1
|
Fang K, Xiang YX, Wang H, Li MK, Jiang SY, Liu CJ, Yang X, Wei SW, Xiao JJ, Shi YH, Cao HQ. In vitro inhalation bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of difenoconazole in the atmosphere. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:837-845. [PMID: 37794292 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the risk of pesticide inhalation in populations around farmland is necessary because inhalation is one of the ways in which pesticides can risk human health. This study aimed to identify the inhalation risk of difenoconazole on humans by using dose-response and exposure assessments. RESULTS In the field simulation application, respiratory exposure in populations around farmland ranged from 71 to 430 ng/m3 . Using response surface methodology, the maximum bioaccessibility of difenoconazole in three simulated lung fluids was 35.33% in Gamble's solution (GS), 34.12% in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), and 42.06% in simulated interstitial lung fluid (SLF). Taking the proliferation activity of the A549 cell model as the endpoint, the benchmark dose limit and benchmark dose of difenoconazole on A549 cells were 16.36 and 5.60 mg/kg, respectively. The margin of exposure to difenoconazole in GS, ALF and SLF were, respectively, 8.66 × 105 to 5.28 × 106 , 8.97 × 105 to 5.47 × 106 and 7.28 × 105 to 4.44 × 106 . CONCLUSION The risk assessment results indicate that under all circumstances, applying difenoconazole is safe for populations around farmland. However, a fan-shaped nozzle, suspension concentrate and greater inhalation height increase the risk of inhalation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Xin Xiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Kun Li
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Si-Yuan Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Chen-Jun Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Su-Wan Wei
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Jing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi F, Ju J, Zhang X, Zheng R, Xiong F, Liu J. Evaluating the inhalation bioaccessibility of traffic-impacted particulate matter-bound PAHs in a road tunnel by simulated lung fluids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155046. [PMID: 35390378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most highly concerned pollutants bound on traffic-impacted particulate matter (TIPM). The inhaled TIPM-bound PAHs risk has attracted much attention, whereas the inhalation bioaccessibility, a method to refine the exposure risk assessment, has not yet been extensively introduced in the exposure risk assessment. Thus, in vitro assays using artificial lung fluids including artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), Gamble's solution (GS), and modified GS (MGS) were conducted to assess the inhalation bioaccessibility of USEPA 16 PAHs in TIPM collected from an expressway tunnel, the influence factors of PAHs' inhalation bioaccessibility were explored, and the exposure risk of TIPM-bound PAHs was estimated based on inhalation bioaccessibility. Results showed that the average PAHs concentrations were 30.5 ± 12.9 ng/m3, 36.2 ± 5.19 ng/m3, and 39.9 ± 4.31 ng/m3 in the tunnel inlet PM2.5, TSP, and tunnel center PM2.5, respectively. Phe, Flt, Pyr, Nap, Chr, BbF, and BkF were found as the dominant species in TSP and PM2.5, indicating a dominant contribution of PAHs from diesel-fueled vehicular emissions. The bioaccessible fractions measured for different PAH species in tunnel PM2.5 and TSP were highly variable, which can be attributed to PAHs' physicochemical properties, size, and carbonaceous materials of TIPM. The addition of Tenax into SLF as an "adsorption sink" can greatly increase PAHs' inhalation bioaccessibility, but DPPC has a limited effect on tunnel PM-bound PAHs' bioaccessibility. The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) of tunnel inlet PM2.5-bound PAHs evaluated according to their total mass concentration exceeded the threshold (1.0 × 10-6) set by the USEPA, whereas the ILCRs estimated based on the inhalation bioaccessibility were far below the threshold. Hence, it is vitally important to take into consideration of pollutant's bioaccessibility to refine health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingxue Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Ronggang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- JiangXi Gannan Highway Survey and Design Institute, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Q, Li Y, Chen Y, Tian L, Gao D, Liao H, Kong C, Chen X, Junaid M, Wang J. Toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and polybrominated diphenyl ethers to zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:21-33. [PMID: 35597397 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) are good carriers of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and can alter their bioavailability and toxic impacts to aquatic organisms. This study highlights the single and combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47, one of the dominant congeners of PBDEs) on zebrafish embryos after an exposure duration of up to 120 hpf. Results showed that PS-NPs and BDE-47 co-exposure exacerbated the morphological deformities in terms of pericardial edema, yolk sac edema and curved tail in zebrafish larvae. Compared to BDE-47 single exposure, the combined exposure caused lower survival rates, shorter body lengths, and accelerated spontaneous movements. Further, PS-NPs were quickly aggregated on the surface of the embryonic chorions covered almost the entire membrane at 12 and 48 hpf, and