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Samal D, Khandayataray P, Sravani M, Murthy MK. Silver nanoparticle ecotoxicity and phytoremediation: a critical review of current research and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8400-8428. [PMID: 38182947 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various industries, including textiles, electronics, and biomedical fields, due to their unique optical, electronic, and antimicrobial properties. However, the extensive use of AgNPs has raised concerns about their potential ecotoxicity and adverse effects on the environment. AgNPs can enter the environment through different pathways, such as wastewater, surface runoff, and soil application and can interact with living organisms through adsorption, ingestion, and accumulation, causing toxicity and harm. The small size, high surface area-to-volume ratio, and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) make AgNPs particularly toxic. Various bioremediation strategies, such as phytoremediation, have been proposed to mitigate the toxic effects of AgNPs and minimize their impact on the environment. Further research is needed to improve these strategies and ensure their safety and efficacy in different environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyaranjan Samal
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Satya Sai University of Technical and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pratima Khandayataray
- Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, 752057, Odisha, India
| | - Meesala Sravani
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, 532127, India
| | - Meesala Krishna Murthy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Hetta HF, Ramadan YN, Al-Kadmy IMS, Ellah NHA, Shbibe L, Battah B. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1033. [PMID: 37623993 PMCID: PMC10458664 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast called Candida auris has a high potential to spread quickly among hospitalized patients and immunodeficient patients causing nosocomial outbreaks. It has the potential to cause pandemic outbreaks in about 45 nations with high mortality rates. Additionally, the fungus has become resistant to decontamination techniques and can survive for weeks in a hospital environment. Nanoparticles might be a good substitute to treat illnesses brought on by this newly discovered pathogen. Nanoparticles have become a trend and hot topic in recent years to combat this fatal fungus. This review gives a general insight into the epidemiology of C. auris and infection. It discusses the current conventional therapy and mechanism of resistance development. Furthermore, it focuses on nanoparticles, their different types, and up-to-date trials to evaluate the promising efficacy of nanoparticles with respect to C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Yasmin N. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Israa M. S. Al-Kadmy
- Branch of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad P.O. Box 10244, Iraq;
| | - Noura H. Abd Ellah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Assiut, Naser City, Assiut 2014101, Egypt
| | - Lama Shbibe
- Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus 97009, Syria;
| | - Basem Battah
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Syrian Private University (SPU), Daraa International Highway, Damascus 36822, Syria
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3
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Ahmed T, Lv L, Noman M, Masood HA, Rizwan M, Ijaz M, Hatamleh AA, Al-Dosary MA, Ali HM, Chen J, Li B. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling reveals toxicity and molecular action mechanisms of bioengineered chitosan‑iron nanocomposites against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105447. [PMID: 37248016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the most devastating bacterial pathogen, which jeopardizes the sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L.) production system. The use of antibiotics and conventional pesticides has become ineffective due to increased pathogen resistance and associated ecotoxicological concerns. Thus, the development of effective and sustainable antimicrobial agents for plant disease management is inevitable. Here, we investigated the toxicity and molecular action mechanisms of bioengineered chitosan‑iron nanocomposites (BNCs) against Xoo using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. The transcriptomic and proteomics analyses revealed molecular antibacterial mechanisms of BNCs against Xoo. Transcriptomic data revealed that various processes related to cell membrane biosynthesis, antioxidant stress, DNA damage, flagellar biosynthesis and transcriptional regulator were impaired upon BNCs exposure, which clearly showing the interaction of BNCs to Xoo pathogen. Similarly, proteomic profiling showed that BNCs treatment significantly altered the levels of functional proteins involved in the integral component of the cell membrane, catalase activity, oxidation-reduction process and metabolic process in Xoo, which is consistent with the results of the transcriptomic analysis. Overall, this study suggested that BNCs has great potential to serve as an eco-friendly, sustainable, and non-toxic alternative to traditional agrichemicals to control the BLB disease in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temoor Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luqiong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hafiza Ayesha Masood
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Munazza Ijaz
