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Peacock M, Futter MN, Jutterström S, Kothawala DN, Moldan F, Stadmark J, Evans CD. Three Decades of Changing Nutrient Stoichiometry from Source to Sea on the Swedish West Coast. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEuropean ecosystems have been subject to extensive shifts in anthropogenic disturbance, primarily through atmospheric deposition, climate change, and land management. These changes have altered the macronutrient composition of aquatic systems, with widespread increases in organic carbon (C), and declines in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Less well known is how these disturbances have affected nutrient stoichiometry, which may be a more useful metric to evaluate the health of aquatic ecosystems than individual nutrient concentrations. The Swedish west coast has historically experienced moderate to high levels of atmospheric deposition of sulfate and N, and eutrophication. In addition, coastal waters have been darkening with damaging effects on marine flora and fauna. Here, we present three decades of macronutrient data from twenty lakes and watercourses along the Swedish west coast, extending from headwaters to river mouths, across a range of land covers, and with catchments ranging 0.037–40,000 km2. We find a high degree of consistency between these diverse sites, with widespread increasing trends in organic C, and declines in inorganic N and total P. These trends in individual macronutrients translate into large stoichiometric changes, with a doubling in C:P, and increases in C:N and N:P by 50% and 30%, showing that freshwaters are moving further away from the Redfield Ratio, and becoming even more C rich, and depleted in N and P. Although recovery from atmospheric deposition is linked to some of these changes, land cover also appears to have an effect; lakes buffer against C increases, and decreases in inorganic N have been greatest under arable land cover. Our analysis also detects coherently declining P concentrations in small forest lakes; so called (and unexplained) “oligotrophication.” Taken together, our findings show that freshwater macronutrient concentrations and stoichiometry have undergone substantial shifts during the last three decades, and these shifts can potentially explain some of the detrimental changes that adjacent coastal ecosystems are undergoing. Our findings are relevant for all European and North American waters that have experienced historically high levels of atmospheric deposition, and provide a starting point for understanding and mitigating against the trajectories of long-term change in aquatic systems.
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Ye H, Tang C, Cao Y, Li X, Huang P. Contribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to nitrification under different biogeochemical factors in acidic soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17209-17222. [PMID: 34661841 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification in soils is an essential process that involves archaeal and bacterial ammonia-oxidizers. Despite its importance, the relative contributions of soil factors to the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) and their nitrification performances are seldom discussed. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AOA and AOB abundance and different environmental conditions (pH, TC, TN, moisture, and temperature) on nitrification performance. The soils of the long-term fertilized tea orchards and forests were sampled in the field, and nitrification experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The acid soils were collected from the field and used in laboratory incubation experiments to calculate the nitrification rate, including the net nitrification rate (NN rate), nitrification potential (NP), and nitrification kinetics. The basic parameters, different forms of nitrogen content, and AOA and AOB amoA gene copies were also analyzed. Compared with the forest soil, the tea orchard soil had a lower pH and higher nitrogen content (p < 0.05). The AOA and AOB abundance in the soils of the forests and tea orchards were pH-dependent. The NN rate and NP had good relationships with AOA or AOB in the forest soil; however, poor relationships were observed in the tea orchard soil. When pH < 4, the performances of AOA and AOB were restricted by pH and the environment, especially in long-term fertilized farmlands. Long-term fertilization can cause soil acidification, which regulates the abundance of AOA and AOB and their nitrifying ability. The soil environment rather than AOA or AOB could control nitrification in long-term fertilized farmlands with a pH below 4. These findings could improve fertilization efficiency and control nutrient runoff in hilly agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Changyuan Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingjie Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Xing Li
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Pinyi Huang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Sun K, Cai JF, Zhang Y, Mu YN, A SH, Shen YL, Yang LJ, Li HL. Heterogeneous Nitrogen Supply With High Frequency and Ramet Damage Increases the Benefits of Clonal Integration in Invasive Hydrocotyle vulgaris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:825492. [PMID: 35574144 PMCID: PMC9100825 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.825492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition significantly affects the growth and the function of invasive clonal plants. However, the effects of heterogeneous N supply with different frequencies on the growth and the potential contribution of clonal integration in invasion plants are still unclear, especially in the complex environment considering ramet damage. To address this question, apical and basal ramets of the clonal invader Hydrocotyle vulgaris were connected or disconnected, N was added to the basal ramets with a high frequency, a low frequency, or no supply, and the total N quantity was the same for the different frequency. Furthermore, 8 aphids were placed on the apical ramets, and 30% of each leaf was cut off to cause damage. The connection between ramets significantly increased the biomass, total carbon (C), and total N of the basal and apical ramets. Higher frequency N supply significantly increased the biomass, total C, and total N of the basal ramets and the entire clonal fragment biomass. The damage had no significant effect on the growth of basal and apical ramets. Especially, under the high N frequency and ramet damage condition, the connection between ramets more significantly increased the biomass, total C, and total N of the apical ramets and the entire clonal fragment biomass. In addition, the uptake rates of 15 NH 4 + and 15 NO 3 - in H. vulgaris had no significant difference, and N supply increased the uptake rates of 15 NH 4 + and 15 NO 3 - of the basal ramets. Our results suggest that both higher frequency N supply and clonal integration are beneficial to the growth of H. vulgaris. Moreover, the heterogeneous N supply with high frequency and ramet damage increases the benefits of clonal integration in H. vulgaris. These findings improve our understanding of the response of clonal invader H. vulgaris to nitrogen deposition and ramet damage.
