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Muresan B, Liu Y, Le Gac Q, Lumière L, Cerezo V. In-line measurement of exhaust mercury emissions by an instrumented light-duty vehicle using both on-road and test track experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150265. [PMID: 34536878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The initial purpose of this study has been to develop an instrumental platform for monitoring mercury (Hg) emissions from vehicle exhausts under actual traffic conditions. The platform was then mounted onto a fully-instrumented passenger car to identify emission proxies and factors governing the emissions of gaseous elemental Hg (GeM) and its complementary fraction (GdPM). Data obtained from the road were complemented by data acquired on a test track at either stabilized speeds or well-characterized speed variations. GeM emissions increased overall with both driving speed and fuel consumption; nonetheless, they were influenced by the sequence of accelerations and duration associated with the preceding idling or low-speed driving situations. GdPM emissions varied considerably over the course of trips or track tests, with medians ranging from 7% to 70% of the total Hg emissions stemming from fuel. Such high percentages could be explained by a series of redox reactions, whose kinetics and yield were influenced as much by exhaust gas temperature as by driving conditions or the exhaust system structural configuration. Lastly, an analysis of the GeM and GdPM signals showed that urban cores constitute emission hotspots during rush hour when handling low-speed driving and stop-and-go traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Muresan
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | - Y Liu
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Q Le Gac
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - L Lumière
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - V Cerezo
- Environmental Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
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2
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Riva-Murray K, Richter W, Roxanna Razavi N, Burns DA, Cleckner LB, Burton M, George SD, Freehafer D. Mercury in fish from streams and rivers in New York State: Spatial patterns, temporal changes, and environmental drivers. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1686-1708. [PMID: 32440861 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) concentrations in freshwater fish across the state of New York frequently exceed guidelines considered harmful to humans and wildlife, but statewide distribution and temporal changes are not well known for the state's streams and rivers. We analyzed existing data to describe recent spatial patterns, identify key environmental drivers, and assess temporal changes. Size classes within sportfishes and prey fishes formed 'functional taxa' (FT), and standardized scores were generated from 2007-2016 data for 218 sites. Muscle Hg in ≥1 sportfish FT exceeded human-health guidelines of 50 ng/g (sensitive populations) and 300 ng/g (general population, GP) at 93 and 56% of sites, respectively, but exceeded 1000 ng/g (a state threshold) at only 10% of sites. Whole-body Hg in ≥1 prey fish FT exceeded wildlife thresholds of 40 ng/g and 100 ng/g at 91 and 51% of sites, respectively. Environmental drivers of recent spatial patterns include extent of forest cover and storage, the latter an indicator of wetlands. Standardized Hg scores increased with increasing atmospheric Hg deposition and storage across rural 'upland' regions of New York. However, scores were not related to atmospheric deposition in more-developed 'lowland' regions due to the limited methylation potential of urban landscapes. Comparisons of 2010-2015 sportfish Hg concentrations with those of 1998 and 2000-2005 showed inconsistent temporal changes both among and within eight sites examined. Some recent stream and river fish Hg spatial patterns differed from those of lake-based studies, highlighting the importance of New York's flowing waters to future Hg monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Riva-Murray
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Wayne Richter
- Division of Fish and Wildlife, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY, 12233, USA
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - N Roxanna Razavi
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Douglas A Burns
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Lisa B Cleckner
- Finger Lakes Institute, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, 14556, USA
| | - Mark Burton
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Portland, ME, 04103, USA
| | - Scott D George
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Douglas Freehafer
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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3
