Huang L, Wang L, Li R, Hu K, Liu Y, Tao J, Blais JM, Smol JP. Assessing the impact of long-term changes in climate and atmospheric deposition on a shallow alpine lake from southeast Tibet. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:713-724. [PMID: 30212702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Regional warming and atmospheric nitrogen deposition have been widely recorded to impact remote catchments and alpine lakes; however, their independent roles and interactions have rarely been identified. Here, we combined down-core analyses of sedimentary mercury (Hg) and aluminum (Al) with multiple proxies (i.e. nitrogen stable isotope, chlorophyll a pigments, diatoms) for a radiometrically-dated sediment core of an alpine lake in southeast Tibet to track the atmospheric deposition of pollutants, and to examine possible effects of climate and catchment forcing over the past three centuries. The sediment data revealed that airborne deposition of Hg was recorded from the ~1860s, with an accelerating increase in anthropogenic Hg flux since the ~1960s. A synchronous decrease in reconstructed lake-water TOC indicated that acid deposition may have affected lake-water carbon concentrations and impaired catchment export of decomposed organic matter (OM). A moderate depletion of bulk sediment δ15N started from the ~1820s, but was followed by an enriching trend after the ~1970s. This positive shift of δ15N was associated with elevated sediment OM and decreased catchment runoff of clastic materials (as inferred by Al). Sediment OM content displayed an accelerating increase from the ~1960s, with an increased input of autochthonous sources (i.e. lower bulk sediment C:N ratios), such as algae (as inferred by sedimentary chlorophyll a pigments). Meanwhile, climate warming and decreased lake-water TOC enhanced the production of algae, which was characterized by a more enriched δ15N signal than that of allochthonous OM. Furthermore, atmospheric acid deposition was significantly related to diatom assemblage changes, with an increase in acidophilous taxa. Our sediment evidence revealed the dominating impact of climate and catchment processes on lake-water chemistry and algal shifts in the context of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, and highlighted an increasing link of external forcing with in-lake processes in enriching sediment δ15N signal over the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Kang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangjie Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jiaoyuan Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Linpei Huang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Kui Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, ND, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianshuang Tao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T, Vermeulen S, Garnett T, Tilman D, DeClerck F, Wood A, Jonell M, Clark M, Gordon LJ, Fanzo J, Hawkes C, Zurayk R, Rivera JA, De Vries W, Majele Sibanda L, Afshin A, Chaudhary A, Herrero M, Agustina R, Branca F, Lartey A, Fan S, Crona B, Fox E, Bignet V, Troell M, Lindahl T, Singh S, Cornell SE, Srinath Reddy K, Narain S, Nishtar S, Murray CJL. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 2019; 393:447-492. [PMID: 30660336 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3331] [Impact Index Per Article: 666.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Willett
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brent Loken
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden; EAT, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marco Springmann
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Lang
- Centre for Food Policy, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sonja Vermeulen
- World Wide Fund for Nature International, Gland, Switzerland; Hoffmann Centre for Sustainable Resource Economy, Chatham House, London, UK
| | - Tara Garnett
- Food Climate Research Network, Environmental Change Institute and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Fabrice DeClerck
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden; EAT, Oslo, Norway; Bioversity International, CGIAR, Montpellier, France
| | - Amanda Wood
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden; EAT, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Michael Clark
- Natural Resources Science and Management, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Jessica Fanzo
- Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Berman Institute of Bioethics and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
| | - Corinna Hawkes
- Centre for Food Policy, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rami Zurayk
- Department of Landscape Design and Ecosystem Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Juan A Rivera
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Wim De Vries
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ashkan Afshin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Mario Herrero
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rina Agustina
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia; Human Nutrition Research Center, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Francesco Branca
- Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lartey
- Nutrition and Food Systems Division, Economic and Social Development Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, Italy
| | - Shenggen Fan
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Fox
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
| | | | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden; The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Therese Lindahl