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah Abdullah Al-Dosary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abd El-Ghany MN, Hamdi SA, Korany SM, Elbaz RM, Emam AN, Farahat MG. Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Soil Rare Actinomycetes and Their Significant Effect on Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041006. [PMID: 37110430 PMCID: PMC10142716 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current investigation addressed the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using newly isolated silver-resistant rare actinomycetes, Glutamicibacter nicotianae SNPRA1 and Leucobacter aridicollis SNPRA2, and investigated their impact on the mycotoxigenic fungi Aspergillus flavus ATCC 11498 and Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 60532. The formation of AgNPs was evidenced by the reaction's color change to brownish and the appearance of the characteristic surface plasmon resonance. The transmission electron microscopy of biogenic AgNPs produced by G. nicotianae SNPRA1 and L. aridicollis SNPRA2 (designated Gn-AgNPs and La-AgNPs, respectively) revealed the generation of monodispersed spherical nanoparticles with average sizes of 8.48 ± 1.72 nm and 9.67 ± 2.64 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the XRD patterns reflected their crystallinity and the FTIR spectra demonstrated the presence of proteins as capping agents. Both bioinspired AgNPs exhibited a remarkable inhibitory effect on the conidial germination of the investigated mycotoxigenic fungi. The bioinspired AgNPs caused an increase in DNA and protein leakage, suggesting the disruption of membrane permeability and integrity. Interestingly, the biogenic AgNPs completely inhibited the production of total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A at concentrations less than 8 μg/mL. At the same time, cytotoxicity investigations revealed the low toxicity of the biogenic AgNPs against the human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell line. Both biogenic AgNPs exhibited feasible biocompatibility with HSF cells at concentrations up to 10 μg/mL and their IC50 values were 31.78 and 25.83 μg/mL for Gn-AgNPs and La-AgNPs, respectively. The present work sheds light on the antifungal prospect of the biogenic AgNPs produced by rare actinomycetes against mycotoxigenic fungi as promising candidates to combat mycotoxin formation in food chains at nontoxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N Abd El-Ghany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Salwa A Hamdi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Shereen M Korany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M Elbaz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed N Emam
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials Technology & Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), El Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Nanomedicine & Tissue Engineering Research Lab, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre, El Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Farahat
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch Campus, Giza 12588, Egypt
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Assis da Silva C, Ribeiro BM, Trotta CDV, Perina FC, Martins R, Moledo de Souza Abessa D, Barbieri E, Simões MF, Ottoni CA. Effects of mycogenic silver nanoparticles on organisms of different trophic levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136540. [PMID: 36150482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered a promising alternative to their synthetic versions. However, the environmental impact of such nanomaterials is still scarcely understood. Thus, the present study aims at assessing the antimicrobial action and ecotoxicity of AgNPs biosynthesized by the fungus Aspergillus niger IBCLP20 towards three freshwater organisms: Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia similis, and Danio rerio (zebrafish). AgNPs IBCLP20 showed antibacterial action against Klebsiella pneumoniae between 5 and 100 μg mL-1, and antifungal action against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 μg mL-1. The cell density of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris decreased 40% after 96 h of exposure to AgNPs IBCLP20, at the highest concentration analysed (100 μg L-1). The 48 h median lethal concentration for Daphnia similis was estimated as 4.06 μg L-1 (2.29-6.42 μg L-1). AgNPs IBCLP20 and silver nitrate (AgNO3) caused no acute toxicity on adult zebrafish, although they did induce several physiological changes. Mycosynthetized AgNPs caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in oxygen consumption at the highest concentration studied (75 μg L-1) and an increase in the excretion of ammonia at the lower concentrations, followed by a reduction at the higher concentrations. Such findings are comparable with AgNO3, which increased the oxygen consumption on low exposure concentrations, followed by a decrease at the high tested concentrations, while impairing the excretion of ammonia in all tested concentrations. The present results show that AgNPs IBCLP20 have biocidal properties. Mycogenic AgNPs induce adverse effects on organisms of different trophic levels and understanding their impact is detrimental to developing countermeasures aimed at preventing any negative environmental effects of such novel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Assis da Silva
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente/SP, Brazil; Institute of Advanced Sea Studies (IEAMar), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marques Ribeiro
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente/SP, Brazil; Institute of Advanced Sea Studies (IEAMar), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Caterina do Valle Trotta
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente/SP, Brazil; Institute of Advanced Sea Studies (IEAMar), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cesar Perina
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente/SP, Brazil; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Roberto Martins
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Edison Barbieri
- Instituto de Pesca, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA), Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento, de São Paulo, (SAASP) - Governo do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Filipa Simões