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Díez EG, Graham ND, Loizeau JL. Total and methyl-mercury seasonal particulate fluxes in the water column of a large lake (Lake Geneva, Switzerland). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21086-21096. [PMID: 29770934 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and fluxes of total and methylmercury were determined in surface sediments and associated with settling particles at two sites in Lake Geneva to evaluate the sources and dynamics of this toxic contaminant. Total mercury concentrations measured in settling particles were different throughout the seasons and were greatly influenced by the Rhone River particulate inputs. Total mercury concentrations closer to shore (NG2) ranged between 0.073 ± 0.001 and 0.27 ± 0.01 μg/g, and between 0.038 ± 0.001 and 0.214 ± 0.008 μg/g at a site deeper in the lake (NG3). Total mercury fluxes ranged between 0.144 ± 0.002 and 3.0 ± 0.1 μg/m2/day at NG2, and between 0.102 ± 0.008 and 1.32 ± 0.08 μg/m2/day at NG3. Combined results of concentrations and fluxes showed that total mercury concentrations in settling particles are related to the season and particle inputs from the Rhone River. Despite an observed decrease in total mercury fluxes from the coastal zone towards the open lake, NG3 (~ 3 km from the shoreline) was still affected by the coastal boundary, as compared to distal sites at the center of the lake. Thus, sediment focusing is not efficient enough to redistribute contaminant inputs originating from the coastal zones, to the lake center. Methylmercury concentrations in settling particles largely exceeded the concentrations found in sediments, and their fluxes did not show significant differences with relation to the distance from shore. The methylmercury found associated with settling particles would be related to the lake's internal production rather than the effect of transport from sediment resuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gascón Díez
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Neil D Graham
- Soil and Water Infrastructure, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Luc Loizeau
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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4
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Shi X, Mason RP, Charette MA, Mazrui NM, Cai P. Mercury flux from salt marsh sediments: Insights from a comparison between 224Ra/ 228Th disequilibrium and core incubation methods. GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 2018. [PMID: 29515259 PMCID: PMC5836733 DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, sediments are the main location of mercury methylation. Thus, accurate quantification of methylmercury (MeHg) fluxes at the sediment-water interface is vital to understanding the biogeochemical cycling of mercury, especially the toxic MeHg species, and their bioaccumulation. Traditional approaches, such as core incubations, are difficult to maintain at in-situ conditions during assays, leading to over/underestimation of benthic fluxes. Alternatively, the 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium method for tracing the transfer of dissolved substances across the sediment-water interface, has proven to be a reliable approach for quantifying benthic fluxes. In this study, the 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium and core incubation methods were compared to examine the benthic fluxes of both 224Ra and MeHg in salt marsh sediments of Barn Island, Connecticut, USA from May to August, 2016. The two methods were comparable for 224Ra but contradictory for MeHg. The radiotracer approach indicated that sediments were always the dominant source of both total mercury (THg) and MeHg. The core incubation method for MeHg produced similar results in May and August, but an opposite pattern in June and July, which suggested sediments were a sink of MeHg, contrary to the evidence of significant MeHg gradients between overlying water and porewater at the sediment-water interface. The potential reasons for such differences are discussed. Overall, we conclude that the 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium approach is preferred for estimating the benthic flux of MeHg and that sediment is indeed an important MeHg source in this marshland, and likely in other shallow coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Shi
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Robert P. Mason
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA. (R.P. Mason)
| | - Matthew A. Charette
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Nashaat M. Mazrui
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Pinghe Cai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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5
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Buckman K, Taylor V, Broadley H, Hocking D, Balcom P, Mason R, Nislow K, Chen C. Methylmercury bioaccumulation in an urban estuary: Delaware River USA. ESTUARIES AND COASTS : JOURNAL OF THE ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION 2017; 40:1358-1370. [PMID: 28970741 PMCID: PMC5621658 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-017-0232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variation in mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) bioaccumulation in urban coastal watersheds reflects complex interactions between Hg sources, land use, and environmental gradients. We examined MeHg concentrations in fauna from the Delaware River estuary, and related these measurements to environmental parameters and human impacts on the waterway. The sampling sites followed a north to south gradient of increasing salinity, decreasing urban influence, and increasing marsh cover. Although mean total Hg in surface sediments (top 4cm) peaked in the urban estuarine turbidity maximum and generally