concentration dependent accumulation was also found in the brain, mouth, trunk, gills, heart, liver and gastrointestinal tract at the larval stages. During the recovery period (7 days), PS-NPs were released from all the organs, with the highest elimination from the gastrointestinal tract. Histopathological examination revealed that co-exposure caused greater damage to retinal structures, muscle fibers and cartilage tissues. Responses of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (CRH, TSHβ, NIS, TTR, Dio2, TG, TRα and TRβ) and reproduction (Esr2 and Vtg1) related genes were also investigated, and results showed that the co-exposure induced more significant upregulated expressions of TSHβ, TG, Doi 2, and TRβ, compared to BDE-47 single exposure. In conclusion, co-exposure to NPs and BDE-47 exacerbated developmental and thyroid toxicity in zebrafish, generally elucidating the toxicological effects mediated by complex chemical interactions between NPs with POPs in the freshwater environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yizheng Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yurou Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liyan Tian
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongping Liao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunmiao Kong
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xikun Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao Y, Zhang L, Geng Y, Li Y, Zhao Q, Huang J, Ning P, Tian S. Evaluation of the permeability and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to pulmonary surfactant membrane by the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay model. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:132485. [PMID: 34627814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can penetrate and accumulate in the pulmonary surfactant (PS) membranes, leading to abnormalities of biological macromolecules and the destruction of membrane structure and properties. In the present study, the bioavailability, apparent permeability, effective permeability and residual coefficient of 10 PAHs on PS membrane was assessed by the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). The influence of various forces on permeability is obtained by analyzing the correlation between parameters and physicochemical properties. Research shows that octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) cannot directly predict permeability, and permeability has no significant relationship with polarity. Dispersion, induction, coupling/polarization promote permeation, while hydrogen bonded acid and n-n electron pair inhibit permeation. Further surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms test and Brewster angle microscope observation manifested that there are huge differences in the transmembrane ability and effects on the membrane of PAHs with different structures. This work has considerable significance that will help to evaluate the bioavailability and human health risk of PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yingxue Geng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| | - Jianhong Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Senlin Tian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aslam R, Sharif F, Baqar M, Shahzad L. Source identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and dust samples of Lahore City. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2459. [PMID: 35165345 PMCID: PMC8844380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During two consecutive summer and winter seasons in Lahore, the health risk of air and dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) was used to determine air and dust samples from various functional areas across the city. The mean ∑16PAHs were higher in air 1035.8 ± 310.7 (pg m-3) and dust 963.4 ± 289.0 (ng g-1 d.w.) during winter seasons as compared to summer seasons in air 1010.9 ± 303.3 (pg m-3) and dust matrices 945.2 ± 283.6 (ng g-1 d.w.), respectively. PAHs ring profile recognized 3 and 4 rings PAHs as most dominant in air and dust samples. Estimated results of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) highlighted high carcinogenic risk among the residents of Lahore via ingestion and dermal contact on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. The total ILCR values in air among children (summer: 9.61E - 02, winter: 2.09E - 02) and adults (summer: 1.45E - 01, winter: 3.14E - 02) and in dust, children (summer: 9.16E - 03, winter: 8.80E - 03) and adults (summer: 1.38E - 02, winter: 1.33E - 02) during the study period. The isomeric ratios in the study area revealed mixed PAH sources, including vehicular emission, petroleum, diesel and biomass combustion. As a result, it is advised that atmospheric PAHs should be monitored throughout the year and the ecologically friendly fuels be used to prevent PAHs pollution and health concerns in the city. The findings of this study are beneficial to the local regulating bodies in terms of controlling the exposure and promoting steps to reduce PAHs pollution and manage health in Lahore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Aslam