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences (SKLPlanets), Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; China National Space Administration (CNSA), Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Cristiane Angélica Ottoni
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente/SP, Brazil; Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Mycosynthesis of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles-Fungal Metal Resistance and Mechanisms of Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214084. [PMID: 36430561 PMCID: PMC9696665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 21st century, nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in our lives with applications in many sectors, including agriculture, biomedicine, and biosensors. Over the last two decades, extensive research has been conducted to find ways to synthesise nanoparticles (NPs) via mediation with fungi or fungal extracts. Mycosynthesis can potentially be an energy-efficient, highly adjustable, environmentally benign alternative to conventional physico-chemical procedures. This review investigates the role of metal toxicity in fungi on cell growth and biochemical levels, and how their strategies of resistance, i.e., metal chelation, biomineral formation, biosorption, bioaccumulation, compartmentalisation, and efflux of metals from cells, contribute to the synthesis of metal-containing NPs used in different applications, e.g., biomedical, antimicrobial, catalytic, biosensing, and precision agriculture. The role of different synthesis conditions, including that of fungal biomolecules serving as nucleation centres or templates for NP synthesis, reducing agents, or capping agents in the synthesis process, is also discussed. The authors believe that future studies need to focus on the mechanism of NP synthesis, as well as on the influence of such conditions as pH, temperature, biomass, the concentration of the precursors, and volume of the fungal extracts on the efficiency of the mycosynthesis of NPs.
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Mussin J, Giusiano G. Biogenic silver nanoparticles as antifungal agents. Front Chem 2022; 10:1023542. [PMID: 36277355 PMCID: PMC9583421 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1023542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increase in multidrug-resistant fungal strains has been observed, which, together with the limited number of clinically available antifungal agents, highlights the need for the development of new antifungal agents. Due to the proven antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), there is a growing interest in their use in the treatment of fungal infections. Nanoparticles are usually synthesised through a variety of physical and chemical processes that are costly and pollute the environment. For this reason, biogenic synthesis is emerging as an environmentally friendly technology and new strategies are increasingly based on the use of biogenic AgNPs as antifungal agents for clinical use. The aim of this review is to compare the antifungal activity of different biogenic AgNPs and to summarise the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action and resistance of fungi to AgNPs. Finally, a general analysis of the toxicity of biogenic AgNPs in human and veterinary medicine is performed.
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Li L, Pan H, Deng L, Qian G, Wang Z, Li W, Zhong C. The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988633. [PMID: 36118196 PMCID: PMC9471003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-harvest rot causes enormous economic loss to the global kiwifruit industry. Currently, there are no effective fungicides to combat the disease. It is unclear whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are effective in controlling post-harvest rot and, if so, what the underlying antifungal mechanism is. Our results indicated that 75 ppm AgNPs effectively inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of four kiwifruit rot pathogens: Alternaria alternata, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Diaporthe actinidiae, and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Additionally, AgNPs increased the permeability of mycelium’s cell membrane, indicating the leakage of intracellular substance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that AgNPs induced pathogen hypha shrinkage and distortion, as well as vacuolation in hypha cells, implying that AgNPs caused cellular and organelle structural degradation. The transcriptome sequencing of mycelium treated with AgNPs (24 h / 48 h) was performed on the Illumina Hiseq 4000 sequencing (RNA-Seq) platform. For the time points of 24 h and 48 h, AgNPs treatment resulted in 1,178 and 1,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of A. alternata, 517 and 91 DEGs of P. microspora, 1,287 and 65 DEGs of D. actinidiae, 239 and 55 DEGs of B. dothidea, respectively. The DEGs were found to be involved in “catalytic activity,” “small molecule binding,” “metal ion binding,” “transporter activity,” “cellular component organization,” “protein metabolic process,” “carbohydrate metabolic process,” and “establishment of localization.” Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis also revealed that “carbohydrate metabolism,” “amino acid metabolism,” “energy metabolism,” and “xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism” of “metabolism processes” were the most highly enriched pathways for these DEGs in four pathogens, with “cellular processes” being particularly enriched for B. dothidea. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) were used to validate the RNA-seq results. It was also confirmed that AgNPs could significantly reduce the symptoms of kiwifruit rot without leaving any Ag+ residue on the peel and flesh of kiwifruit. Our findings contributed to a better understanding of the antifungal effect and molecular mechanisms of AgNPs against pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot, as well as a new perspective on the application of this novel antifungal alternative to fruit disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zupeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Caihong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Caihong Zhong,