decreased downstream, surface sediment MeHg concentrations showed no spatial patterns consistent with the examined environmental gradients, indicating urban influence on Hg loading to the sediment but not subsequent methylation. Surface water particulate MeHg concentration showed a positive correlation with marsh cover whereas dissolved MeHg concentrations were slightly elevated in the estuarine turbidity maximum region. Spatial patterns of MeHg bioaccumulation in resident fauna varied across taxa. Small fish showed increased MeHg concentrations in the more urban/industrial sites upstream, with concentrations generally decreasing farther downstream. Invertebrates either showed no clear spatial patterns in MeHg concentrations (blue crabs, fiddler crabs) or increasing concentrations further downstream (grass shrimp). Best-supported linear mixed models relating tissue concentration to environmental variables reflected these complex patterns, with species specific model results dominated by random site effects with a combination of particulate MeHg and landscape variables influencing bioaccumulation in some species. The data strengthen accumulating evidence that bioaccumulation in estuaries can be decoupled from sediment MeHg concentration, and that drivers of MeHg production and fate may vary within a small region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Buckman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH
- Corresponding Authors: , phone: 603-646-8768, , phone: 603-646-2376
| | - Vivien Taylor
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH
| | - Hannah Broadley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH
| | - Daniel Hocking
- Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg MD
| | - Prentiss Balcom
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton CT
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge MA
| | - Rob Mason
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton CT
| | - Keith Nislow
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Amherst MA
| | - Celia Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH
- Corresponding Authors: , phone: 603-646-8768, , phone: 603-646-2376
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6
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Yang H, Turner S, Rose NL. Mercury pollution in the lake sediments and catchment soils of anthropogenically-disturbed sites across England. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:1092-1101. [PMID: 27639616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores and soil samples were taken from nine lakes and their catchments across England with varying degrees of direct human disturbance. Mercury (Hg) analysis demonstrated a range of impacts, many from local sources, resulting from differing historical and contemporary site usage and management. Lakes located in industrially important areas showed clear evidence for early Hg pollution with concentrations in sediments reaching 400-1600 ng g-1 prior to the mid-19th century. Control of inputs resulting from local management practices and a greater than 90% reduction in UK Hg emissions since 1970 were reflected by reduced Hg pollution in some lakes. However, having been a sink for Hg deposition for centuries, polluted catchment soils are now the major Hg source for most lakes and consequently recovery from reduced Hg deposition is being delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Simon Turner
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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7
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Hong Y, Chen J, Deng J, Tong L, Xu L, Niu Z, Yin L, Chen Y, Hong Z. Pattern of atmospheric mercury speciation during episodes of elevated PM2.5 levels in a coastal city in the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:259-268. [PMID: 27431698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of atmospheric mercury speciation was conducted in a coastal city of the Yangtze River Delta, China from July 2013 to January 2014, in conjunction with air pollutants and meteorological parameters. The mean concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate bound mercury (HgP) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were 3.26 ± 1.63 ng m-3, 659 ± 931 pg m-3, and 197 ± 246 pg m-3, respectively. High percentages of HgP during haze days were found, due to the increase in direct emissions and gas-particle partitioning of RGM. The average gas-particle partitioning coefficients (Kp) during moderate or severe haze days (PM2.5 > 150 μg m-3) were obviously decreased. GEM and HgP were positively correlated with PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and CO, suggesting a significant contribution of anthropogenic sources. Elevated HgP concentrations in cold seasons and in the morning were observed while RGM exhibited different seasonal and diurnal pattern. The ratio of HgP/SO2 and Pearson correlation analysis suggested that coal combustion was the main cause of increasing atmospheric Hg concentrations. The monitoring site was affected by local, regional and interregional sources. The back trajectory analysis suggested that air mass from northwest China and Huabei Plain contributed to elevated atmospheric Hg in winter and autumn, while southeast China with clean air masses were the major contributor in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China.
