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Alygizakis N, Kostopoulou N, Gkotsis G, Nika MC, Orfanioti A, Ng K, Bizani E, Nikolopoulou V, Badry A, Brownlow A, Centelleghe C, Chadwick EA, Ciesielski TM, Cincinelli A, Claßen D, Danielsson S, Dekker RWRJ, Duke G, Glowacka N, Gol'din P, Jansman HAH, Jauniaux T, Knopf B, Koschorreck J, Krone O, Lekube X, Martellini T, Movalli P, O'Rourke E, Oswald P, Oswaldova M, Saavedra C, Persson S, Rohner S, Roos A, Routti H, Schmidt B, Sciancalepore G, Siebert U, Treu G, van den Brink NW, Vishnyakova K, Walker LA, Thomaidis NS, Slobodnik J. Network analysis to reveal the most commonly detected compounds in predator-prey pairs in freshwater and marine mammals and fish in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175303. [PMID: 39127197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Marine and freshwater mammalian predators and fish samples, retrieved from environmental specimen banks (ESBs), natural history museum (NHMs) and other scientific collections, were analysed by LIFE APEX partners for a wide range of legacy and emerging contaminants (2545 in total). Network analysis was used to visualize the chemical occurrence data and reveal the predominant chemical mixtures for the freshwater and marine environments. For this purpose, a web tool was created to explore these chemical mixtures in predator-prey pairs. Predominant chemicals, defined as the most prevalent substances detected in prey-predator pairs were identified through this innovative approach. The analysis established the most frequently co-occurring substances in chemical mixtures from AP&P in the marine and freshwater environments. Freshwater and marine environments shared 23 chemicals among their top 25 predominant chemicals. Legacy chemical, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene and mercury were dominant chemicals in both environments. Furthermore, N-acetylaminoantipyrine was a predominant pharmaceutical in both environments. The LIFE APEX chemical mixture application (https://norman-data.eu/LIFE_APEX_Mixtures) was proven to be useful to establish most prevalent compounds in terms of number of detected counts in prey-predator pairs. Nonetheless, further research is needed to establish food chain associations of the predominant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Niki Kostopoulou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Gkotsis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Nika
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Orfanioti
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Kelsey Ng
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Erasmia Bizani
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Nikolopoulou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Andrew Brownlow
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Elizabeth A Chadwick
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Sara Danielsson
- Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Guy Duke
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, 3 South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Glowacka
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavel Gol'din
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Hugh A H Jansman
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Environmental Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3-3 A, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Burkhard Knopf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Krone
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xabier Lekube
- Biscay Bay Environmental Biospecimen Bank (BBEBB), Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain; CBET+ Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Sarriena z/g, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paola Movalli
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Emily O'Rourke
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Camilo Saavedra
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO-CSIC, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara Persson
- Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Rohner
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 25761 Buesum, Germany
| | - Anna Roos
- Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Britta Schmidt
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 25761 Buesum, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Sciancalepore
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 25761 Buesum, Germany; Department of Ecoscience, Marine Mammal Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | - Karina Vishnyakova
- Ukrainian Scientific Center of Ecology of the Sea, 89 Frantsuzsky Blvd., 65062 Odesa, Ukraine
| | | | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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2
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Spadetto L, García-Fernández AJ, Zamora-López A, Zamora-Marín JM, León-Ortega M, Tórtola-García M, Tecles-Vicente F, Fenoll-Serrano J, Cava-Artero J, Calvo JF, Gómez-Ramírez P. Comparing anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in barn owl (Tyto alba) and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): A biomonitoring study in an agricultural region of southeastern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 362:124944. [PMID: 39265762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are commonly used for rodent control, affecting various non-target wildlife species. Here, blood samples from common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus, n = 70 chicks) and barn owls (Tyto alba, n = 54 chicks and 12 adults) from Southeastern Spain were analysed using HPLC-TQ. SGAR prevalence was 68.6% in kestrel chicks, 50% in barn owl chicks and 100% in adult barn owls, with multiple SGARs in both species. Prothrombin time analysis in barn owls revealed a positive correlation with blood ΣSGARs, suggesting a potential adverse effect on coagulation. Analysis of variables potentially influencing SGAR prevalence indicated that, for kestrels, it was only related to the extent of artificial surface, showing no differences across study sites. In owlets, the highest prevalence occurred in the most urbanized study site, with human population density being a key factor. This study highlights species-specific differences in SGAR exposure, likely influenced by ecological traits. Barn owls probably encounter contaminated prey near anthropized areas, with widespread SGAR use and higher presence of target rodents. Conversely, kestrels, hunting a variety of prey often near human settlements, face consistently elevated exposure from multiple sources. Understanding these variations is crucial for effective conservation and minimizing SGAR impact on non-target wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Spadetto