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zeng Y, Chen S, Fan Y, Li Q, Guan Y, Mai B. Effects of carbonaceous materials and particle size on oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and OPEs in airborne particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62133-62141. [PMID: 34189698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability of environmental contaminants is attracting considerable scientific attention due to growing awareness of its importance for risk assessment. In this study, size-segregated airborne particles were collected from six point-source sites, an urban residential site, and a sub-urban site. Potential factors governing bioaccessibility of the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organophosphorus esters (OPEs) in stimulated gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts were elucidated. Particle concentrations of PAHs and OPEs at the eight sites were 2.4-32.3 ng/m3 and 1.6-19.9 ng/m3, respectively. In fine particles (with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm), 4- to 6-ring PAHs were more strongly correlated with organic carbon (OC) than elemental carbon (EC); while 3- and 4-ring PAHs in coarse particles (2.5-10 μm) tended to associate with EC. OPEs mostly showed significant correlations with EC in both fine and coarse particles. OC and EC exerted a significantly restraining effect on the oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of most hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in fine particles due to sorption of HOC molecules to these components. Furthermore, the effects varied, which could depend either on the emission sources (for oral bioaccessibility of PAHs) or the physicochemical properties of HOCs (for bioaccessibility of OPEs and inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs). Linear regression between OC/EC contents and HOC bioaccessibility indicated that EC should play a more important role in the inhalation bioaccessibility than the oral bioaccessibility. Particle size of airborne particles is a relatively less significant factor determining the bioaccessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yufeng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Famiyeh L, Chen K, Xu J, Sun Y, Guo Q, Wang C, Lv J, Tang YT, Yu H, Snape C, He J. A review on analysis methods, source identification, and cancer risk evaluation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147741. [PMID: 34058584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have gained attention because of their environmental persistence and effects on ecosystems, animals, and human health. They are mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic. The review provides background knowledge about their sources, metabolism, temporal variations, and size distribution in atmospheric particulate matter. The review article briefly discusses the analytical methods suitable for the extraction, characterization, and quantification of nonpolar and polar PAHs, addressing the challenges. Herein, we discussed the molecular diagnostic ratios (DRs), stable carbon isotopic analysis (SCIA), and receptor models, with much emphasis on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, for apportioning PAH sources. Among which, DRs and PCA identified as the most widely employed method, but their accuracy for PAH source identification has received global criticism. Therefore, the review recommends compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) and PMF as the best alternative methods to provide detailed qualitative and quantitative source analysis. The compound-specific isotopic signatures are not affected by environmental degradation and are considered promising for apportioning PAH sources. However, isotopic fractions of co-eluted compounds like polar PAHs and aliphatic hydrocarbons make the PAHs isotopic fractions interpretation difficult. The interference of unresolved complex mixtures is a limitation to the application of CSIA for PAH source apportionment. Hence, for CSIA to further support PAH source apportionment, fast and cost-effective purification techniques with no isotopic fractionation effects are highly desirable. The present review explains the concept of stable carbon isotopic analysis (SCIA) relevant to PAH source analysis, identifying the techniques suitable for sample extract purification. We demonstrate how the source apportioned PAHs can be applied in assessing the health risk of PAHs using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, and in doing so, we identify the key factors that could undermine the accuracy of the ILCR and research gaps that need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lord Famiyeh
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jingsha Xu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University of Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jungang Lv
- Procuratoral Technology and Information Research Center, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Collin Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province. University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang Y, Luo H, Liu R, Li G, Yu Y, An T. The exposure risk of typical VOCs to the human beings via inhalation based on the respiratory deposition rates by proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110615. [PMID: 32325328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory deposition rates are the important analytical parameters for human health risk assessment related to the environmental volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In present study, the deposition rates from the linear regressions of CH2O, CH5N, C2H6O, C2H4O2, C3H8O, C6H6, C7H8, C8H8, and C8H10 of 120 healthy volunteers were obtained with significantly different from the respective calculated deposition rates. The CH2O (formaldehyde) has the highest deposition rate, indicating the highest associated exposure risk of CH2O if the persons are exposed to the same concentrations of these VOCs through inhalation. In order to explore the effects of