| | - Junjun Deng
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Lei Tong
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Liqian Yin
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Hong
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Drevnick PE, Cooke CA, Barraza D, Blais JM, Coale KH, Cumming BF, Curtis CJ, Das B, Donahue WF, Eagles-Smith CA, Engstrom DR, Fitzgerald WF, Furl CV, Gray JE, Hall RI, Jackson TA, Laird KR, Lockhart WL, Macdonald RW, Mast MA, Mathieu C, Muir DCG, Outridge PM, Reinemann SA, Rothenberg SE, Ruiz-Fernández AC, Louis VLS, Sanders RD, Sanei H, Skierszkan EK, Van Metre PC, Veverica TJ, Wiklund JA, Wolfe BB. Spatiotemporal patterns of mercury accumulation in lake sediments of western North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1157-1170. [PMID: 27102272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For the Western North America Mercury Synthesis, we compiled mercury records from 165 dated sediment cores from 138 natural lakes across western North America. Lake sediments are accepted as faithful recorders of historical mercury accumulation rates, and regional and sub-regional temporal and spatial trends were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Mercury accumulation rates in sediments have increased, on average, four times (4×) from 1850 to 2000 and continue to increase by approximately 0.2μg/m(2) per year. Lakes with the greatest increases were influenced by the Flin Flon smelter, followed by lakes directly affected by mining and wastewater discharges. Of lakes not directly affected by point sources, there is a clear separation in mercury accumulation rates between lakes with no/little watershed development and lakes with extensive watershed development for agricultural and/or residential purposes. Lakes in the latter group exhibited a sharp increase in mercury accumulation rates with human settlement, stabilizing after 1950 at five times (5×) 1850 rates. Mercury accumulation rates in lakes with no/little watershed development were controlled primarily by relative watershed size prior to 1850, and since have exhibited modest increases (in absolute terms and compared to that described above) associated with (regional and global) industrialization. A sub-regional analysis highlighted that in the ecoregion Northwestern Forest Mountains, <1% of mercury deposited to watersheds is delivered to lakes. Research is warranted to understand whether mountainous watersheds act as permanent sinks for mercury or if export of "legacy" mercury (deposited in years past) will delay recovery when/if emissions reductions are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Drevnick
- University of Michigan Biological Station, 9133 Biological Rd., Pellston, MI 49769, USA; University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Colin A Cooke
- Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency, 10th Floor, 9888 Jasper Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T5J 5C6, Canada; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Daniella Barraza
- University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jules M Blais
- Program in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kenneth H Coale
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Brian F Cumming
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Biosciences Complex, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chris J Curtis
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Biplob Das
- Saskatchewan Water Security Agency, 420-2365 Albert St., Regina, SK S4P 4K1, Canada
| | - William F Donahue
- Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency, 10th Floor, 9888 Jasper Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T5J 5C6, Canada
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel R Engstrom
- St. Croix Watershed Research Station, Science Museum of Minnesota, Marine on St. Croix, MN 55047, USA
| | | | - Chad V Furl
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Environmental Assessment Program, P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, WA 98504, USA
| | - John E Gray
- U.S. Geological Survey, MS 973, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Roland I Hall
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Togwell A Jackson
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Kathleen R Laird
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Biosciences Complex, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - W Lyle Lockhart
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - M Alisa Mast
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, MS 415, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Callie Mathieu
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Environmental Assessment Program, P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, WA 98504, USA
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Peter M Outridge
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - Scott A Reinemann
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah E Rothenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Calz. Joel Montes Camarena s/n, CP 82040 Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Vincent L St Louis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Rhea D Sanders
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Hamed Sanei
- Geological Survey of Canada, 3303-33rd Street N.W., Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada
| | - Elliott K Skierszkan
- Program in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Timothy J Veverica
- University of Michigan Biological Station, 9133 Biological Rd., Pellston, MI 49769, USA
| | - Johan A Wiklund