- Toxicology Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Juan García-Fernández
- Toxicology Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Zamora-López
- ULULA Association for Owl Study and Conservation, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Zamora-Marín
- ULULA Association for Owl Study and Conservation, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Department of Applied Biology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain; Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mario León-Ortega
- ULULA Association for Owl Study and Conservation, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Tecles-Vicente
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Fenoll-Serrano
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, IMIDA, 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juana Cava-Artero
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, IMIDA, 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Francisco Calvo
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Ramírez
- Toxicology Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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3
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Scammell K, Cooke R, Yokochi K, Carter N, Nguyen H, White JG. The missing toxic link: Exposure of non-target native marsupials to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) suggest a potential route of transfer into apex predators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173191. [PMID: 38740216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are used globally to control rodent pests. Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) persist in the liver and pose a significant risk of bioaccumulation and secondary poisoning in predators, including species that do not generally consume rodents. As such, there is a clear need to understand the consumption of ARs, particularly SGARs, by non-target consumers to determine the movement of these anticoagulants through ecosystems. We collected and analysed the livers from deceased common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), native Australian marsupials that constitute the main diet of the powerful owl (Ninox strenua), an Australian apex predator significantly exposed to SGAR poisoning. ARs were detected in 91 % of brushtail possums and 40 % of ringtail possums. Most of the detections were attributed to SGARs, while first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs) were rarely detected. SGAR concentrations were likely lethal or toxic in 42 % of brushtail possums and 4 % of ringtail possums with no effect of age, sex, or weight detected in either species. There was also no effect of the landscape type possums were from, suggesting SGAR exposure is ubiquitous across landscapes. The rate of exposure detected in these possums provides insight into the pathway through which ARs are transferred to one of their key predators, the powerful owl. With SGARs entering food-webs through non-target species, the potential for bioaccumulation and broader secondary poisoning of predators is significantly greater and highlights an urgent need for routine rodenticide testing in non-target consumers that present as ill or found deceased. To limit their impact on ecosystem stability the use of SGARs should be significantly regulated by governing agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Scammell
- Deakin University, Geelong School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
| | - Raylene Cooke
- Deakin University, Geelong School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia.
| | - Kaori Yokochi
- Deakin University, Geelong School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
| | - Nicholas Carter
- Deakin University, Geelong School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
| | - Hao Nguyen
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne 3207, Vic., Australia
| | - John G White
- Deakin University, Geelong School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
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Li H, Chen J, Xu W, Huang B, Peng C, Cai H, Hou R, Wen K, Li L, Dong B, Wang Z. A facile fluorescence microplate immunoassay based on an in situ fluorogenic reaction for the detection of two highly toxic anticoagulant rodenticides in food and biological matrix. Food Chem 2024; 437:137792. [PMID: 37866338 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Bromadiolone and brodifacoum, the most frequently used anticoagulant rodenticides, are highly toxic and pose a threat to public health by causing food poisoning incidents. Here, we developed a fluorescence microplate immunoassay for facile and sensitive detection of bromadiolone and brodifacoum by introducing three commercial chemicals (p-phenylenediamine, polyethyleneimine, H2O2) as a new substrate of horseradish peroxidase and then generating fluorescence signals based on an in situ fluorogenic reaction (detection time within 75 min). This assay exhibited higher efficiency in generating fluorescence signals, thereby exhibiting a 6-fold improvement in sensitivity compared with colorimetric ELISA. The limit of detection was 0.23-0.28 ng/mL (ng/g) for bromadiolone and 0.34-0.61 ng/mL (ng/g) for brodifacoum in corn and human serum, with recovery ratios higher than 82.3 %. These satisfactory results illustrated our proposed assay was a potential tool for food analysis and poisoning diagnosis caused by bromadiolone and brodifacoum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Li
- College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team of Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team of Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team of Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Baowei Huang
- College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team of Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Chuanyi Peng
- College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team of Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Huimei Cai
- College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team of Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team of Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China.