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden; The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sudhvir Singh
- EAT, Oslo, Norway; University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Sunita Narain
- Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, India
| | - Sania Nishtar
- Heartfile, Islamabad, Pakistan; WHO High Level Commission on NCDs, Geneva Switzerland; Chairperson Benazir Income Support Program, Islamabad, Pakistan
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18
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Pinho P, Dias T, Cordovil CMDS, Dragosits U, Dise NB, Sutton MA, Branquinho C. Mapping Portuguese Natura 2000 sites in risk of biodiversity change caused by atmospheric nitrogen pollution. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198955. [PMID: 29927996 PMCID: PMC6013174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we assess and map the risk that atmospheric nitrogen (atN) pollution poses to biodiversity in Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal. We first review the ecological impacts of atN pollution on terrestrial ecosystems, focusing on the biodiversity of Natura 2000 sites. These nature protection sites, especially those located within the Mediterranean Basin, are under-characterized regarding the risk posed by atN pollution. We focus on ammonia (NH3) because this N form is mostly associated with agriculture, which co-occurs at or in the immediate vicinity of most areas of conservation interest in Portugal. We produce a risk map integrating NH3 emissions and the susceptibility of Natura 2000 sites to atN pollution, ranking habitat sensitivity to atN pollution using expert knowledge from a panel of Portuguese ecological and habitat experts. Peats, mires, bogs, and similar acidic and oligotrophic habitats within Natura 2000 sites (most located in the northern mountains) were assessed to have the highest relative risk of biodiversity change due to atN pollution, whereas Natura 2000 sites in the Atlantic and Mediterranean climate zone (coastal, tidal, and scrubland habitats) were deemed the least sensitive. Overall, results allowed us to rank all Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal in order of evaluated risk posed by atN pollution. The approach is of great relevance for stakeholders in different countries to help prioritize site protection and to define research priorities. This is especially relevant in countries with a lack of expertise to assess the impacts of nitrogen on biodiversity and can represent an important step up from current knowledge in such countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pinho
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CERENA, Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Dias
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ulrike Dragosits
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy B. Dise
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Sutton
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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19
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Vuorenmaa J, Augustaitis A, Beudert B, Bochenek W, Clarke N, de Wit HA, Dirnböck T, Frey J, Hakola H, Kleemola S, Kobler J, Krám P, Lindroos AJ, Lundin L, Löfgren S, Marchetto A, Pecka T, Schulte-Bisping H, Skotak K, Srybny A, Szpikowski J, Ukonmaanaho L, Váňa M, Åkerblom S, Forsius M. Long-term changes (1990-2015) in the atmospheric deposition and runoff water chemistry of sulphate, inorganic nitrogen and acidity for forested catchments in Europe in relation to changes in emissions and hydrometeorological conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1129-1145. [PMID: 29996410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The international Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) encompasses hundreds of long-term research/monitoring sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help us understand environmental change across the globe. We evaluated long-term trends (1990-2015) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry and fluxes, and climatic variables in 25 forested catchments in Europe belonging to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICP IM). Many of the IM sites form part of the monitoring infrastructures of this larger ILTER network. Trends were evaluated for monthly concentrations of non-marine (anthropogenic fraction, denoted as x) sulphate (xSO4) and base cations x(Ca+Mg), hydrogen ion (H+), inorganic N (NO3 and NH4) and ANC (Acid Neutralising Capacity) and their respective fluxes into and out of the catchments and for monthly precipitation, runoff and air temperature. A significant decrease of xSO4 deposition resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of xSO4 in runoff, being significant at 90% and 60% of the sites, respectively. Bulk deposition of NO3 and NH4 decreased significantly at 60-80% (concentrations) and 40-60% (fluxes) of the sites. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3 in runoff decreased at 73% and 63% of the sites, respectively, and NO3 concentrations decreased significantly at 50% of the sites. Thus, the LTER/ICP IM network confirms the positive effects of the emission reductions in Europe. Air temperature increased significantly at 61% of the sites, while trends for precipitation and runoff were rarely significant. The site-specific variation of xSO4 concentrations in runoff was most strongly explained by deposition. Climatic variables and deposition explained the variation of inorganic N concentrations in runoff at single sites poorly, and as yet there are no clear signs of a consistent deposition-driven or climate-driven increase in inorganic N exports in the catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Vuorenmaa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas distr. LT-53362, Lithuania