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brent B Wolfe
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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9
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Clow DW, Stackpoole SM, Verdin KL, Butman DE, Zhu Z, Krabbenhoft DP, Striegl RG. Organic Carbon Burial in Lakes and Reservoirs of the Conterminous United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7614-7622. [PMID: 26061185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC) burial in lacustrine sediments represents an important sink in the global carbon cycle; however, large-scale OC burial rates are poorly constrained, primarily because of the sparseness of available data sets. Here we present an analysis of OC burial rates in water bodies of the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) that takes advantage of recently developed national-scale data sets on reservoir sedimentation rates, sediment OC concentrations, lake OC burial rates, and water body distributions. We relate these data to basin characteristics and land use in a geostatistical analysis to develop an empirical model of OC burial in water bodies of the CONUS. Our results indicate that CONUS water bodies sequester 20.8 (95% CI: 9.4-65.8) Tg C yr(-1), and spatial patterns in OC burial are strongly influenced by water body type, size, and abundance; land use; and soil and vegetation characteristics in surrounding areas. Carbon burial is greatest in the central and southeastern regions of the CONUS, where cultivation and an abundance of small water bodies enhance accumulation of sediment and OC in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Clow
- †U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Sarah M Stackpoole
- ‡U.S. Geological Survey, National Research Program, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Kristine L Verdin
- †U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - David E Butman
- §U.S. Geological Survey, National Research Program, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- ⊥U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - David P Krabbenhoft
- #U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Robert G Striegl
- §U.S. Geological Survey, National Research Program, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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10
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Yang J, Chen L, Shi WL, Liu LZ, Li Y, Meng XZ. Mercury distribution in sediment along urban-rural gradient around Shanghai (China): implication for pollution history. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1697-1704. [PMID: 25266058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing levels of heavy metals in the environment generally related with the rapid industrialization and urbanization. Mercury (Hg) is a global toxin with wide concerns, and China gradually becomes the main producer, consumer, and emitter of Hg in the world. However, few historical data are available on the occurrence of Hg in Chinese urban areas. Here, we collected 35 lake surface sediment samples from 35 public parks and 1 sediment core in the Luxun Park in Shanghai, a hyper-urbanization city in China, to determine the spatial and vertical distributions of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) and to explore the Hg pollution history with the industrial development. Higher concentrations of Hg and MeHg and greater Hg enrichment were found in urban areas compared with suburban area with the following order: central urban core area > developed urban area > developing urban area > suburban area. The THg concentration in the sediment core showed an increasing trend from 1876 to 2000 and a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2012, coinciding with the process of industrialization and urbanization in Shanghai. However, THg fluxes unceasingly increased from 1876 to present probably attributed to coal consumption in the suburban area and transportation agglomeration in the central urban core area. Unlike THg, no significant variations for MeHg with time and the maximum value (0.17 μg/kg) appeared in 1947. The methylation ratio of MeHg to THg in the sediment is pretty low, and more studies are needed to further understand the fate of Hg in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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11
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Chalmers AT, Krabbenhoft DP, Van Metre PC, Nilles MA. Effects of urbanization on mercury deposition and accumulation in New England. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:104-112. [PMID: 24907856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We compare total mercury (HgT) loading and methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in streams and lakes from an urbanized area (Boston, Massachusetts) to rural regions of southern New Hampshire and Maine. The maximum HgT loading, as indicated by HgT atmospheric deposition, HgT emissions, and sediment HgT concentrations, did not coincide with maximum MeHg concentrations in fish. Urbanized ecosystems were areas of high HgT loading but had low MeHg concentrations in fish. Controls on MeHg production and accumulation appeared to be related primarily to HgT loading in undeveloped areas, while ecosystem sensitivity to MeHg formation appeared to be more important in regulating accumulation of MeHg in the urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann T Chalmers
- U.S. Geological Survey, 87 State St., Montpelier, VT, USA.
| | | | | | - Mark A Nilles
- U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, MS 401, Bldg 95, Lakewood, CO 80225-0046, USA.