| | - Baolei Dong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
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Fourel I, Roque F, Orabi P, Augiron S, Couzi FX, Puech MP, Chetot T, Lattard V. Stereoselective bioaccumulation of chiral anticoagulant rodenticides in the liver of predatory and scavenging raptors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170545. [PMID: 38296081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are persistent chiral pesticides used to control rodent populations. Raptors are protected species and may be exposed through the ingestion of rodents contaminated with SGARs. Commercial formulations of SGARs are a mixture of four stereoisomers (E1, E2, E3, E4): the cis- and trans-diastereoisomers are each a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. In this study, the residue levels of all SGARs (bromadiolone, difenacoum, brodifacoum, difethialone, flocoumafen) were evaluated in the liver of 529 raptor carcasses. All species (n = 18) and 75 % of individuals (n = 396) were SGAR positive and 29 % (n = 154) had summed hepatic concentrations above 100 ng/g ww. Concentrations were higher for predators with facultative scavenging behaviors than for predators and obligate scavengers. Bromadiolone, brodifacoum and difenacoum had equivalent hepatic prevalence (between 48.9 and 49.9 %), and difethialone was detected less frequently (31.7 %). Concentrations and enantiomeric fractions of the four stereoisomers of all SGARs are described in to demonstrate the biological enantioselectivity of these chiral pesticides in the food chain. A difference was observed between the proportions of SGARs diastereoisomers and stereoisomers in the liver of all raptor species and in commercial baits. The enantioselective bioaccumulation of E1-trans-bromadiolone, E3-cis-brodifacoum, E1-cis-difenacoum and E3-cis-difethialone was characterized and represented 96.8 % of total SGARs hepatic residues. While hepatic concentrations were heterogeneous, the proportions of stereoisomers and diastereoisomers were homogeneous with no inter-individual or inter-species differences (only E1-trans-bromadiolone is present in hepatic residues). However, proportions of brodifacoum stereoisomers and diastereoisomers were more scattered, probably due to their slower elimination. This could provide an opportunity to date the exposure of individuals to brodifacoum. We highlight the need to consider each SGAR as four molecular entities (four stereoisomers) rather than one. These findings suggest new commercial formulations with the less persistent stereoisomers could reduce secondary exposure of non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233-INRAE RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Florence Roque
- CNITV, VetAgro Sup, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Pascal Orabi
- French Bird Protection League (LPO France), France
| | - Steve Augiron
- SEOR, 13 ruelle des Orchidées, 97440 Saint-André, La Réunion, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Chetot
- USC 1233-INRAE RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233-INRAE RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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6
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Elliott JE, Silverthorn V, English SG, Mineau P, Hindmarch S, Thomas PJ, Lee S, Bowes V, Redford T, Maisonneuve F, Okoniewski J. Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity in Terrestrial Raptors: Tools to Estimate the Impact on Populations in North America and Globally. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38415966 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have caused widespread contamination and poisoning of predators and scavengers. The diagnosis of toxicity proceeds from evidence of hemorrhage, and subsequent detection of residues in liver. Many factors confound the assessment of AR poisoning, particularly exposure dose, timing and frequency of exposure, and individual and taxon-specific variables. There is a need, therefore, for better AR toxicity criteria. To respond, we compiled a database of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) residues in liver and postmortem evaluations of 951 terrestrial raptor carcasses from Canada and the United States, 1989 to 2021. We developed mixed-effects logistic regression models to produce specific probability curves of the toxicity of ∑SGARs at the taxonomic level of the family, and separately for three SGARs registered in North America, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone. The ∑SGAR threshold concentrations for diagnosis of coagulopathy at 0.20 probability of risk were highest for strigid owls (15 ng g-1 ) lower and relatively similar for accipitrid hawks and eagles (8.2 ng g-1 ) and falcons (7.9 ng g-1 ), and much lower for tytonid barn owls (0.32 ng g-1 ). These values are lower than those we found previously, due to compilation and use of a larger database with a mix of species and source locations, and also to refinements in the statistical methods. Our presentation of results on the family taxonomic level should aid in the global applicability of the numbers. We also collated a subset of 440 single-compound exposure events and determined the probability of SGAR-poisoning symptoms as a function of SGAR concentration, which we then used to estimate relative SGAR toxicity and toxic equivalence factors: difethialone, 1, brodifacoum, 0.8, and bromadiolone, 0.5. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-11. © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Elliott