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Kaste Ø, Austnes K, de Wit HA. Streamwater responses to reduced nitrogen deposition at four small upland catchments in Norway. AMBIO 2020; 49:1759-1770. [PMID: 32535875 PMCID: PMC7502627 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reduced emissions of nitrogen (N) in Europe have resulted in decreasing atmospheric deposition since 1990. Long-term data (1988-2017) from four small Norwegian catchments located along gradients in N deposition, rainfall, and organic carbon (C) show different responses to 25-30% reductions in N deposition during the same period. At three sites the decreased N deposition caused reduced leaching of nitrate to surface water, whereas the westernmost site showed no decrease, probably due to thin soils with low C:N ratio, poor vegetation cover and high precipitation. The loss of total N to streamwater constituted 30-50% of the N deposition. Losses via denitrification are unknown but assumed to be low, as a major fraction of the catchments are well-drained. Hence, the study sites seem to continue to accumulate N, presumably mostly in soil organic matter. Although atmospheric N deposition has declined, ambient loads might still exceed long-term sustainable levels in these vulnerable ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Kaste
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0348 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, PO box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Kari Austnes
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0348 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heleen A. de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0348 Oslo, Norway
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Long- and Short-Term Inorganic Nitrogen Runoff from a Karst Catchment in Austria. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excess nitrogen (N) deposition and gaseous N emissions from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources have led to increased nitrate leaching, the loss of biological diversity, and has affected carbon (C) sequestration in forest ecosystems. Nitrate leaching affects the purity of karst water resources, which contribute around 50% to Austria’s drinking water supply. Here we present an evaluation of the drivers of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) concentrations and fluxes from a karst catchment in the Austrian Alps (LTER Zöbelboden) from 27 years of records. In addition, a hydrological model was used together with climatic scenario data to predict expected future runoff dynamics. The study area was exposed to increasing N deposition during the 20th century (up to 30 to 35 kg N ha−1 y−1), which are still at levels of 25.5 ± 3.6 and 19.9 ± 4.2 kg N ha−1 y−1 in the spruce and the mixed deciduous forests, respectively. Albeit N deposition was close to or exceeded critical loads for several decades, 70–83% of the inorganic N retained in the catchment from 2000 to 2018, and NO3- concentrations in the runoff stayed <10 mg L−1 unless high-flow events occurred or forest stand-replacing disturbances. We identified tree growth as the main sink for inorganic N, which might together with lower runoff, increase retention of only weakly decreasing N deposition in the future. However, since recurring forest stand-replacement is predicted in the future as a result of a combination of climatically driven disturbance agents, pulses of elevated nitrate concentrations in the catchment runoff will likely add to groundwater pollution.
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Geng S, Chen Z, Ma S, Feng Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Han S. Throughfall reduction diminished the enhancing effect of N addition on soil N leaching loss in an old, temperate forest. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114090. [PMID: 32062460 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil nitrogen (N) leaching is recognized to have negative effects on the environment. There is a lack of studies on different simultaneously occurring drivers of environmental change, including changing rainfall and N deposition, on soil N leaching. In this study, a two factorial field experiment was conducted in a Korean pine forest with the following four treatments: 30% of throughfall reduction (TR), 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1 of N addition (N+), throughfall reduction plus N addition (TRN+) and natural forest (CK). The zero-tension pan lysimeter method was used to assess the response of soil N leaching loss to manipulated N addition and throughfall reduction. The results showed that the soil N leaching loss in natural forest was 5.0 ± 0.4 kg N ha-1yr-1, of which dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) accounted for 48%. Compared to natural forest, six years of N addition (NH4NO3, 50 kg N ha-1 year-1) significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil N leaching losses by 122%, especially in the form of NO3-; a 30% reduction in throughfall slightly decreased N leaching losses by 23%; in combination, N addition and throughfall reduction increased N leaching losses by 48%. There was a strong interaction between N addition and throughfall reduction, which decreased N leaching loss by approximately 2.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Our results indicated that drought would diminish the enhancing effect of N deposition on soil N leaching. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating both N deposition and precipitation and their impacts on soil N leaching into future N budget assessments of forest ecosystems under global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhijie Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Clean Combustion for Electricity Generation and Heat-Supply Technology, College of Energy and Power, Shenyang Institute of Engineering, Shenyang, 110136, China
| | - Yue Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Shijie Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, China
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Cao J, Pang S, Wang Q, Williams MA, Jia X, Dun S, Yang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Lü X, Hu Y, Li L, Li Y, Han X. Plant–bacteria–soil response to frequency of simulated nitrogen deposition has implications for global ecosystem change. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shuang Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mark A. Williams
- School of Plant and Environmental Science Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
| | - Xiu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shasha Dun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Junjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaotao Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Yecui Hu
- School of Land Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing China
| | - Linghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yuncong Li
- Tropical Research and Education Center, Soil and Water Science Department University of Florida Homestead FL USA
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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