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Microbial silver resistance mechanisms: recent developments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:158. [PMID: 35821348 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this mini-review, after a brief introduction into the widespread antimicrobial use of silver ions and nanoparticles against bacteria, fungi and viruses, the toxicity of silver compounds and the molecular mechanisms of microbial silver resistance are discussed, including recent studies on bacteria and fungi. The similarities and differences between silver ions and silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents are also mentioned. Regarding bacterial ionic silver resistance, the roles of the sil operon, silver cation efflux proteins, and copper-silver efflux systems are explained. The importance of bacterially produced exopolysaccharides as a physiological (biofilm) defense mechanism against silver nanoparticles is also emphasized. Regarding fungal silver resistance, the roles of metallothioneins, copper-transporting P-type ATPases and cell wall are discussed. Recent evolutionary engineering (adaptive laboratory evolution) studies are also discussed which revealed that silver resistance can evolve rapidly in bacteria and fungi. The cross-resistance observed between silver resistance and resistance to other heavy metals and antibiotics in bacteria and fungi is also explained as a clinically and environmentally important issue. The use of silver against bacterial and fungal biofilm formation is also discussed. Finally, the antiviral effects of silver and the use of silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses are mentioned. To conclude, silver compounds are becoming increasingly important as antimicrobial agents, and their widespread use necessitates detailed understanding of microbial silver response and resistance mechanisms, as well as the ecological effects of silver compounds. Figure created with BioRender.com.
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Robinson JR, Isikhuemhen OS, Anike FN, Subedi K. Physiological Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Silver Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050539. [PMID: 35628793 PMCID: PMC9145431 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production and their use as antimicrobial agents is a current area of active research. Biosynthesis is the most sustainable production method, and fungi have become candidates of interest in AgNP production. However, investigations into the physiological responses of fungi due to silver exposure are scanty. This present work utilized two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (one used in commercial fermentation and a naturally occurring strain) to determine the physiological consequences of their transient exposure to AgNO3. The assessments were based on studies involving growth curves, minimal inhibitory concentration assays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results indicated (a) the capability of S. cerevisiae to produce silver nanoparticles, even at elevated levels of exposure; (b) strain origin had no significant impact on S. cerevisiae physiological response to AgNO3; and (c) coexposure to copper and silver significantly increased intracellular copper, silver, and calcium in treated yeast cells. In addition, electron microscopy and ICP-OES results revealed that both strains internalized silver after exposure, resulting in the shrunken and distorted physical appearance visible on SEM micrographs of treated cells. Though a promising candidate for AgNPs biosynthesis, this study analyzed the effects of transient silver exposure on S. cerevisiae growth physiology and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle R. Robinson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.R.R.); (F.N.A.)
| | - Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.R.R.); (F.N.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Felicia N. Anike
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.R.R.); (F.N.A.)
| | - Kiran Subedi
- Analytical Services Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
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Robinson JR, Isikhuemhen OS, Anike FN. Fungal-Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:225. [PMID: 33803838 PMCID: PMC8003315 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal-metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited understanding of resistance mechanisms in most fungi studied until now. We highlight the current knowledge of fungal homeostasis of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and silver to comprehensively examine associated mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been widely studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but limited reports exist in filamentous fungi, though they are frequently the subject of nanoparticle biosynthesis and targets of antifungal metals. In most cases, microarray analyses uncovered resistance mechanisms as a response to metal exposure. In yeast, metal resistance is mainly due to the down-regulation of metal ion importers, utilization of metallothionein and metallothionein-like structures, and ion sequestration to the vacuole. In contrast, metal resistance in filamentous fungi heavily relies upon cellular ion export. However, there are instances of resistance that utilized vacuole sequestration, ion metallothionein, and chelator binding, deleting a metal ion importer, and ion storage in hyphal cell walls. In general, resistance to zinc, copper, iron, and manganese is extensively reported in yeast and partially known in filamentous fungi; and silver resistance lacks comprehensive understanding in both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.R.R.); (F.N.A.)
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