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12
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Steele MK, Heffernan JB. Morphological characteristics of urban water bodies: mechanisms of change and implications for ecosystem function. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 24:1070-1084. [PMID: 25154097 DOI: 10.1890/13-0983.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The size, shape, and connectivity of water bodies (lakes, ponds, and wetlands) can have important effects on ecological communities and ecosystem processes, but how these characteristics are influenced by land use and land cover change over broad spatial scales is not known. Intensive alteration of water bodies during urban development, including construction, burial, drainage, and reshaping, may select for certain morphometric characteristics and influence the types of water bodies present in cities. We used a database of over one million water bodies in 100 cities across the conterminous United States to compare the size distributions, connectivity (as intersection with surface flow lines), and shape (as measured by shoreline development factor) of water bodies in different land cover classes. Water bodies in all urban land covers were dominated by lakes and ponds, while reservoirs and wetlands comprised only a small fraction of the sample. In urban land covers, as compared to surrounding undeveloped land, water body size distributions converged on moderate sizes, shapes toward less tortuous shorelines, and the number and area of water bodies that intersected surface flow lines (i.e., streams and rivers) decreased. Potential mechanisms responsible for changing the characteristics of urban water bodies include: preferential removal, physical reshaping or addition of water bodies, and selection of locations for development. The relative contributions of each mechanism likely change as cities grow. The larger size and reduced surface connectivity of urban water bodies may affect the role of internal dynamics and sensitivity to catchment processes. More broadly, these results illustrate the complex nature of urban watersheds and highlight the need to develop a conceptual framework for urban water bodies.
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13
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Rowse LM, Rodewald AD, Sullivan SMP. Pathways and consequences of contaminant flux to Acadian flycatchers (Empidonax virescens) in urbanizing landscapes of Ohio, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 485-486:461-467. [PMID: 24742556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A prevalent environmental contaminant, mercury (Hg) is mobile and persistent in aquatic systems, where it often occurs in its bioavailable form methylmercury. Because methylmercury can bioaccumulate in aquatic insects and then transfer to terrestrial food webs, riparian consumers reliant upon aquatic emergent insects, should be disproportionately affected. Using the aerial insectivore Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) as a focal species, we examined (1) the extent to which total Hg loads in breeding flycatchers affected body condition and reproductive output and (2) potential pathways of contaminant flux in 19 riparian forest fragments distributed across an urban-to-rural landscape gradient in Ohio, USA. From April-August 2011-2012, we collected blood samples from adult (n=76) and nestling (n=17 from 7 nests) flycatchers, monitored their annual reproductive success (i.e., total number of fledglings), and sampled water, sediment, and aquatic emergent insects at each site. Hg concentrations in adult flycatcher blood (47 to 584 μg/kg, x¯=211.8, SD=95.5) were low relative to published advisory levels and not related to body condition. However, even at low concentrations, blood Hg was negatively related to reproductive success, with a 0.83 decline in the number of fledglings per μg/kg (loge) increase of blood Hg. Adult flycatchers had 11× greater concentrations of blood Hg than their offspring. Hg levels in flycatcher blood were not predicted by Hg concentrations in sediment, water, or aquatic emergent insects, with the exception of rural landscapes alone, in which flycatcher Hg was negatively related to sediment Hg. In addition to illustrating the difficulty of predicting exposure pathways that may vary among landscape contexts, our study provides evidence that even trace levels of contaminants may impair reproductive success of free-living songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea M Rowse
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Amanda D Rodewald
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - S Mažeika P Sullivan