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Witold Bochenek
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Szymbark 430, 38-311 Szymbark, Poland
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane Frey
- Tartu University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise St. 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kleemola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Geochemistry, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Lundin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aldo Marchetto
- CNR Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Largo Tonolli 5-28922, Verbania Pallanza VB, Italy
| | - Tomasz Pecka
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Schulte-Bisping
- Georg-August University of Göttingen, Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anatoly Srybny
- Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, P.O. Domzheritzy, Lepel District, Vitebskaya Oblast 211188, Belarus
| | - Józef Szpikowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Storkowo 32, 78-450 Grzmiąca, Poland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Observatory Košetice, CZ-394 22 Košetice, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Åkerblom
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Dirnböck T, Djukic I, Kitzler B, Kobler J, Mol-Dijkstra JP, Posch M, Reinds GJ, Schlutow A, Starlinger F, Wamelink WGW. Climate and air pollution impacts on habitat suitability of Austrian forest ecosystems. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184194. [PMID: 28898262 PMCID: PMC5595319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and excess deposition of airborne nitrogen (N) are among the main stressors to floristic biodiversity. One particular concern is the deterioration of valuable habitats such as those protected under the European Habitat Directive. In future, climate-driven shifts (and losses) in the species potential distribution, but also N driven nutrient enrichment may threaten these habitats. We applied a dynamic geochemical soil model (VSD+) together with a novel niche-based plant response model (PROPS) to 5 forest habitat types (18 forest sites) protected under the EU Directive in Austria. We assessed how future climate change and N deposition might affect habitat suitability, defined as the capacity of a site to host its typical plant species. Our evaluation indicates that climate change will be the main driver of a decrease in habitat suitability in the future in Austria. The expected climate change will increase the occurrence of thermophilic plant species while decreasing cold-tolerant species. In addition to these direct impacts, climate change scenarios caused an increase of the occurrence probability of oligotrophic species due to a higher N immobilisation in woody biomass leading to soil N depletion. As a consequence, climate change did offset eutrophication from N deposition, even when no further reduction in N emissions was assumed. Our results show that climate change may have positive side-effects in forest habitats when multiple drivers of change are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dirnböck
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Ika Djukic
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Kobler
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Max Posch
- Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE), RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Angela Schlutow
- OEKO-DATA—Ecosystem Analysis and Environmental Data Management, Strausberg, Germany
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21
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Effects of different nitrogen additions on soil microbial communities in different seasons in a boreal forest. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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22
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Fuhrer J, Val Martin M, Mills G, Heald CL, Harmens H, Hayes F, Sharps K, Bender J, Ashmore MR. Current and future ozone risks to global terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8785-8799. [PMID: 28035269 PMCID: PMC5192800 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have received insufficient attention. This is an important gap because feedbacks to the atmosphere may change as future O3 levels increase or decrease, depending on air quality and climate policies. Global simulation of O3 using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) revealed that in 2000, about 40% of the Global 200 terrestrial ecoregions (ER) were exposed to O3 above thresholds for ecological risks, with highest exposures in North America and Southern Europe, where there is field evidence of adverse effects of O3, and in central Asia. Experimental studies show that O3 can adversely affect the growth and flowering of plants and alter species composition and richness, although some communities can be resilient. Additional effects include changes in water flux regulation, pollination efficiency, and plant pathogen development. Recent research is unraveling a range of effects belowground, including changes in soil invertebrates, plant litter quantity and quality, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and carbon pools. Changes are likely slow and may take decades to become detectable. CESM simulations for 2050 show that O3 exposure under emission scenario RCP8.5 increases in all major biomes and that policies represented in scenario RCP4.5 do not lead to a general reduction in O3 risks; rather, 50% of ERs still show an increase in exposure. Although a conceptual model is lacking to extrapolate documented effects to ERs with limited or no local information, and there is uncertainty about interactions with nitrogen input and climate change, the analysis suggests that in many ERs, O3 risks will persist for biodiversity at different trophic levels, and for a range of ecosystem processes and feedbacks, which deserves more attention when assessing ecological implications of future atmospheric pollution and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Fuhrer