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
- Applied Animal Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Veronica Silverthorn
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon G English
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Mineau
- Pierre Mineau Consulting, Salt Spring Island, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofi Hindmarch
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandi Lee
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - France Maisonneuve
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Okoniewski
- Wildlife Health Unit, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Delmar, New York, USA
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7
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Carrera A, Navas I, María-Mojica P, García-Fernández AJ. Greater predisposition to second generation anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) weakened by suspected infectious disease. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167780. [PMID: 37865245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure in wild carnivores is a current and global concern due to continuous and widespread use worldwide. We studied the prevalence of ARs in liver samples of 25 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 3 European badgers (Meles meles) and 2 genets (Genneta genneta) from Alicante (Spanish Levante region) obtained in 2021 and 2022. In addition to trauma, poisoning by pesticides is the most frequent cause of death in wild carnivores in this region. The present research aims to explain a possible association between the fact of suffering from an infectious disease and the increase in ARs concentrations in the affected animals. Both first- and second-generation ARs were analysed by HPLC/MS/TOF in liver samples. Apart from the cause of death, the influence of other variables such as age, sex and body weight were also assessed on AR liver concentrations. Potential health risks for individuals and populations in the study area have also been studied. Our research detected higher AR concentrations in the group of red foxes clinically diagnosed with infectious disease compared to the group of apparently healthy red foxes, mostly killed by trauma. Furthermore, our results lead us to suggest that red fox could be considered a good sentinel species for the risk of exposure to ARs in other wild mammals. All the livers analysed contained ARs and the most detected compounds in red fox were difenacoum, bromadiolone, brodifacoum, present in all the samples analysed, and flocoumafen (in 96 %). Additionally, 53 % of the animals had at least one second generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) above the threshold value reported as triggering adverse health effects (200 ng/g). Regarding this, the level of risk in red fox in this area might be classified as high and worrying. Moreover, we suggest that individuals and populations with weakened health due to other diseases (for example, infectious or parasitic diseases) might be more prone to high exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and, very probably, would be more sensitive to suffering serious effects at lower doses of ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Carrera
- Servicio de Toxicología y Veterinaria Forense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Navas
- Servicio de Toxicología y Veterinaria Forense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud El Palmar, Universidad de Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro María-Mojica
- Servicio de Toxicología y Veterinaria Forense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Santa Faz (Alicante), VAERSA-Servicio de Vida Silvestre, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Servicio de Toxicología y Veterinaria Forense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud El Palmar, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
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8