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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White EM, Landis MS, Keeler GJ, Barres JA. Investigation of mercury wet deposition physicochemistry in the Ohio River Valley through automated sequential sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 448:107-119. [PMID: 23375868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intra-storm variability and soluble fractionation was explored for summer-time rain events in Steubenville, Ohio to evaluate the physical processes controlling mercury (Hg) in wet deposition in this industrialized region. Comprehensive precipitation sample collection was conducted from July through September 2006 using three different methods to evaluate both soluble and insoluble fractions as well as scavenging and washout properties of Hg and a suite of trace elements. Real-time filtration of event total precipitation revealed that 61±17% (mean±standard deviation) of Hg in wet deposition was in a soluble form. Comparison of total and dissolved element concentrations (solubility fractionation) showed the following order of decreasing solubility: S>Na>Se>Ca>Mg>Hg>As>Mn>V>Cr>Fe>La≈Ce ranging from 95% (S) to 4% (Ce). To examine removal mechanisms occurring during the course of a precipitation event, discrete, sequential sub-event precipitation samples were collected. Results indicated that Hg had lower "scavenging coefficients" (the rate of Hg concentration decrease throughout the events) than the majority of elements analyzed, indicating that either (i) Hg is incorporated into rain via gas phase inclusion or particulate nucleation within cloud, or (ii) Hg is available in the boundary layer for scavenging, even in the latter stages of precipitation. The Hg scavenging coefficient (-0.39) was low compared to S (-0.73), a co-pollutant of Hg. When compared to an upwind, regionally representative site, the scavenging coefficient of Hg for the locally influenced precipitation was 25% lower. This observation suggests that a continuous feed of soluble Hg was the reason for the low scavenging coefficient. Overall, this investigation of Hg wet deposition in Steubenville indicates that the physical and chemical properties of Hg emissions are driving the elevated deposition rates observed near point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M White
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
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15
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Li HB, Yu S, Li GL, Deng H, Xu B, Ding J, Gao JB, Hong YW, Wong MH. Spatial distribution and historical records of mercury sedimentation in urban lakes under urbanization impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:117-125. [PMID: 23327992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
China is assumed one of the largest contributors to the world's total mercury (Hg) emissions, with a rapid increase in anthropogenic Hg emissions. However, little is known about Hg fate and transport in urban areas of China. In this study, total Hg contents in surface (0-5 cm) sediments from lakes in 14 parks (3 in the central urban core (CUC) area, 5 in the developed urban (DDU) area, 2 in the developing urban (DIU) area, and 4 in the suburban (SU) area) and (210)Pb-dated sediment cores from lakes in 5 parks (3 in the CUC and 2 in the DDU) in Shanghai were assessed to compare current patterns (urbanization effect) with the historical records of Hg emissions over the past century. Total Hg content in surface sediments showed a clear urbanization pattern. Dated sediment cores revealed a 2-3 fold increase in total Hg content, while Hg fluxes exponentially increased from ~1900 to present and accelerated since 1990 when China's economy and urbanization booms started. Anthropogenic Hg fluxes in post-2000 ranged from 253 to 1452 μg m(-2) yr(-1), 2-7 times greater than preindustrial (pre-1900) Hg fluxes. Total Hg and Pb contents in both surface sediments and sediment cores were highly correlated and Hg flux in sediment cores also significantly correlated with annual coal consumption in the period 1949-2008. The significant correlations suggest that coal combustion is a major source of Hg emission in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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16
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Louchouarn P, Kuo LJ, Brandenberger JM, Marcantonio F, Garland C, Gill GA, Cullinan V. Pyrogenic inputs of anthropogenic Pb and Hg to sediments of the Hood Canal, Washington, in the 20th century: source evidence from stable Pb isotopes and PAH signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5772-5781. [PMID: 22541021 DOI: 10.1021/es300269t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived PAHs and stable Pb isotopic signatures ((206)Pb/(207)Pb) in sedimentary records assisted in reconstructing the sources of atmospheric inputs of anthropogenic Pb and Hg to the Hood Canal, Washington. The sediment-focusing corrected peak fluxes of total Pb and Hg (1960-70s) demonstrate that the watershed of Hood Canal has received greater atmospheric inputs of these metals than its mostly rural land use would predict. The tight relationships between the Pb, Hg, and organic markers in the cores indicate that these metals are derived from industrial combustion emissions. Multiple lines of evidence point to the Asarco smelter, located in the Main Basin of Puget Sound, as the major emission source of these metals to the watershed of the Hood Canal. The evidence includes (1) similar PAH isomer ratios in sediment cores from the two basins, (2) the correlations between Pb, Hg, and Cu in sediments and previously studied environmental samples including particulate matter emitted from the Asarco smelter's main stack at the peak of production, and (3) Pb isotope ratios. The natural rate of recovery in Hood Canal since the 1970s, back to preindustrial metal concentrations, was linear and contrasts with recovery rates reported for the Main Basin which slowed post late 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Louchouarn
- Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77553, United States.
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