- AgroscopeClimate/Air Pollution GroupZurichSwitzerland
| | - Maria Val Martin
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Katrina Sharps
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Jürgen Bender
- Institute of BiodiversityThünen InstituteBraunschweigGermany
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23
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Rowe EC, Ford AES, Smart SM, Henrys PA, Ashmore MR. Using Qualitative and Quantitative Methods to Choose a Habitat Quality Metric for Air Pollution Policy Evaluation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161085. [PMID: 27557277 PMCID: PMC4996518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has had detrimental effects on species composition in a range of sensitive habitats, although N deposition can also increase agricultural productivity and carbon storage, and favours a few species considered of importance for conservation. Conservation targets are multiple, and increasingly incorporate services derived from nature as well as concepts of intrinsic value. Priorities vary. How then should changes in a set of species caused by drivers such as N deposition be assessed? We used a novel combination of qualitative semi-structured interviews and quantitative ranking to elucidate the views of conservation professionals specialising in grasslands, heathlands and mires. Although conservation management goals are varied, terrestrial habitat quality is mainly assessed by these specialists on the basis of plant species, since these are readily observed. The presence and abundance of plant species that are scarce, or have important functional roles, emerged as important criteria for judging overall habitat quality. However, species defined as 'positive indicator-species' (not particularly scarce, but distinctive for the habitat) were considered particularly important. Scarce species are by definition not always found, and the presence of functionally important species is not a sufficient indicator of site quality. Habitat quality as assessed by the key informants was rank-correlated with the number of positive indicator-species present at a site for seven of the nine habitat classes assessed. Other metrics such as species-richness or a metric of scarcity were inconsistently or not correlated with the specialists' assessments. We recommend that metrics of habitat quality used to assess N pollution impacts are based on the occurrence of, or habitat-suitability for, distinctive species. Metrics of this type are likely to be widely applicable for assessing habitat change in response to different drivers. The novel combined qualitative and quantitative approach taken to elucidate the priorities of conservation professionals could be usefully applied in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Rowe
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Adriana E. S. Ford
- Environment Department, University of York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Architecture, Computing & Humanities, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M. Smart
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. Henrys
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Mike R. Ashmore
- Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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24
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Stevens CJ, Payne RJ, Kimberley A, Smart SM. How will the semi-natural vegetation of the UK have changed by 2030 given likely changes in nitrogen deposition? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:879-89. [PMID: 26439678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen deposition is known to have major impacts on contemporary ecosystems but few studies have addressed how these impacts will develop over coming decades. We consider likely changes to British semi-natural vegetation up to the year 2030 both qualitatively, based on knowledge of species responses from experimental and gradient studies, and quantitatively, based on modelling of species relationships in national monitoring data. We used historical N deposition trends and national predictions of changing deposition to calculate cumulative deposition from 1900 to 2030. Data from the Countryside Survey (1978, 1990 and 1998) was used to parameterise models relating cumulative N deposition to Ellenberg N which were then applied to expected future deposition trends. Changes to habitat suitability for key species of grassland, heathland and bog, and broadleaved woodland to 2030 were predicted using the MultiMOVE model. In UK woodlands by 2030 there is likely to be reduced occurrence of lichens, increased grass cover and a shift towards more nitrophilic vascular plant species. In grasslands we expect changing species composition with reduced occurrence of terricolous lichens and, at least in acid grasslands, reduced species richness. In heaths and bogs we project overall reductions in species richness with decreased occurrence of terricolous lichens and some bryophytes, reduced cover of dwarf shrubs and small increases in grasses. Our study clearly suggests that changes in vegetation due to nitrogen deposition are likely to continue through coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4QQ, UK.