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Cooke R, Whiteley P, Death C, Weston MA, Carter N, Scammell K, Yokochi K, Nguyen H, White JG. Silent killers? The widespread exposure of predatory nocturnal birds to anticoagulant rodenticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166293. [PMID: 37586529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) influence predator populations and threaten the stability of ecosystems. Understanding the prevalence and impact of rodenticides in predators is crucial to inform conservation planning and policy. We collected dead birds of four nocturnal predatory species across differing landscapes: forests, agricultural, urban. Liver samples were analysed for eight ARs: three First Generation ARs (FGARs) and five SGARs (Second Generation ARs). We investigated interspecific differences in liver concentrations and whether landscape composition influenced this. FGARs were rarely detected, except pindone at low concentrations in powerful owls Ninox strenua. SGARs, however, were detected in every species and 92 % of birds analysed. Concentrations of SGARs were at levels where potential toxicological or lethal impacts would have occurred in 33 % of powerful owls, 68 % of tawny frogmouths Podargus strigoides, 42 % of southern boobooks N. bookbook and 80 % of barn owls Tyto javanica. When multiple SGARs were detected, the likelihood of potentially lethal concentrations of rodenticides increased. There was no association between landscape composition and SGAR exposure, or the presence of multiple SGARs, suggesting rodenticide poisoning is ubiquitous across all landscapes sampled. This widespread human-driven contamination in wildlife is a major threat to wildlife health. Given the high prevalence and concentrations of SGARs in these birds across all landscape types, we support the formal consideration of SGARs as a threatening process. Furthermore, given species that do not primarily eat rodents (tawny frogmouths, powerful owls) have comparable liver rodenticide concentrations to rodent predators (southern boobook, eastern barn owl), it appears there is broader contamination of the food-web than anticipated. We provide evidence that SGARs have the potential to pose a threat to the survival of avian predator populations. Given the functional importance of predators in ecosystems, combined with the animal welfare impacts of these chemicals, we propose governments should regulate the use of SGARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene Cooke
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia.
| | - Pam Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Victoria: Surveillance, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee 3030, Vic., Australia
| | - Clare Death
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael A Weston
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
| | - Nicholas Carter
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
| | - Kieran Scammell
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
| | - Kaori Yokochi
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
| | - Hao Nguyen
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne 3207, Vic., Australia
| | - John G White
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Vic., Australia
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9
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Arévalo-Ayala DJ, Real J, Mañosa S, Aymerich J, Durà C, Hernández-Matías A. Age-Specific Demographic Response of a Long-Lived Scavenger Species to Reduction of Organic Matter in a Landfill. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3529. [PMID: 38003146 PMCID: PMC10668657 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Food availability shapes demographic parameters and population dynamics. Certain species have adapted to predictable anthropogenic food resources like landfills. However, abrupt shifts in food availability can negatively impact such populations. While changes in survival are expected, the age-related effects remain poorly understood, particularly in long-lived scavenger species. We investigated the age-specific demographic response of a Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) population to a reduction in organic matter in a landfill and analyzed apparent survival and the probability of transience after initial capture using a Bayesian Cormack-Jolly-Seber model on data from 2012-2022. The proportion of transients among newly captured immatures and adults increased after the reduction in food. Juvenile apparent survival declined, increased in immature residents, and decreased in adult residents. These results suggest that there was a greater likelihood of permanent emigration due to intensified intraspecific competition following the reduction in food. Interestingly, resident immatures showed the opposite trend, suggesting the persistence of high-quality individuals despite the food scarcity. Although the reasons behind the reduced apparent survival of resident adults in the final four years of the study remain unclear, non-natural mortality potentially plays a part. In Europe landfill closure regulations are being implemented and pose a threat to avian scavenger populations, which underlines the need for research on food scarcity scenarios and proper conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J. Arévalo-Ayala
- Equip de Biologia de la Conservació, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (S.M.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Joan Real
- Equip de Biologia de la Conservació, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (S.M.); (A.H.-M.)
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santi Mañosa
- Equip de Biologia de la Conservació, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (S.M.); (A.H.-M.)