the breathing models and sampling time on the deposition rates of VOCs, volunteers were first asked to breathe successively with nasal-in-nasal-out, oral-in-nasal-out, and oral-in-oral-out breathing models before and after three meals for three days. Sampling time variation has no effect on the deposition rates of selected VOCs, while the deposition rates of C2H4O2, C3H8O, C6H6, C7H8 and C8H10 by nasal-in-nasal-out were significantly different from oral-in-oral-out and nasal-in-oral-out models. Among all the breathing models, nasal-in-oral-out comprises the entire respiratory system. In order to further validate the results, the deposition rates of the selected VOCs were calculated in 120 healthy volunteers using nasal-in-oral-out breathing model for unlimited time after the conventional lung function examination. Difference in gender and body mass index had no effect on the deposition rates of VOCs, while the age affects the deposition rates of CH2O, CH5N and C2H4O2. Positive correlation analysis between lung function factors and deposition rates revealed that the individuals with larger lung function factors are more susceptible to deposit the VOCs. Overall, the main conclusion can be drawn that the respiratory deposition rates were influenced by the physiological factors. Therefore, the major objective for future research is to accurately calculate the deposition rates of environmental VOCs for health-risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu H, Ma S, Zhang X, Yu Y. Application of thermal desorption methods for airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon measurement: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113018. [PMID: 31419659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption (TD) is a universal solvent-free pre-concentration technique. It is often used to pre-concentrate semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds in various sample types. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread contaminants from incomplete combustion of organic matter and fossil fuel, which have carcinogenic effects on human health. Conventional methods for determining PAHs, represented by solvent extraction, are gradually being replaced by solvent-free methods, typically the TD technique, because of TD's many advantages, including time savings and environmentally friendly treatment. This work presents an extensive review of the universal methods used to determine PAHs in the atmosphere based on the TD technique. The methods currently used for collection and detection of both gas- and particle-phase PAHs in the air are critically reviewed. In addition, the operating parameters of the TD unit are summarized and discussed. The design shortcomings of existing studies and the problems that researchers should address are presented, and promising alternatives are suggested. This paper also discusses important parameters, such as reproducibility and limit of detection, that form a crucial part of quality assurance. Finally, the limitations and the future prospects of the TD technique for use in airborne PAH analyses are addressed. This is the first review of the latest developments of the TD technique for analysis of PAHs and their derivatives in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen H, Ma S, Yu Y, Liu R, Li G, Huang H, An T. Seasonal profiles of atmospheric PAHs in an e-waste dismantling area and their associated health risk considering bioaccessible PAHs in the human lung. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:371-379. [PMID: 31136964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to the development of the economy, electronic waste (e-waste) has become a new global problem and e-waste dismantling processes are an important source of air pollution. Among the pollutants emitted, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a severe concern because of their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. However, few studies have investigated the atmospheric PAHs generated by e-waste dismantling in a specific region, especially the PAH levels throughout the year. Thus, we assessed the effects of PAHs on the local air quality by sampling the total suspended particulates (TSP), PM10, PM2.5, and gaseous phase from an e-waste dismantling area and a control site during four seasons. The TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 concentrations were measured as 84.8-414, 70.7-302, and 57.1-204 μg m-3, respectively, in this area, and those of three types of particulate bound-PAHs and gaseous phase PAHs were 2.6-16.1, 2.2-15.1, 1.9-14.6, and 20.1-72.8 ng m-3, respectively. The pollutant levels were higher in the spring and winter than those in the summer and autumn. The PAH sources were identified by diagnostic ratio approaches and principal component analysis. E-waste dismantling was identified as the major source of PAH pollution within this area, where approximately 82.4% of the PAHs was attributed to e-waste dismantling at an industrial park (EP site). Among the sites sampled, the pollutant levels and cancer risk were highest at the EP site, and they could pose a cancer risk for humans, although only the bioaccessible PAHs in human lungs were considered. In particular, infants had a higher health risk than adults, thereby suggesting that air pollution with PAHs is a concern in this area. This study provides clear evidence of the requirement for control measurements of e-waste dismantling processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojia Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibin Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|