| | - Richard J Payne
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam Kimberley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4QQ, UK; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Simon M Smart
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
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25
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Ferretti M, Marchetto A, Arisci S, Bussotti F, Calderisi M, Carnicelli S, Cecchini G, Fabbio G, Bertini G, Matteucci G, de Cinti B, Salvati L, Pompei E. On the tracks of Nitrogen deposition effects on temperate forests at their southern European range - an observational study from Italy. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:3423-3438. [PMID: 24729460 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied forest monitoring data collected at permanent plots in Italy over the period 2000-2009 to identify the possible impact of nitrogen (N) deposition on soil chemistry, tree nutrition and growth. Average N throughfall (N-NO3 +N-NH4 ) ranged between 4 and 29 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) , with Critical Loads (CLs) for nutrient N exceeded at several sites. Evidence is consistent in pointing out effects of N deposition on soil and tree nutrition: topsoil exchangeable base cations (BCE) and pH decreased with increasing N deposition, and foliar nutrient N ratios (especially N : P and N : K) increased. Comparison between bulk openfield and throughfall data suggested possible canopy uptake of N, levelling out for bulk deposition >4-6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) . Partial Least Square (PLS) regression revealed that - although stand and meteorological variables explained the largest portion of variance in relative basal area increment (BAIrel 2000-2009) - N-related predictors (topsoil BCE, C : N, pH; foliar N-ratios; N deposition) nearly always improved the BAIrel model in terms of variance explained (from 78.2 to 93.5%) and error (from 2.98 to 1.50%). N deposition was the strongest predictor even when stand, management and atmosphere-related variables (meteorology and tropospheric ozone) were accounted for. The maximal annual response of BAIrel was estimated at 0.074-0.085% for every additional kgN. This corresponds to an annual maximal relative increase of 0.13-0.14% of carbon sequestered in the above-ground woody biomass for every additional kgN, i.e. a median value of 159 kgC per kgN ha(-1) yr(-1) (range: 50-504 kgC per kgN, depending on the site). Positive growth response occurred also at sites where signals of possible, perhaps recent N saturation were detected. This may suggest a time lag for detrimental N effects, but also that, under continuous high N input, the reported positive growth response may be not sustainable in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ferretti
- TerraData environmetrics, Via L. Bardelloni 19, Monterotondo Marittimo, I-58025, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sezione di Botanica Ambientale ed Applicata, Università di Firenze, Piazzale Cascine 28, Firenze, I-50144, Italy
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26
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García-Gómez H, Garrido JL, Vivanco MG, Lassaletta L, Rábago I, Àvila A, Tsyro S, Sánchez G, González Ortiz A, González-Fernández I, Alonso R. Nitrogen deposition in Spain: modeled patterns and threatened habitats within the Natura 2000 network. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 485-486:450-460. [PMID: 24742555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Basin presents an extraordinary biological richness but very little information is available on the threat that air pollution, and in particular reactive nitrogen (N), can pose to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This study represents the first approach to assess the risk of N enrichment effects on Spanish ecosystems. The suitability of EMEP and CHIMERE air quality model systems as tools to identify those areas where effects of atmospheric N deposition could be occurring was tested. For this analysis, wet deposition of NO3(-) and NH4(+) estimated with EMEP and CHIMERE model systems were compared with measured data for the period 2005-2008 obtained from different monitoring networks in Spain. Wet N deposition was acceptably predicted by both models, showing better results for oxidized than for reduced nitrogen, particularly when using CHIMERE. Both models estimated higher wet deposition values in northern and northeastern Spain, and decreasing along a NE-SW axis. Total (wet+dry) nitrogen deposition in 2008 reached maxima values of 19.4 and 23.0 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) using EMEP and CHIMERE models respectively. Total N deposition was used to estimate the exceedance of N empirical critical loads in the Natura 2000 network. Grassland habitats proved to be the most threatened group, particularly in the northern alpine area, pointing out that biodiversity conservation in these protected areas could be endangered by N deposition. Other valuable mountain ecosystems can be also threatened, indicating the need to extend atmospheric deposition monitoring networks to higher altitudes in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H García-Gómez
- Atmospheric Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - J L Garrido
- Atmospheric Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - M G Vivanco
- Atmospheric Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - L Lassaletta
- CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR Sisyphe, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France.