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Aymerich
- Grup d’Anellament de Calldetenes-Osona (GACO), 08506 Calldetenes, Spain; (J.A.); (C.D.)
| | - Carles Durà
- Grup d’Anellament de Calldetenes-Osona (GACO), 08506 Calldetenes, Spain; (J.A.); (C.D.)
- Estació Biològica del Montseny, Institut Català d’Ornitologia (ICO), Edifici Fontmartina, 08081 Fogars de Montclús, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández-Matías
- Equip de Biologia de la Conservació, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (S.M.); (A.H.-M.)
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Herrero-Villar M, Taggart MA, Mateo R. Medicated livestock carcasses and landfill sites: Sources of highly toxic veterinary pharmaceuticals and caffeine for avian scavengers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132195. [PMID: 37541118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs are of concern in terms of potential environmental pollution and their negative impacts on avian scavengers. These pharmaceuticals reach vultures through the consumption of carcasses of previously treated livestock. Here, we analysed samples from livestock carcasses (n = 159), avian scavenger tissues (n = 116) and plasma (n = 312) for 49 compounds commonly used in veterinary medicine in Aragon (NE Spain) and nearby regions. Samples were analysed using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). We detected pharmaceuticals in 54.1% of livestock carcasses analysed (50.3% with antibiotics, 10.8% with NSAIDs). For veterinary pharmaceuticals in tissues and plasma from avian scavengers, we detected pharmaceuticals in 51.7% and 28.5% of samples, respectively. Antibiotics were detected in 50.9% and 25.3% while NSAIDs were determined in 6.0% and 5.5% of tissues and plasma from avian scavengers, respectively. Moreover, caffeine was detected in plasma in 73.7% of vultures sampled at landfill sites, indicating its usefulness as a biomarker of urban garbage ingestion. We found an association between livestock carcasses, especially pigs and chickens, and the presence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in avian scavengers. We highlight that carcass disposal for feeding avian scavengers must address the potential risks posed by veterinary pharmaceutical residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrero-Villar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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11
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Raposo C, Serrano I, Cunha E, Couto MP, Lopes F, Casero M, Tavares L, Oliveira M. Phenotypic Characterization of Oral Mucor Species from Eurasian Vultures: Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Ability. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1638. [PMID: 37629495 PMCID: PMC10455617 DOI: 10.3390/life13081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to poisoning and decline in the food resources of Eurasian vultures, there has been a rise in the number of Griffon (Gyps fulvus) and Cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) needing veterinary care. In captivity, vultures often develop oral and other infectious diseases which can affect their survival and the probability of reintroduction in the wild. Therefore, it is important to characterize relevant microbial species present in the oral cavity of vultures, such as Mucor spp. In this work, seven Mucor spp. isolates previously obtained from Gyps fulvus and Aegypius monachus oral swabs collected at two rehabilitation centers in Portugal were characterized regarding their pathogenic enzymatic profile and antimicrobial activity. Isolates were identified by macro and microscopic observation, and PCR and ITS sequencing. Their antimicrobial activity was determined using a collection of pathogenic bacteria and two yeast species. Results showed that 86% of the isolates produced α-hemolysis, 71% expressed DNase, 57% produce lecithinase and lipase, 29% expressed gelatinase, and 29% were biofilm producers. Four isolates showed inhibitory activity against relevant human and veterinary clinical isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Neisseria zoodegmatis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, accurate management programs should consider the benefits and disadvantages of Mucor spp. presence in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Raposo
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.P.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isa Serrano
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.P.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.P.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Patrícia Couto
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.P.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Lopes
- CERAS—Centro de Estudos e Recuperação de Animais Selvagens, Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6000-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal;
| | - María Casero
- RIAS Centro de Recuperação e Investigação de Animais Selvagens, Rua do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, Quelfes, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal;
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.P.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.R.); (E.C.); (M.P.C.); (L.T.); (M.O.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Badenes‐Pérez FR. The impacts of free‐roaming cats cannot be generalized and their role in rodent management should not be overlooked. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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