| | - I Rábago
- Atmospheric Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - A Àvila
- CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
| | - S Tsyro
- MSC-W of EMEP, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Henrik Mohns plass 1, Oslo 0313, Norway.
| | - G Sánchez
- Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment (ICP Forests), c/Ríos Rosas 24-6°, Madrid 28003, Spain.
| | - A González Ortiz
- Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Air Quality and Industrial Environment), Pza. S. Juan de la Cruz, s/n, Madrid 28071, Spain.
| | - I González-Fernández
- Atmospheric Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - R Alonso
- Atmospheric Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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27
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Henry J, Aherne J. Nitrogen deposition and exceedance of critical loads for nutrient nitrogen in Irish grasslands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:216-223. [PMID: 24140692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High resolution nitrogen (N) deposition maps were developed to assess the exceedance of empirical critical loads of nutrient N for grasslands in Ireland. Nitrogen emissions have remained relatively constant during the past 20 yrs and are projected to remain constant under current legislation. Total N deposition (estimated as wet nitrate [NO3(-)] and ammonium [NH4(+)] plus dry NO× and NH3) ranged from 2 to 22 kg Nha(-1)yr(-1) (mean=12 kg Nha(-1)yr(-1)) to grasslands. Empirical critical loads for nutrient N were set at 15 kg Nha(-1)yr(-1) for both acid and calcareous grasslands; exceedance was observed for ~35% (~2,311 km(2)) of mapped acid grasslands. In contrast, only ~9% of calcareous grasslands (~35 km(2)) received N deposition in excess of the critical load. Reduced N deposition (primarily dry NH3) represented the dominant form to grasslands (range 55-90%) owing to significant emissions associated with livestock (primarily cattle). The extent of exceedance in acid grasslands suggests that N deposition to this habitat type may lead to adverse impacts such as a decline in plant species diversity and soil acidification. Further, given that elevated N deposition was dominated by NH3 associated with agricultural emissions rather than long-range transboundary sources, future improvements in air quality need to be driven by national policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Henry
- Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Julian Aherne
- Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
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28
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Erisman JW, Galloway JN, Seitzinger S, Bleeker A, Dise NB, Petrescu AMR, Leach AM, de Vries W. Consequences of human modification of the global nitrogen cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013. [PMID: 23713116 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for more food is increasing fertilizer and land use, and the demand for more energy is increasing fossil fuel combustion, leading to enhanced losses of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to the environment. Many thresholds for human and ecosystem health have been exceeded owing to Nr pollution, including those for drinking water (nitrates), air quality (smog, particulate matter, ground-level ozone), freshwater eutrophication, biodiversity loss, stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change and coastal ecosystems (dead zones). Each of these environmental effects can be magnified by the 'nitrogen cascade': a single atom of Nr can trigger a cascade of negative environmental impacts in sequence. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of Nr on the environment and human health, including an assessment of the magnitude of different environmental problems, and the relative importance of Nr as a contributor to each problem. In some cases, Nr loss to the environment is the key driver of effects (e.g. terrestrial and coastal eutrophication, nitrous oxide emissions), whereas in some other situations nitrogen represents a key contributor exacerbating a wider problem (e.g. freshwater pollution, biodiversity loss). In this way, the central role of nitrogen can remain hidden, even though it actually underpins many trans-boundary pollution problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Erisman
- Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA Driebergen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Erisman JW, Galloway JN, Seitzinger S, Bleeker A, Dise NB, Petrescu AMR, Leach AM, de Vries W. Consequences of human modification of the global nitrogen cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130116. [PMID: 23713116 PMCID: PMC3682738 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for more food is increasing fertilizer and land use, and the demand for more energy is increasing fossil fuel combustion, leading to enhanced losses of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to the environment. Many thresholds for human and ecosystem health have been exceeded owing to Nr pollution, including those for drinking water (nitrates), air quality (smog, particulate matter, ground-level ozone), freshwater eutrophication, biodiversity loss, stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change and coastal ecosystems (dead zones). Each of these environmental effects can be magnified by the 'nitrogen cascade': a single atom of Nr can trigger a cascade of negative environmental impacts in sequence. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of Nr on the environment and human health, including an assessment of the magnitude of different environmental problems, and the relative importance of Nr as a contributor to each problem. In some cases, Nr loss to the environment is the key driver of effects (e.g. terrestrial and coastal eutrophication, nitrous oxide emissions), whereas in some other situations nitrogen represents a key contributor exacerbating a wider problem (e.g. freshwater pollution, biodiversity loss). In this way, the central role of nitrogen can remain hidden, even though it actually underpins many trans-boundary pollution problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Erisman
- Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA Driebergen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Austin AT, Bustamante MMC, Nardoto GB, Mitre SK, Pérez T, Ometto JPHB, Ascarrunz NL, Forti MC, Longo K, Gavito ME, Enrich-Prast A, Martinelli LA. Environment. Latin America's nitrogen challenge. Science 2013; 340:149. [PMID: 23580515 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A T Austin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Li Q, Bai H, Liang W, Xia J, Wan S, van der Putten WH. Nitrogen addition and warming independently influence the belowground micro-food web in a temperate steppe. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60441. [PMID: 23544140 PMCID: PMC3609780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are known to influence ecosystem structure and functioning. However, our understanding of the interactive effect of these global changes on ecosystem functioning is relatively limited, especially when it concerns the responses of soils and soil organisms. We conducted a field experiment to study the interactive effects of warming and N addition on soil food web. The experiment was established in 2006 in a temperate steppe in northern China. After three to four years (2009–2010), we found that N addition positively affected microbial biomass and negatively influenced trophic group and ecological indices of soil nematodes. However, the warming effects were less obvious, only fungal PLFA showed a decreasing trend under warming. Interestingly, the influence of N addition did not depend on warming. Structural equation modeling analysis suggested that the direct pathway between N addition and soil food web components were more important than the indirect connections through alterations in soil abiotic characters or plant growth. Nitrogen enrichment also affected the soil nematode community indirectly through changes in soil pH and PLFA. We conclude that experimental warming influenced soil food web components of the temperate steppe less than N addition, and there was little influence of warming on N addition effects under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Terrestrial Ecology Department, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (QL); (WL)
| | - Huahua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenju Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (QL); (WL)
| | - Jianyang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Stress Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Terrestrial Ecology Department, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Stevens CJ, Gowing DJG, Wotherspoon KA, Alard D, Aarrestad PA, Bleeker A, Bobbink R, Diekmann M, Dise NB, Duprè C, Dorland E, Gaudnik C, Rotthier S, Soons MB, Corcket E. Addressing the Impact of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Western European Grasslands. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2011; 48:885-94. [PMID: 21901540 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-011-9745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing evidence base demonstrating that atmospheric nitrogen deposition presents a threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function in acid grasslands in Western Europe. Here, we report the findings of a workshop held for European policy makers to assess the perceived importance of reactive nitrogen deposition for grassland conservation, identify areas for policy development in Europe and assess the potential for managing and mitigating the impacts of nitrogen deposition. The importance of nitrogen as a pollutant is already recognized in European legislation, but there is little emphasis in policy on the evaluation of changes in biodiversity due to nitrogen. We assess the potential value of using typical species, as defined in the European Union Habitats Directive, for determining the impact of nitrogen deposition on acid grasslands. Although some species could potentially be used as indicators of nitrogen deposition, many of the typical species do not respond strongly to nitrogen deposition and are unlikely to be useful for identifying impact on an individual site. We also discuss potential mitigation measures and novel ways in which emissions from agriculture could be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Stevens
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, l, Milton Keynes, UK.
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34
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Goodale CL, Dise NB, Sutton MA. Special issue on nitrogen deposition, critical loads, and biodiversity. Introduction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:2211-2213. [PMID: 21481995 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Goodale
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E215 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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